<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Monetary Reflections]]></title><description><![CDATA["Capitalism is essentially a financial system, and the peculiar behavioral attributes of a capitalist economy center around the impact of finance upon system behavior.”  Minsky (1967) ]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png</url><title>Monetary Reflections</title><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 31 May 2026 23:18:44 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[monetaryreflections@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[monetaryreflections@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[monetaryreflections@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[monetaryreflections@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Sibernetik Sermaye ve Öznenin Çözülüşü]]></title><description><![CDATA[AI &#231;a&#287;&#305;nda de&#287;er, karar ve sorumluluk]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/termostat-toplumu-yapay-zeka-emir</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/termostat-toplumu-yapay-zeka-emir</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 19:26:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bu blogda, &#231;o&#287;unlukla iktisat ve finans alan&#305;nda yaz&#305;yorum, fakat bu sefer bayram tatilinde, yak&#305;n zamanda yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m ve iktisat ve finans d&#305;&#351;&#305; konular&#305; ele alan, belki daha fazla &#8220;b&#252;y&#252;k resime&#8221; odakland&#305;&#287;&#305;m yaz&#305;lar&#305;m&#305; burada sizinle payla&#351;mak, beraber d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek isterim. </p><p>&#304;lk konum AI - yapay zeka - &#252;zerine olacak.  Bug&#252;n AI hakk&#305;nda en rahatlat&#305;c&#305; c&#252;mle &#351;udur, &#8220;sonu&#231;ta bu sadece bir ara&#231;&#8221;. &#304;nsan kullan&#305;r, insan karar verir, insan sorumlu olur. Bana kal&#305;rsa as&#305;l tehlike tam da bu c&#252;mlenin i&#231;inde sakl&#305; olabilir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; baz&#305; ara&#231;lar yaln&#305;zca elimizde durmaz, neyi g&#246;rece&#287;imizi, neyi risk sayaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305;, hangi se&#231;ene&#287;i makul bulaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; ve sonunda hangi karar&#305; kendi karar&#305;m&#305;z sanaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; da bi&#231;imlendirir. Yani AI&#8217;&#305;n en tehlikeli ihtimali makinenin insan&#305;n yerine ge&#231;mesi de&#287;il, insan&#305;n karar verirken giderek makinenin kurdu&#287;u d&#252;nyadan &#231;&#305;kamamas&#305;d&#305;r.  Bir g&#252;n bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305;n i&#351;ten &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, bir kredi ba&#351;vurusunun reddedildi&#287;ini, bir b&#246;lgenin g&#252;venlik riski say&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ya da bir davada belirli bir karar&#305;n daha makul g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n. &#304;lk bak&#305;&#351;ta her &#351;ey eskisi gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, y&#246;netici hala y&#246;netici, hakim hala hakim, devlet hala devlettir. Bununla beraber karar&#305;n arkas&#305;ndaki dil de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;tir. Art&#305;k biri a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a b&#246;yle istiyorum demek yerine, model b&#246;yle g&#246;steriyor, risk profili bunu s&#246;yl&#252;yor, veriler bu sonucu destekliyor diyebilir. Bu yaz&#305;n&#305;n &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351; noktas&#305; tam da buras&#305;. AI hep zannedildi&#287;i &#252;zere bizi bir bilimkurgu filmindeki gibi do&#287;rudan y&#246;netmeyebilir, &#231;ok daha sessiz bir &#351;ey yapabilir. &#304;nsanlar&#305;n ald&#305;&#287;&#305; kararlar&#305; daha teknik, daha tarafs&#305;z ve daha zor tart&#305;&#351;&#305;l&#305;r g&#246;stermeye ba&#351;layabilir. Bu nedenle odaklan&#305;lmas&#305; gereken soru bu y&#252;zden AI&#8217;&#305;n ara&#231; olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; de&#287;il de, bu arac&#305;n karar veren insan&#305;, kurumu ve sorumlulu&#287;u nas&#305;l de&#287;i&#351;tirdi&#287;idir. Bu yaz&#305;da bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;  <strong>Hegel&#8217;in efendi-k&#246;le diyalekti&#287;inden, Althusser&#8217;in &#246;znenin &#231;a&#287;r&#305;lmas&#305; fikrine</strong>, <strong>Foucault&#8217;nun disiplin ve y&#246;netimsellik analizinden,</strong> <strong>Deleuze&#8217;&#252;n kontrol toplumu</strong> ve<strong> dividual </strong>bir hatta ele alaca&#287;&#305;m.<strong> Lacan&#8217;&#305;n B&#252;y&#252;k &#214;teki&#8217;si ve Zizek&#8217;in sinik ideoloji analizi</strong>, AI&#8217;&#305;n yaln&#305;zca karar destek sistemi de&#287;il, karar&#305;n me&#351;ruiyet dilini kuran yeni bir sembolik aray&#252;z haline geli&#351;ini anlamak i&#231;in devreye girecek.<strong> Danaher&#8217;in ahlaki fail kayb&#305; ve ba&#351;ar&#305; deneyimi tart&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, Vallor&#8217;un pratik bilgelik vurgusu ve Crawford&#8217;un AI&#8217;&#305;n maddi &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m altyap&#305;s&#305;na dair ele&#351;tirisi </strong>ise bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n insan &#246;znesi ve maddi d&#252;nya &#252;zerindeki etkilerini a&#231;acak. <strong>Nick Land&#8217;in sibernetik sermaye sezgisi ve Schumpeter&#8217;in kapitalizmin b&#252;rokratikle&#351;mesi tezi</strong> ise AI&#8217;&#305;n kapitalizme d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan eklenen n&#246;tr bir ara&#231; olmay&#305;p, sermayenin hesaplama, h&#305;zlanma ve koordinasyon mant&#305;&#287;&#305;yla birle&#351;en tarihsel bir form oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterecek. <strong>Marx, Okishio ve Kliman&#8217;&#305;n</strong> temporal yorumu ise tart&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ekonomik d&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;nde devreye girecek, AI kapitalizmi imkans&#305;z m&#305; k&#305;lar, yoksa de&#287;er kayb&#305; ile karl&#305;l&#305;k restorasyonunun ayn&#305; anda ya&#351;and&#305;&#287;&#305; yeni bir sibernetik yeniden yap&#305;lanma m&#305; &#252;retir?</p><p>&#8220;AI ara&#231; olmal&#305;&#8221; c&#252;mlesi ilk bak&#305;&#351;ta sa&#287;duyulu g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r. Ara&#231; insan&#305;n elinde olmal&#305;, ama&#231; insan taraf&#305;ndan belirlenmeli, teknoloji insanl&#305;&#287;a hizmet etmeli. Kim buna itiraz edebilir? Tabi sorun tam da asl&#305;nda bu masum g&#246;r&#252;nen noktada ba&#351;lar, zira baz&#305; ara&#231;lar yaln&#305;zca verilen amac&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmez, amac&#305;n ne olabilece&#287;ini, kimin ama&#231; koyabilecek konumda kalaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve hangi davran&#305;&#351;&#305;n rasyonel say&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; da de&#287;i&#351;tirir.</p><p>Matbaa sadece metin &#231;o&#287;altmad&#305;, metnin otoriteyle, kiliseyle, devletle, okuyucuyla ve kamusal alanla ili&#351;kisini de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. N&#252;kleer teknoloji sadece enerji veya bomba &#252;retmedi, devlet akl&#305;n&#305; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k, yok olu&#351;, g&#252;venlik ve gezegensel risk etraf&#305;nda yeniden kurdu. AI da yaln&#305;zca bir ara&#231; olarak kalmayacak. Karar verme, sava&#351;, istihbarat, piyasa, b&#252;rokrasi, e&#287;itim, &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma ve insan eme&#287;inin ne say&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; yeniden bi&#231;imlendirecek. Bu y&#252;zden  &#8220;AI ama&#231; m&#305;, ara&#231; m&#305;?&#8221; sorusu zihnimizi bulan&#305;kla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r, daha do&#287;ru soru bu &#8220;arac&#305;n&#8221; hangi insan tipini, hangi kurum bi&#231;imini ve hangi iktidar akl&#305;n&#305; normalle&#351;tirece&#287;idir.</p><p>Bu noktada ilk yan&#305;lg&#305; AI&#8217;&#305; bilimkurgu distopyas&#305; gibi hayal etmektir. Sanki bir g&#252;n makine bilince kavu&#351;acak, y&#246;netimi devralacak, insanl&#305;&#287;&#305; gereksiz ilan edecek. Bu Skynet fantezisi fazla naif bir kabustur, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu fantezide d&#252;&#351;man bellidir. Makine bize kar&#351;&#305;d&#305;r. Cephe nettir. &#304;nsanl&#305;k bir tarafta, makineler di&#287;er taraftad&#305;r.</p><p>Ger&#231;ek tehlike bu kadar teatral olmayabilir. AI&#8217;&#305;n en karanl&#305;k ihtimali iktidar&#305; do&#287;rudan devralmas&#305; de&#287;il, iktidar&#305;n ald&#305;&#287;&#305; kararlar&#305; art&#305;k kimseye tam olarak ait de&#287;ilmi&#351; gibi g&#246;sterebilmesidir. Makine kral olmaz, daha tuhaf bir &#351;ey olur, kral&#305;n karar&#305;n&#305; kral&#305;n karar&#305; olmaktan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r. Komutan, patron, b&#252;rokrat, hakim veya siyaset&#231;i ortadan kalkmaz. Hepsi yerinde durur. Bununla beraber kararlar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ne teknik bir ara katman girer. Mesela patron normalde birini i&#351;ten &#231;&#305;kar&#305;rken bu benim y&#246;netim tercihim, bu ki&#351;iyi maliyetli buluyorum, bu departman&#305; k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;yorum demek zorundad&#305;r. AI destekli performans sistemi devreye girdi&#287;inde ise karar &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305;n &#252;retkenlik puan&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;k, ekip i&#231;i katk&#305; sinyali zay&#305;f, m&#252;&#351;teri geri bildirimi negatif, gelecek performans beklentisi d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gibi algoritmik kriterler format&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r. Patron hala karar verir, ama art&#305;k kendi tercihi gibi de&#287;il, verinin i&#351;aret etti&#287;i sonu&#231; gibi konu&#351;ur.</p><p>Ordu &#246;rne&#287;inde de mesele bu. Komutan hedef se&#231;er. Ama hedefleme sistemi bir ki&#351;iyi veya b&#246;lgeyi belirli verilerden yola &#231;&#305;karak y&#252;ksek olas&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; hedef diye i&#351;aretledi&#287;inde komutan&#305;n karar&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ir. Komutan sadece kendi askeri sezgisiyle de&#287;il, sistemin kurdu&#287;u olas&#305;l&#305;k haritas&#305;yla karar verir. Sonu&#231;ta karar insandad&#305;r ama karar&#305;n d&#252;nyas&#305; makine taraf&#305;ndan haz&#305;rlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Son bir &#246;rnek olarak da yarg&#305;&#231;lar&#305; verirsek, AI do&#287;rudan h&#252;k&#252;m vermese bile dosyay&#305; &#246;zetleyebilir, i&#231;tihatlar&#305; s&#305;ralayabilir, hangi arg&#252;manlar&#305;n g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterebilir, benzer davalar&#305; &#246;nerebilir. Yarg&#305;&#231; hala karar verendir, bununla beraber karar verirken hangi bilgiye &#246;nce bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;, hangi emsalin &#246;nemli g&#246;r&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;, hangi riskin vurguland&#305;&#287;&#305; AI taraf&#305;ndan etkilenir. Bu, karar&#305;n kayna&#287;&#305;n&#305; bulan&#305;kla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r.</p><p>Bu y&#252;zden AI&#8217;&#305;n objektif olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; sorusu yetersizdir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; as&#305;l mesele modelin ger&#231;ekten tarafs&#305;z olup olmamas&#305; ile ilgili de&#287;ildir. Daha temel mesele, hangi iktidar ili&#351;kisinin objektiflik format&#305;na &#231;evrildi&#287;idir. AI s&#305;n&#305;f, cinsiyet, &#305;rk, merkez-&#231;evre, g&#252;venlik, sermaye ve b&#252;rokrasi ili&#351;kilerini kendili&#287;inden ortadan kald&#305;rmaz. &#199;o&#287;u durumda onlar&#305; daha soyut, daha teknik ve daha zor tart&#305;&#351;&#305;l&#305;r bir forma ta&#351;&#305;r. Eski toplumsal ili&#351;kiler modelin i&#231;ine g&#246;m&#252;l&#252;r, sonra modelin &#231;&#305;kt&#305;s&#305; insan karar&#305; de&#287;ilmi&#351; gibi dola&#351;&#305;ma girer.</p><p>Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n g&#252;c&#252; burada yatar. Kimse a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a d&#305;&#351;lamam&#305;&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, skor d&#252;&#351;&#252;k &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kimse haks&#305;z davranmam&#305;&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, performans g&#246;stergesi zay&#305;f gelmi&#351;tir. Kimse siyasal tercih yapmam&#305;&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, risk analizi o y&#246;nde sonu&#231; vermi&#351;tir. Kimse sorumlulu&#287;u &#252;stlenmemi&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, sistem yaln&#305;zca tavsiye &#252;retmi&#351;tir. &#304;ktidar b&#246;ylece ortadan kalkmaz. Kendi karar&#305;n&#305; objektiflik format&#305;na &#231;evirerek daha az g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, daha az ki&#351;isel ve daha az hesap verilebilir hale gelir.</p><p>Burada Zizek&#231;i terslik ba&#351;lar. Zizek&#8217;e g&#246;re ideoloji basit&#231;e insanlar&#305;n yanl&#305;&#351; &#351;eye saf&#231;a inanmas&#305; de&#287;ildir. Modern ideoloji &#231;o&#287;u zaman tam tersine, insanlar&#305;n bir &#351;eyin sorunlu oldu&#287;unu bilerek yine de onun i&#231;inde davranmaya devam etmesiyle &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. Yani ideoloji, cehaletten &#231;ok pratik, sinik bir ba&#287;l&#305;l&#305;kt&#305;r. &#304;nsan modelin hatal&#305; olabilece&#287;ini bilir ama yine de onu kullan&#305;r. Modelin &#246;nyarg&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yabilece&#287;ini bilir ama yine de adaylar&#305; s&#305;ralamas&#305;na izin verir ya da ba&#287;lam&#305; ka&#231;&#305;rabilece&#287;ini bilir ama yine de dosyay&#305; &#246;zetletir veya da yanl&#305;&#351; pozitif &#252;retebilece&#287;ini bilir ama yine de hedef havuzunu daraltmas&#305;na g&#252;venir. Buradaki vurgulanmas&#305; gereken nokta, sistemin art&#305;k kusursuz oldu&#287;una inan&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in de&#287;il, kusurlu oldu&#287;u bilindi&#287;i halde vazge&#231;ilmez say&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in i&#351;lemesidir.</p><p>Bu klasik ideolojiden daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k bi&#231;imidir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; modelin ele&#351;tirisi modeli devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; b&#305;rakmaz, hatta &#231;o&#287;u zaman onun kullan&#305;m ko&#351;ulu haline gelir. Herkes hata pay&#305;n&#305;, bias riskini, ba&#287;lam kayb&#305;n&#305;, veri sorununu kabul eder, sonras&#305;nda ise bu riskler denetim, uyum, a&#231;&#305;klanabilirlik, insan kontrol&#252; ve prosed&#252;r diliyle y&#246;netilebilir hale getirilir. B&#246;ylece ele&#351;tiri sistemi y&#305;kmaz, sisteme ek bir g&#252;venlik katman&#305; olarak geri d&#246;ner. Zizek&#231;i anlamda ideoloji burada alayc&#305; mecburiyetle &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. &#304;nsanlar modele tapmaz, fakat model olmadan karar alamayacaklar&#305;na inand&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. Daha do&#287;rusu, &#246;yle davranmaya ba&#351;larlar.</p><p>Lacan&#8217;&#305;n B&#252;y&#252;k &#214;teki&#8217;si yeni bir aray&#252;z kazan&#305;r. Lacan&#8217;da B&#252;y&#252;k &#214;teki kavram&#305;, toplumsal d&#252;zenin - hukuk, piyasa, b&#252;rokrasi -  sanki bir yerde tutarl&#305; bir anlam&#305;, kural&#305; ve bilgisi varm&#305;&#351; gibi i&#351;lemesini sa&#287;layan sembolik otoritedir. Herkes bu d&#252;zenlerin eksik, &#231;eli&#351;kili ve &#231;o&#287;u zaman k&#246;r oldu&#287;unu bilir, ama yine de kararlar&#305;n&#305; sanki bu d&#252;zenlerin arkas&#305;nda tutarl&#305; bir bilgi varm&#305;&#351; gibi al&#305;r. B&#252;y&#252;k &#214;teki tam da burada varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir, ger&#231;ekten her &#351;eyi bilen bir merkez oldu&#287;u i&#231;in de&#287;il, herkes onun varm&#305;&#351; gibi davrand&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in.</p><p>AI ise zaten var olan sembolik otoriteye konu&#351;abilen bir y&#252;z kazand&#305;r&#305;r.  Eskiden bu otorite insanla do&#287;rudan konu&#351;mazd&#305;, kanun metinlerinde, kurum dilinde, prosed&#252;rlerde, fiyatlarda ve risk hesaplar&#305;nda kendini g&#246;sterirdi. Birey bu i&#351;aretleri yorumlamak zorundayd&#305; AI ile de&#287;i&#351;en &#351;ey bu mesafenin azalmas&#305; olacak. Sembolik d&#252;zen art&#305;k soyut g&#246;stergelerle de&#287;il, g&#252;ndelik dilin i&#231;inden cevap verecek. Kullan&#305;c&#305; soru sorar, AI cevap &#252;retir, kullan&#305;c&#305; itiraz eder, AI bu itiraz&#305; daha tutarl&#305; hale getirir, kullan&#305;c&#305; karars&#305;z kal&#305;r, AI se&#231;enekleri s&#305;ralar ve her birine gerek&#231;e sa&#287;lar. B&#246;ylece AI karar&#305; do&#287;rudan veren merci gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmez, fakat hangi karar&#305;n mant&#305;kl&#305;, dengeli, ger&#231;ek&#231;i ya da uygulanabilir say&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirleyen dili kurar.</p><p>Althusser&#8217;in &#246;znenin &#231;a&#287;r&#305;lmas&#305; fikrini hat&#305;rlayal&#305;m, ona z&#305;t olarak insan art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca otorite taraf&#305;ndan emre uymaya &#231;a&#287;r&#305;lmaz, kendisine yard&#305;m ediliyormu&#351; hissiyle belirli bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;nme bi&#231;iminin i&#231;ine yerle&#351;tirilir. Bu y&#252;zden AI&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;c&#252; karar vermesinden &#231;ok, karar&#305;n hangi &#231;er&#231;evede d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lmesi gerekti&#287;ini belirlemesindedir.</p><p>&#304;&#351;te burada &#8220;sibernetik sermaye&#8221; dedi&#287;im &#351;ey ortaya &#231;&#305;kar. Sermaye art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca &#252;retim ara&#231;lar&#305;na sahip olmak, emek g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; &#246;rg&#252;tlemek ya da meta satmak de&#287;ildir; kendi &#231;o&#287;alma ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;en, izleyen, kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;ran ve d&#252;zelten bir kontrol sistemidir.  T&#252;rk&#231;edeki sermaye, Fars&#231;adan gelir, sar ba&#351; demektir, m&#257;ye ise maya, &#246;z, temel, kaynak, ana unsur gibi d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lebilir. Yani kelime kabaca ba&#351;taki ana de&#287;er, ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;taki kaynak, i&#351;in temeli olan de&#287;er anlam alan&#305;na yak&#305;nd&#305;r. Yani sermaye, kendini b&#252;y&#252;tmesi beklenen ana de&#287;erdir, yaln&#305;zca biriktirilmi&#351; de&#287;er de&#287;il, kendini b&#252;y&#252;tmek i&#231;in &#231;evresini s&#252;rekli tarayan bir geri besleme makinesidir. Geri besleme makineleri de sibernetik biliminin alan&#305;ndad&#305;r.</p><p>Sibernetikte, sistem &#246;nce davran&#305;&#351;&#305; sinyale &#231;evirir. &#199;al&#305;&#351;an&#305;n performans&#305;, m&#252;&#351;terinin t&#305;klamas&#305;, vatanda&#351;&#305;n hareketi, bor&#231;lunun &#246;deme al&#305;&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, &#246;&#287;rencinin puan&#305; ya da &#351;&#252;phelinin profili art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca basit eylemler zinciri de&#287;ildir, input haline getirilir. Bu input, sistemin hedef de&#287;eriyle yani set point ile kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. Karl&#305;l&#305;k, verimlilik, risk azaltma, sadakat, uyum, h&#305;z ya da &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lebilirlik bu set pointin farkl&#305; adlar&#305;d&#305;r. Davran&#305;&#351; hedef aral&#305;&#287;&#305;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda sistem bunu error signal olarak okur. Ard&#305;ndan &#252;cret, kredi skoru, reklam, bildirim, sigorta primi, performans metri&#287;i, algoritmik s&#305;ralama ya da g&#252;venlik protokol&#252; gibi actuatorlar devreye girer. M&#252;dahale yap&#305;l&#305;r, sonu&#231; yeniden &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;r, sistem kendini tekrar ayarlar.</p><p>Sibernetikte s&#305;k kullan&#305;lan termostat &#246;rne&#287;iyle gidebiliriz. Termostat odaya emir vermez, s&#305;cakl&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;l&#231;er, hedef de&#287;erle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r, sapmay&#305; hesaplar ve &#305;s&#305;tma ya da so&#287;utma mekanizmas&#305;n&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r. Sibernetik sermaye de b&#246;yledir, do&#287;rudan emir vermez, ortam&#305;, te&#351;vikleri, g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r se&#231;enekleri, riskleri ve maliyetleri ayarlar. &#304;nsan karar verdi&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;r, fakat karar&#305;n parametreleri &#231;oktan sistem taraf&#305;ndan kalibre edilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Burada klasik Foucault&#8217;un disiplin toplumundan farkl&#305; bir mant&#305;k vard&#305;r. Disiplin normdan sapan bedeni cezaland&#305;r&#305;r, sibernetik kontrol sapmay&#305; veri olarak i&#351;ler. Sapma bast&#305;r&#305;lacak bir ar&#305;za de&#287;il, sistemi daha hassas hale getiren feedbacktir. Hatta sermaye i&#231;in hata bile &#252;retkendir, her ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z &#246;deme, her terk edilen al&#305;&#351;veri&#351; sepeti, her d&#252;&#351;&#252;k performans, her &#351;&#252;pheli hareket, modelin kendini g&#252;ncellemesi i&#231;in yeni bir sinyal sa&#287;lar. B&#246;ylece sermaye varyasyonu yakalar, g&#252;r&#252;lt&#252;y&#252; i&#351;ler, davran&#305;&#351;&#305; mod&#252;le eder ve gelecekteki m&#252;dahalelerini optimize eder.</p><p>Sibernetik kontrolde iktidar a&#231;&#305;k bir emir ya da zor yolu olmadan karar ortam&#305;n&#305;n s&#252;rekli ayarlanmas&#305; yoluyla i&#351;ledi&#287;inden kontrol devri de dramatik bir egemenlik kayb&#305; &#351;eklinde deneyimlenmez. Kimse bir sabah uyan&#305;p karar yetkimi makineye b&#305;rak&#305;yorum demez. Daha tipik olan &#351;ey, karar vericinin kendi otoritesini korumak i&#231;in makineyi devreye sokmas&#305;d&#305;r. AI &#246;nce yaln&#305;zca yard&#305;mc&#305; bir feedback mekanizmas&#305; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, veriyi toplar, sapmay&#305; g&#246;sterir, riski hesaplar, alternatifleri s&#305;ralar, fakat zaman i&#231;erisinde karar s&#252;reci bu &#231;&#305;kt&#305;lara g&#246;re ayarland&#305;k&#231;a, insan karar&#305;n sahibi olarak kal&#305;rken karar&#305;n &#231;evresi, dili ve m&#252;mk&#252;n se&#231;enekleri makine taraf&#305;ndan kalibre edilmeye ba&#351;lar.</p><p>Bu y&#252;zden insan&#305;n kontrol&#252; makinelere devretmeyece&#287;i itiraz&#305; psikolojik olarak do&#287;ru g&#246;r&#252;nse as&#305;l noktay&#305; ka&#231;&#305;r&#305;r. &#304;nsanlar kendilerini gereksizle&#351;tirecek bir sisteme a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a yetki devretmez, evet. Kimse beni ortadan kald&#305;r diye AI&#8217;a gitmez. Tam tersine, herkes kendi &#246;nemini korumak i&#231;in AI&#8217;a ba&#351;vurur. &#199;al&#305;&#351;an raporu AI&#8217;a &#246;zetletir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; daha iyi m&#252;d&#252;r g&#246;r&#252;nmek ister. Komutan hedef listesini AI&#8217;a daraltt&#305;r&#305;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; daha etkin komutan g&#246;r&#252;nmek ister. B&#252;rokrat karar&#305;n&#305; AI &#231;&#305;kt&#305;s&#305;yla destekler &#231;&#252;nk&#252; daha rasyonel b&#252;rokrat gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmek ister. Patron performans listesini modele bakt&#305;r&#305;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; daha objektif y&#246;netici gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmek ister. </p><p>Hegelci terslik tam burada ba&#351;lar. Hegel&#8217;de efendi k&#246;leyi kendi arac&#305; san&#305;r, fakat d&#252;nyayla ili&#351;kisini k&#246;lenin eme&#287;i &#252;zerinden kurdu&#287;u anda ona ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; hale gelir. K&#246;le yaln&#305;zca hizmet eden taraf olmay&#305;p, efendinin d&#252;nyaya eri&#351;imini m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;lan dolay&#305;md&#305;r. AI da ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta ,insan&#305;n emrindeki bir yard&#305;mc&#305;, bir h&#305;zland&#305;r&#305;c&#305;, bir karar destek sistemi olarak g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r. Bununla beraber insan d&#252;nyay&#305; AI&#8217;&#305;n &#246;zetleriyle, skorlar&#305;yla, risk haritalar&#305;yla, gerek&#231;eleriyle ve alternatif listeleriyle g&#246;rmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda AI art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca bir hizmetkar olmaktan &#231;&#305;kar. Karar&#305;n i&#231;eri&#287;ini do&#287;rudan dikte etmese bile, karar&#305;n hangi d&#252;nya i&#231;inde verilece&#287;ini &#246;nceden bi&#231;imlendirir. &#304;nsan hala karar verir gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r, fakat karar verdi&#287;i d&#252;nya makine taraf&#305;ndan ay&#305;klanm&#305;&#351;, s&#305;ralanm&#305;&#351;, &#246;l&#231;&#252;lm&#252;&#351; ve gerek&#231;elendirilmi&#351;tir. Egemenlik zaten &#231;o&#287;u zaman tek bir b&#252;y&#252;k karar an&#305;ndan de&#287;il, karar&#305;n haz&#305;rlanma ko&#351;ullar&#305;ndan olu&#351;ur. Hangi bilginin g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r olaca&#287;&#305;, hangi se&#231;ene&#287;in &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kaca&#287;&#305;, hangi riskin acil say&#305;laca&#287;&#305;, hangi tercihin rasyonel g&#246;r&#252;nece&#287;i, hangi gerek&#231;enin kabul edilebilir bulunaca&#287;&#305;, b&#252;t&#252;n bunlar karar&#305;n sinir sistemidir ve bu sinir sistemi makinele&#351;ti&#287;inde, karar&#305;n bedeni insanda kalabilir ama refleksleri art&#305;k ba&#351;ka bir d&#252;zene ba&#287;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Foucault&#8217;cu disiplin toplumuna de&#287;inmi&#351;tim, okul, fabrika, k&#305;&#351;la, hapishane klasik &#246;rneklerdir. Deleuze&#8217;&#252;n bahsetti&#287;i kontrol toplumu ise kimseyi kapatmaz, mod&#252;le eder. Eri&#351;im, skor, risk, davran&#305;&#351;, performans, kredi, g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;rl&#252;k. Halihaz&#305;rda makine &#246;&#287;renmesi kullanan karar sistemleri elektrik devresindeki anahtar gibiydi, tam olarak <strong>binary</strong> (ikili) mant&#305;kla &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r, devre a&#231;&#305;k m&#305; kapal&#305; m&#305; ya da mevcut karar sistemlerinde kredi riski kredi almam i&#231;in uygun mudur, sigorta primim ka&#231; olur, i&#351;e al&#305;n&#305;r m&#305;y&#305;m, al&#305;nmaz m&#305;y&#305;m? Yeni AI rejimi ise kap&#305;dan &#231;ok hava durumu gibi &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r, s&#252;rekli de&#287;i&#351;en bir risk atmosferi &#252;retir.</p><p>Deleuze&#8217;&#252;n bir ba&#351;ka de&#287;erli kavram&#305; olan &#8220;dividual&#8221; kavram&#305;, bireyin art&#305;k b&#252;t&#252;n, sabit ve tekil bir &#246;zne olarak de&#287;il, par&#231;alara ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351; veri k&#252;meleri olarak y&#246;netilmesini anlat&#305;r. &#8220;Individual&#8221; kelimesi b&#246;l&#252;nemez olan anlam&#305;na gelir. Deleuze ise kavram &#252;zerinde oynayarak, modern kontrol rejimlerinde ki&#351;inin art&#305;k b&#246;l&#252;nmez bir b&#252;t&#252;n olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, kredi skoru, sa&#287;l&#305;k riski, konum verisi, t&#252;ketim al&#305;&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, performans sinyali, g&#252;venlik profili, e&#287;itim ge&#231;mi&#351;i, sosyal ba&#287;lant&#305;, yaz&#305;&#351;ma tonu gibi par&#231;alara ayr&#305;larak ele al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne s&#252;rer. Kurum &#246;zneyi b&#252;t&#252;n olarak olarak de&#287;il, farkl&#305; sistemlerde dola&#351;an &#231;ok say&#305;da &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir sinyal olarak g&#246;r&#252;r.  </p><p>Deleuze bunu disiplin toplumu ile kontrol toplumu ayr&#305;m&#305; bu kavram &#252;zerinden yeniden d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;r. Disiplin toplumu insan&#305; belirli kal&#305;plara sokard&#305; Kontrol toplumunda ise kal&#305;p yerine s&#252;rekli ayarlama vard&#305;r. Art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca bir kuruma girip &#231;&#305;k&#305;lmaz, her yerde skorlara, eri&#351;imlere, &#351;ifrelere, limitlere, puanlara, profillere ve risk de&#287;erlendirmelerine g&#246;re s&#252;rekli yeniden ayarlan&#305;r &#246;zne. Banka ki&#351;iye kredi limiti verir, platform ki&#351;iye g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;rl&#252;k verir, &#351;irket ki&#351;iye performans puan&#305; verir, devlet ki&#351;iye risk profili &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r. Kap&#305; bir kez a&#231;&#305;l&#305;p kapanmaz, eri&#351;im  s&#252;rekli de&#287;i&#351;ir.</p><p>B&#246;ylelikle Minority Report filmindeki gibi gelece&#287;i kesin bilmeye gerek yoktur.  Filmde polis, su&#231; i&#351;lenmeden &#246;nce kimin su&#231; i&#351;leyece&#287;ini kesin olarak bildi&#287;ini varsayan bir sistemle insanlar&#305; &#246;nceden yakal&#305;yordu. Yani mesele gelece&#287;i g&#246;rme iddias&#305;yd&#305;. AI destekli sistemler ise ki&#351;iyi s&#252;rekli g&#252;ncellenen bir olas&#305;l&#305;k alan&#305; olarak kurabilir. Ki&#351;i art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca ge&#231;mi&#351;te ne yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;yla de&#287;il, ne yapma ihtimaliyle de y&#246;netilir. Bu ihtimal kesin olmak zorunda de&#287;ildir. Zaten mesele kesinlik de&#287;il, m&#252;dahale e&#351;i&#287;idir. Birinin su&#231;lu oldu&#287;unu kan&#305;tlamak gerekmez, riskli g&#246;r&#252;nmesi yeterli olabilir. Bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305;n ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermek de gerekmez, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k potansiyelli g&#246;r&#252;nmesi yeterli olabilir. Bir grubun d&#252;&#351;man oldu&#287;unu ilan etmek ise hi&#231; gerekmez, tehdit &#246;r&#252;nt&#252;s&#252;ne benzemesi yeterli olabilir.</p><p>Burada d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n ikinci katman&#305; a&#231;&#305;l&#305;r. &#304;lk katmanda kurumlar bizi farkl&#305; g&#246;rmeye ba&#351;lar, risk, performans, maliyet, potansiyel, tehdit, uyum. &#304;kinci katmanda ise biz kendimizi b&#246;yle g&#246;rmeye ba&#351;lar&#305;z. Bu daha tehlikelidir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; d&#305;&#351;sal s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;rma bir noktadan sonra i&#231;sel &#246;z-anlay&#305;&#351;a d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r. &#304;nsan sistem taraf&#305;ndan &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir olmaktan &#231;&#305;k&#305;p, &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir olmaya g&#246;re de davranmaya ba&#351;lar. Yaln&#305;zca puanlanmaz, puanlanabilir bir hayat s&#252;rmeye ba&#351;lar. Yaln&#305;zca riskli say&#305;lmaz, risk &#252;retmemeye g&#246;re kendini d&#252;zenler. &#304;&#351;te Danaher&#8217;in &#246;nemi burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kar, AI&#8217;&#305;n tehdidi karar verebilen insan tipinin a&#351;&#305;nmas&#305;ndan gelir.</p><p>Yapay zeka eti&#287;iyle yak&#305;ndan ilgilenen John Danaher robotlar ahlaki fail olacak m&#305; diye sorarken benim d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;m daha karanl&#305;k soru ise AI geldik&#231;e biz ahlaki fail kalacak m&#305;y&#305;z sorusudur. AI bizi yok etmeden de yurtta&#351;tan hastaya, failden dosyaya, &#246;zneden skorlanm&#305;&#351; vakaya &#231;evirebilir.</p><p>Danaher, bir &#351;eyi zorlanarak, beceri geli&#351;tirerek, karar alarak ve sonucunu &#252;stlenerek ba&#351;arma deneyimi yapay zeka kullan&#305;m&#305; nedeniyle a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, insan&#305;n i&#351;ini kaybetmek d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda, kendi eyleminin d&#252;nyada fark yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; hissini de kaybetti&#287;ini s&#246;yler, yani i&#351;sizli&#287;in &#246;tesinde ki&#351;i &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken, &#252;retirken bile yapay zeka kullan&#305;m&#305;yla kendi ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;na yabanc&#305;la&#351;&#305;r. &#304;nsan art&#305;k bir i&#351;in sonucunu al&#305;r, ama o sonucun ne kadar&#305;n&#305;n kendi eme&#287;i, kendi muhakemesi, kendi becerisi ve kendi riski oldu&#287;unu se&#231;mekte zorlan&#305;r. Ba&#351;ar&#305; onun ad&#305;na ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir, ama art&#305;k tam olarak onun de&#287;ildir.</p><p>Shannon Vallor da bunu pratik bilgeli&#287;in &#231;&#252;r&#252;mesi olarak okur. Karar verme cesareti, ahlaki muhakeme, hata yaparak &#246;&#287;renme, sorumluluk alma ve d&#252;nyaya m&#252;dahale etme kapasitesi otomatik sistemlere devredildik&#231;e insan daha g&#252;venli ama daha az fail hale gelir. Modern iktidar&#305;n vaadi, hatadan koruma kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;  karar verme kas&#305;n&#305; zay&#305;flatmak, risk alan bir &#246;zne olmaktan &#231;&#305;kart&#305;lmakt&#305;r. &#214;zne optimize olurken, kendi hayat&#305;n&#305;n yazar&#305; olma yetene&#287;i k&#246;relir.</p><p>Bu insani kayb&#305;n yan&#305;nda bir de maddi altyap&#305; meselesi vard&#305;r. Kate Crawford&#8217;un g&#246;sterdi&#287;i gibi AI bulutlarda ya&#351;ayan Gnostik bir saf zeka de&#287;ildir. Mineraller, enerji, veri merkezleri, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k &#252;cretli etiketleme eme&#287;i, moderasyon, lojistik, donan&#305;m tedariki, su, elektrik, arazi ve jeopolitik g&#252;venlik zincirini kapsar. AI belki de soyutlaman&#305;n en maddi bi&#231;imidir. D&#252;nyay&#305; veri haline getirmek i&#231;in &#246;nce d&#252;nyay&#305; &#231;&#305;karmak gerek, madenden lityumu, bedenden eme&#287;i, davran&#305;&#351;tan veriyi, dilden &#246;r&#252;nt&#252;y&#252;, dikkatimizden tahmin edilebilirli&#287;i &#231;&#305;karmak. AI bir zihin de&#287;il, &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m altyap&#305;s&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Bu noktada Nick Land&#8217;in &#351;eytani sezgisi kula&#287;&#305;m&#305;za f&#305;s&#305;ldar. AI kapitalizme d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan eklenmemi&#351;tir. Kapitalizm &#8220;ara&#231; kullanmaz&#8221;, ara&#231;lar&#305;, kurumlar&#305;, arzular&#305; ve insanlar&#305; kendi h&#305;zlanma mant&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n par&#231;alar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;r, bu y&#252;zden zaten AI kapitalizme sonradan eklenmi&#351; n&#246;tr bir teknoloji de&#287;ildir. Kapitalizmin zaten i&#231;indeki soyutlama, &#246;l&#231;me, hesaplama, tahmin etme, optimize etme ve canl&#305; eme&#287;i ikame etme e&#287;iliminin yo&#287;unla&#351;m&#305;&#351; bi&#231;imidir. Marx&#8217;&#305;n &#8220;ger&#231;ek soyutlama&#8221; dedi&#287;i &#351;eyi siberle&#351;mi&#351; halde d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek gerekir, de&#287;er, veri, risk, dikkat, i&#351;g&#252;c&#252; ve davran&#305;&#351; ayn&#305; hesaplanabilir y&#252;zeye &#231;ekilir.</p><p>Bununla beraber yayg&#305;n bir hatay&#305; tekrar etmemek ve Land&#8217;i kaba bir teleolojiyle okumamak gerekir. Kapitalizm belli bir teknolojiyi zorunlu olarak yaratmaz. ChatGPT olmak zorunda de&#287;ildi. Transformer mimarisi olmak zorunda de&#287;ildi. OpenAI olmak zorunda de&#287;ildi, fakat kapitalist rekabetin uzun d&#246;nemli y&#246;nelimi daha ucuz bili&#351;, daha h&#305;zl&#305; karar, daha az emek ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, daha fazla &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;, daha fazla &#246;l&#231;&#252;m, daha fazla optimizasyon ve daha fazla soyutlama &#252;zerinedir. LLM bu e&#287;ilimin rastlant&#305;sal ama &#231;ok uygun ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;c&#305;s&#305; oldu. Spesifik bi&#231;im rastlant&#305;sal iken, y&#246;nelim zorunludur.</p><p>Kimse d&#252;nyay&#305; LLM&#8217;lerle yeniden kuraca&#287;&#305;z diye yola &#231;&#305;kmad&#305;, kapitalizm zaten bilin&#231;li planlarla de&#287;il, se&#231;ilim ve geri besleme mekanizmalar&#305;yla i&#351;ler. &#304;&#351;e yarayan otomasyon formu ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda sermaye onu yakalar, fonlar, &#246;l&#231;ekler, metala&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r, i&#351; s&#252;re&#231;lerine sokar, rakipleri zorlar ve geri d&#246;n&#252;&#351;s&#252;z hale getirir. Niyetin yoklu&#287;u s&#252;recin insan-&#252;st&#252; karakterini zay&#305;flatmaz, tam tersi g&#252;&#231;lendirir. Kimse planlamad&#305;, ama herkes uymak zorunda kald&#305;.</p><p>Bu nedenle Land&#8217;in telosu Aristoteles&#231;i bir ama&#231; de&#287;ildir. Daha &#231;ok retrokronik bir attractor&#8217;d&#252;r. AI ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;ktan sonra kapitalist s&#252;re&#231; onu &#246;yle h&#305;zl&#305; emer ki sanki hep ona gidiyormu&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r. Bu basit bir yan&#305;lsama da de&#287;ildir. Kapitalist se&#231;ilimin ger&#231;ek etkisidir. Gelecek planlanmad&#305;, ama ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ge&#231;mi&#351;i yeniden &#246;rg&#252;tledi. Land&#8217;in s&#305;k de&#287;indi&#287;i hyperstition kavram&#305; buraya &#231;ok g&#252;zel oturur, bir fikir, bir teknik, bir beklenti, bir piyasa anlat&#305;s&#305; kendisini ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirecek yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; ve davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305; &#252;retir. AI &#246;nce olas&#305;l&#305;k olarak belirir, sonra sermaye o olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;a para, &#231;ip, enerji, i&#351; modeli, piyasa beklentisi ve jeopolitik anlam y&#252;kler, sonunda da olas&#305;l&#305;k zorunluluk gibi davranmaya ba&#351;lar.</p><p>Tabi Schumpeter kapitalizmin kendi ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; sayesinde giri&#351;imci fig&#252;r&#252;n&#252; a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;raca&#287;&#305;n&#305;, inovasyonun &#351;irket laboratuvarlar&#305;na, uzman b&#252;rokrasilere ve rutinle&#351;mi&#351; y&#246;netim ayg&#305;tlar&#305;na ge&#231;ece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu ve sosyalizmin ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu. Tabi Land&#231;i bir twist ile d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;rsek, onun sosyalizm dedi&#287;i &#351;ey belki de sermayenin burjuva bedeninden kurtulmas&#305;yd&#305;. K&#252;&#231;&#252;k giri&#351;imci, ki&#351;isel risk, aile &#351;irketi, m&#252;lk sahibi burjuva fig&#252;r&#252; silinir ve yerine &#351;irket b&#252;rokrasisi, finansal y&#246;netim, algoritmik koordinasyon, uzman sistemleri ve planlama ayg&#305;tlar&#305; ge&#231;er. Bu emek &#246;zg&#252;rle&#351;ti demek de&#287;ildir, sadece sermaye, kapitalistin ki&#351;isel fig&#252;r&#252;ne daha az ihtiya&#231; duyar hale gelmi&#351;tir. Sermaye insan fig&#252;rlerinden kurtulduk&#231;a kaybolmay&#305;p, bilakis daha soyut bir i&#351;leyi&#351; kazan&#305;r.</p><p>Burada Marx devreye girer ve tabloyu keskinle&#351;tirir. Marksist de&#287;er teorisindeki &#231;eli&#351;ki, tek tek kapitalistler i&#231;in rasyonel olan emek tasarrufunun sistem d&#252;zeyinde kendi art&#305;-de&#287;er taban&#305;n&#305; daraltabilmesidir. Art&#305;-de&#287;er canl&#305; emekten geliyorsa ve &#252;retim giderek daha az canl&#305; emek kullan&#305;yorsa, sermaye kendi de&#287;erlenme kayna&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;reli olarak zay&#305;flat&#305;r. Capital&#8217;in &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; cildinde kar oran&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;me e&#287;ilimi dedi&#287;i mekanizma budur.</p><p> Yine de buradan baz&#305; Marksistlerin yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi AI kapitalizmi otomatik olarak imkans&#305;z k&#305;lar sonucuna gitmek fazla aceleci olur. Marx&#8217;&#305;n kar oran&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;me e&#287;ilimi mant&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; basitle&#351;tirirsek kar oran&#305; s / c + v bi&#231;imindedir. Burada s art&#305;-de&#287;er, c sabit sermaye, v &#252;cretlere giden de&#287;i&#351;ken sermayedir. Bunu ba&#351;ka t&#252;rl&#252; yazarsak kar oran&#305;, art&#305;-de&#287;er oran&#305;n&#305;n sermayenin organik bile&#351;imine b&#246;l&#252;nm&#252;&#351; halidir, s/v artarken c/v daha h&#305;zl&#305; artarsa kar oran&#305; bask&#305;lan&#305;r.  Bununla beraber sonu&#231; matematiksel olarak zorunlu de&#287;ildir. AI sabit sermaye yo&#287;unlu&#287;unu art&#305;rabilir, ama ayn&#305; anda kalan eme&#287;in &#252;retkenli&#287;ini ve art&#305;-de&#287;er oran&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rabilir, &#252;cret pazarl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; zay&#305;flatabilir, model ve i&#351;lem maliyetlerini ucuzlatabilir, daha &#246;nce karl&#305; olmayan hizmetleri pazara a&#231;abilir. Okishio&#8217;ya g&#246;re  reel &#252;cret sabitken kapitalistlerin se&#231;ti&#287;i maliyet d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;c&#252; teknik, yeni denge ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda genel kar oran&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rmek zorunda de&#287;ildir, hatta y&#252;kseltebilir. Yani tekil kapitalist a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan AI rasyoneldir, maliyet d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;r, h&#305;z kazand&#305;r&#305;r, i&#351;g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n pazarl&#305;k g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; k&#305;rar ve ilk kullananlara ge&#231;ici &#252;st&#252;n k&#226;r sa&#287;lar.</p><p>Tabi Andrew Kliman&#8217;&#305;n Temporal Single-System Interpretation ile hat&#305;rlatt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;ey de &#246;nemlidir, kapitalizm yeni dengeye &#305;&#351;&#305;nlanarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;maz. Sermaye ge&#231;mi&#351;te avanslan&#305;r, sonra yeni teknoloji eski yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;, becerileri ve i&#351; modellerini de&#287;ersizle&#351;tirir. AI eski yaz&#305;l&#305;m &#351;irketlerini, &#231;a&#287;r&#305; merkezi altyap&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;, junior beyaz yakal&#305; eme&#287;ini, i&#231;erik &#252;retim modellerini veya dan&#305;&#351;manl&#305;k s&#252;re&#231;lerini ucuzlat&#305;rken bir yandan de&#287;er kayb&#305; yarat&#305;r, fakat bu de&#287;er kayb&#305; daha sonra yeni sermaye i&#231;in daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k maliyet taban&#305; haline gelebilir. Yani AI bir taraftan Marx&#8217;&#305;n &#231;eli&#351;kisini keskinle&#351;tirir, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; canl&#305; eme&#287;e duyulan ihtiyac&#305; azaltarak de&#287;er &#252;retiminin zeminini daraltabilir. Di&#287;er taraftanda  kapitalizmin kar&#351;&#305;-e&#287;ilimlerini de g&#252;&#231;lendirebilir: &#252;cret &#231;&#305;pas&#305;n&#305; a&#351;a&#287;&#305; &#231;eker, sabit sermaye &#246;&#287;elerini ucuzlat&#305;r, yeni pazarlar yarat&#305;r, eski sermayeyi silip daha ucuz bir ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; noktas&#305; kurar. Bu y&#252;zden AI kapitalizmin sonu olarak yap&#305;lan okumalar yanl&#305;&#351;t&#305;r,  de&#287;er kayb&#305; ile karl&#305;l&#305;k restorasyonunun ayn&#305; anda ya&#351;and&#305;&#287;&#305; sibernetik bir yeniden yap&#305;lanma s&#252;reci okumas&#305; &#231;ok daha do&#287;rudur.</p><p>B&#252;t&#252;n yaz&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;de  burada. AI&#8217;&#305;n siyasal sorunu onun iyi mi k&#246;t&#252; m&#252; oldu&#287;u olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi ahlakl&#305; yap&#305;l&#305;p yap&#305;lamayaca&#287;&#305; da de&#287;ildir &#304;lk soru &#351;udur: hesaplama kimin ya&#351;am zaman&#305;n&#305; &#246;zg&#252;rle&#351;tiriyor, kimin davran&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; optimize ediyor? E&#287;er AI eme&#287;i azalt&#305;p insanlara &#246;zg&#252;r zaman vermiyorsa, yaln&#305;zca &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305; daha &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir, daha ikame edilebilir ve daha disipline edilebilir hale getiriyorsa, o zaman &#246;zg&#252;rle&#351;tirici bir altyap&#305; de&#287;il, sibernetik bir y&#246;netim arac&#305;d&#305;r. Planlama kendi ba&#351;&#305;na &#246;zg&#252;rle&#351;me de&#287;ildir. Amazon da planlar, banka da planlar, ordu da planlar. &#214;nemli olan planlaman&#305;n kimin ad&#305;na yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>AI&#8217;&#305; etik yapmak tek ba&#351;&#305;na yeterli de&#287;ildir, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; as&#305;l mesele etik ilkelerin sisteme hangi bi&#231;imde terc&#252;me edildi&#287;idir. Bir ilke, modele girdi&#287;inde &#231;o&#287;u zaman ahlaki yasak olmaktan &#231;&#305;kar, &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir risk, hata pay&#305;, itibar maliyeti, uyum kriteri veya optimizasyon k&#305;s&#305;t&#305; haline gelir. Sivile zarar vermeme ilkesi operasyonel toleransa, &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305;n hakk&#305; dava riskine, ayr&#305;mc&#305;l&#305;k kar&#351;&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; bias metri&#287;ine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilir. B&#246;ylece ahlak sistemde varm&#305;&#351; gibi davran&#305;l&#305;r, fakat karar&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda duran bir s&#305;n&#305;r olmaktan &#231;&#305;kar ve karar&#305;n i&#231;inde ayarlanabilir bir parametreye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r, as&#305;l k&#305;r&#305;lma noktas&#305; da budur.</p><p>Sonunda Skynet&#8217;e geri d&#246;n&#252;yoruz, ama onu art&#305;k ciddiye almak i&#231;in de&#287;il, a&#351;mak i&#231;in. Skynet&#8217;te d&#252;&#351;man bellidir. Ger&#231;ek tehlike ise &#231;ok daha s&#305;radand&#305;r, kimsenin kontrol&#252; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a devretmedi&#287;i, ama herkesin karar alabilmek i&#231;in makinenin haz&#305;rlad&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;nyaya ihtiya&#231; duydu&#287;u bir rejim. &#304;nsanlar gereksizle&#351;mek istemeyecek, fakat kendi &#246;nemlerini korumak i&#231;in makineye yasland&#305;k&#231;a, &#246;nemlerinin i&#231;eri&#287;i bo&#351;alacak ya da AI bizi y&#246;netmeyecek, fakat izim birbirimizi y&#246;netmemizi daha h&#305;zl&#305;, daha gerek&#231;eli, daha verimli ve daha sorumluluksuz hale getirecek.</p><p>Sibernetik sermaye, makinelerin insanlar&#305; y&#246;netmesi de&#287;il, insanlar&#305;n insanlar&#305; y&#246;netirken art&#305;k kimsenin fail gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmemesidir. Karar ortadan kalkmaz, fakat karar&#305;n sahibi &#231;&#246;z&#252;l&#252;r. De&#287;er, risk, emek, davran&#305;&#351; ve sorumluluk ayn&#305; hesaplanabilir y&#252;zeye &#231;ekilir. AI &#231;a&#287;&#305;nda iktidar&#305;n yeni formu distopik bilim kurgunun zor kullanan makinesi de&#287;il, hegemonik AI&#8217;&#305;n &#246;zneyi, karar al&#305;rken makinenin format&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesidir.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[U.S. inflation path, May–December 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[My forecast starts from a simple constraint.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/us-inflation-path-maydecember-2026</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/us-inflation-path-maydecember-2026</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2026 11:46:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My forecast starts from a simple constraint. April is already hot enough that May-July disinflation is not the natural baseline. The April CPI report gives us a <strong>3.8% y/y</strong> headline print, <strong>2.8% y/y</strong> core, <strong>0.6% m/m</strong> headline, <strong>0.4% m/m</strong> core, and an energy impulse that is no longer small, energy rose <strong>3.8% m/m</strong> after <strong>10.9%</strong> in March, gasoline rose <strong>5.4%</strong>, shelter rose <strong>0.6%</strong>, food at home rose <strong>0.7%</strong>, airline fares rose <strong>2.8%</strong>, and household furnishings/apparel/personal care also moved up. So the starting point is not a clean energy-only CPI report. It is already a mixed report. Direct energy, some core services, some core goods, and some food pressure moving at once. BLS states that headline CPI rose <strong>3.8% y/y</strong> in April after <strong>3.3%</strong> in March, while core CPI rose <strong>2.8% y/y</strong> after <strong>2.6%</strong> in March. </p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;ed7611b9-b02b-41ca-bae2-dd3f30cab5bc&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 1 &#8212; APRIL 2026 CPI STARTING POINT

Metric                                Official April print      Short comments
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Headline CPI y/y                      3.8%                      Already close to 4%; May needs only modest carry to cross 4%
Core CPI y/y                          2.8%                      Lower than 2022, but not low enough to neutralize pipeline pressure
Headline CPI m/m                      0.6%                      Strong monthly carry into Q2
Core CPI m/m                          0.4%                      Hot, but partly flattered by shelter and volatile services
Energy m/m                            3.8%                      Real first-round headline boost remains active
Gasoline m/m                          5.4%                      Direct and fast CPI impulse
Shelter m/m                           0.6%                      Important, but partly known catch-up / measurement distortion
Food at home m/m                      0.7%                      Watch item; repeated prints would create food-channel risk
Airline fares m/m                     2.8%                      Important for both CPI services and PCE mapping
Household furnishings m/m             0.7%                      Plausible freight / materials pass-through channel
Apparel m/m                           0.6%                      Small weight, but relevant for logistics pass-through
Energy y/y                            17.9%                     Energy base effect keeps headline elevated
Food y/y                              3.2%                      Much cooler than 2022, this limits full pass-through</code></pre></div><p></p><p>The point forecast is built from a front-loaded monthly sequence. I now use 0.47% m/m in May, 0.41% in June, 0.34% in July, then a decay path toward 0.21% by November-December. For core CPI, I use 0.31% in May, 0.31% in June, 0.29% in July, 0.26% in August, then roughly 0.22-0.24% later in the year. That is a temporary reacceleration path with a fading supply shock. The year-on-year peak comes in July because the monthly impulse is strongest before the base turns less permissive.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;260f2085-7240-4fa2-aee2-6c43003584ee&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 2 &#8212; REVISED CPI FORECAST PATH, MAY&#8211;DECEMBER 2026

Month             Headline CPI y/y     Core CPI y/y     Headline CPI m/m assumption     Core CPI m/m assumption     Main driver
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
May 2026          4.1%                 3.0%             0.47%                           0.31%                       Energy carry, partial goods/services pass-through
June 2026         4.4%                 3.1%             0.41%                           0.31%                       Peak lag from April PPI Stage 1&#8211;3 shock
July 2026         4.5%                 3.2%             0.34%                           0.29%                       Annual CPI peak; base and pipeline align
August 2026       4.4%                 3.1%             0.29%                           0.26%                       Pipeline still visible, shelter normalizes
September 2026    4.2%                 3.0%             0.24%                           0.24%                       Energy impulse fades, core remains sticky
October 2026      4.0%                 2.9%             0.23%                           0.23%                       Base effect starts helping more
November 2026     3.8%                 2.8%             0.21%                           0.22%                       Shock fades into margins and slower volumes
December 2026     3.5%                 2.7%             0.21%                           0.22%                       Year-end normalization, still above target-consistent pace</code></pre></div><p></p><p>The PCE path is more than a CPI path scaled down. That shortcut would miss the composition problem. PCE has a lower shelter weight than CPI, so it gets less drag from rent/OER stickiness and less benefit when shelter cools. It also pulls some important services prices from producer-side inputs, especially healthcare and air transportation. The last official PCE release is March 2026: headline PCE <strong>3.5% y/y</strong>, core PCE <strong>3.2% y/y</strong>, headline <strong>0.7% m/m</strong>, core <strong>0.3% m/m</strong>. The April PCE number is therefore a nowcast problem. Dallas Fed also reports March trimmed-mean PCE at <strong>2.4% y/y</strong>.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;b6019d56-72cd-4a61-b53a-8bc23c50073e&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 3 &#8212; PCE AND DALLAS TRIMMED-MEAN PCE FORECAST PATH

Month             Headline PCE y/y     Core PCE y/y     Dallas trimmed-mean PCE y/y     Why PCE differs from CPI
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
May 2026          3.9%                 3.3%             2.5%                            PCE carries energy shock but has lower shelter weight
June 2026         4.1%                 3.4%             2.7%                            PPI-linked services begin to matter
July 2026         4.2%                 3.5%             2.8%                            Headline and core PCE peak
August 2026       4.1%                 3.4%             2.9%                            Trimmed mean peaks after diffusion into middle components
September 2026    3.9%                 3.3%             2.8%                            Energy tail fades; body remains sticky
October 2026      3.7%                 3.2%             2.7%                            Services pass-through slows
November 2026     3.4%                 3.1%             2.6%                            Lower monthly momentum dominates
December 2026     3.2%                 3.0%             2.5%                            Still above target, no full normalization</code></pre></div><p>The April PPI release is the reason the forecast doesn&#8217;t simply extrapolate March-April CPI and stop there. The production-flow numbers are severe. Stage 4 intermediate demand rose <strong>0.9% m/m</strong>, Stage 3 rose <strong>2.3%</strong>, Stage 2 rose <strong>2.8%</strong>, Stage 1 rose <strong>2.1%</strong>. The stage sequence matters because it tells us how far the shock has moved through the production chain. Stage 1 is raw and early. Stage 2 means the shock is no longer isolated. Stage 3 says it has entered a broader intermediate layer. Stage 4 is closest to final-demand producers. BLS says Stage 3&#8217;s monthly rise was the largest since March 2022, Stage 2&#8217;s the largest since August 2022, and Stage 1&#8217;s the largest since March 2022.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;c6392060-b84e-440d-9df6-d171f5604af8&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 4 &#8212; APRIL 2026 PPI PRODUCTION-FLOW STAGES

Stage / index                         m/m          y/y          My Interpretation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stage 4 intermediate demand           0.9%         5.4%         Closest warning for final-demand producers
Stage 3 intermediate demand           2.3%         5.9%         Shock has moved beyond the raw commodity layer
Stage 2 intermediate demand           2.8%         11.1%        Strongest producer-chain pressure signal
Stage 1 intermediate demand           2.1%         8.9%         Early input shock remains intense
Final demand PPI                      1.4%         6.0%         Producer prices already reached final demand</code></pre></div><p>The commodity and logistics detail is more important than the stage labels. If crude alone jumps, the first-order reading is energy CPI. If diesel, freight, warehousing and chemicals jump together, the shock has a route into goods margins, packaged food, apparel, household supplies, delivery-intensive retail, and some service categories. BLS reports final demand PPI up <strong>1.4% m/m</strong>, processed goods for intermediate demand up <strong>2.7%</strong>, unprocessed goods up <strong>4.1%</strong>, and services for intermediate demand up <strong>1.1%</strong>. Truck transportation of freight at <strong>8.1%</strong> is the bridge variable, it converts energy into a more distributed cost shock.</p><p></p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;c003ecd1-01f7-42ca-b728-80fb3f3cf154&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 5 &#8212; APRIL 2026 HIGH-IMPACT PPI COMPONENTS

Component                                             m/m          Transmission channel into consumer prices
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crude petroleum                                       11.3%        Gasoline, fuel oil, refinery input costs, energy goods
No. 2 diesel fuel                                     12.6%        Freight, delivery costs, wholesale and retail distribution
Truck transportation of freight                       8.1%         Packaged food, apparel, furnishings, retail logistics
Transportation &amp; warehousing services, intermediate   3.7%         Broad goods and services distribution cost
Processed goods for intermediate demand               2.7%         Core goods pipeline
Unprocessed goods for intermediate demand             4.1%         Early commodity pressure
Services for intermediate demand                      1.1%         PCE-relevant producer-service channel
Plastic resins and materials                          4.5%         Packaging, consumer goods, industrial inputs
Industrial chemicals                                  4.4%         Broad intermediate input pressure</code></pre></div><p>Here is the pass-through model I&#8217;m using. I am not applying a 2022 coefficient mechanically. I treat April&#8217;s PPI shock as a weighted input shock that partly reaches CPI through three channels: direct energy, logistics-to-goods, and producer-services-to-PCE. The direct energy part is fast and visible. The logistics part is slower and smaller. The service input part is most relevant for PCE. The model assumes a <strong>one-to-three-month lag</strong>, with the biggest effect in June-July for CPI and July-August for trimmed mean PCE.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;13fd2300-6539-472b-97b4-39995e3966d5&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 6 &#8212; PASS-THROUGH MODEL ASSUMPTIONS

Forecast building block                                      Assumption          Why it matters
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PPI Stage 1&#8211;3 lag into CPI                                   1&#8211;3 months          Production-chain pressure reaches final prices with delay
Peak CPI pressure window                                     June&#8211;July           April shock and May carry and base effect alignment
Peak trimmed-mean PCE window                                 July&#8211;August         Tail shock becomes middle-distribution pressure later
Pass-through from excess Stage 1&#8211;3 into affected CPI items    28%                 Lower than 2022 due to tighter consumer finance and weaker pricing power
All-in CPI pass-through after basket weights                 16&#8211;18%              Shelter dilution and limited affected-category weights
Cumulative CPI price-level lift from April pipeline           0.55 pp            May&#8211;August effect, not a single-month effect
Peak y/y headline CPI contribution                           0.7&#8211;0.8 pp         Base arithmetic magnifies y/y impact at the peak
Dallas trimmed-mean pass-through                             7&#8211;9%                Extreme energy tails trimmed out, only diffusion matters</code></pre></div><p>I spent the most time on that <strong>28%</strong> pass-through number. It is the least mechanical assumption and the easiest place to be wrong. A 2022-style reading would push the coefficient higher because the stage data look historically similar. In 2022, CPI was <strong>7.9% y/y in February</strong> and reached <strong>9.1% in June</strong>, while the monthly CPI sequence was <strong>1.2%</strong>, <strong>0.3%</strong>, <strong>1.0%</strong>, <strong>1.3%</strong> from March to June. That episode proves upstream shocks can move consumer prices fast. It does not prove the same pass-through coefficient applies today, because the consumer financing constraint is different. BLS records the June 2022 CPI peak at <strong>9.1% y/y</strong>, with CPI up <strong>1.3% m/m</strong> in June after <strong>1.0%</strong> in May.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;a56f146f-ade8-4d4e-848f-ea1a1741724e&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 7 &#8212; 2022 REFERENCE EPISODE

Month             CPI m/m        CPI y/y        Read-through
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
February 2022     0.8%           7.9%           Pre-peak inflation already very high
March 2022        1.2%           8.5%           Energy shock hits CPI hard
April 2022        0.3%           8.3%           Temporary monthly cooling
May 2022          1.0%           8.6%           Shock reasserts itself
June 2022         1.3%           9.1%           CPI peak; energy, food and shelter all contributing
Feb-to-June       &#8212;              +1.2 pp        Annual rate moved less than the felt price-level shock</code></pre></div><p>The specific variable that breaks the 2022 comparison is the marginal consumer financing rate. In 2022 Q2, a 60-month new-car loan was <strong>4.85%</strong>, in 2026 Q1 it was <strong>7.52%</strong>. A 72-month new-car loan moved from <strong>5.19%</strong> to <strong>7.55%</strong>. Credit card rates on all accounts moved from <strong>15.13%</strong> to <strong>21.00%</strong>; accounts assessed interest moved from <strong>16.65%</strong> to <strong>21.52%</strong>. The 24-month personal loan rate moved from <strong>8.73%</strong> to <strong>11.40%</strong>. That changes pass-through. A household paying 21% on revolving credit has less capacity to validate retail price increases. Firms can still try to pass costs through, they face volume risk faster. Fed G.19 verifies both the 2022 Q2 and current consumer credit rates.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;daad0f94-b3a0-4213-b5b2-e28146b6bb65&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 8 &#8212; CONSUMER FINANCE: 2022 VS 2026

Consumer finance variable                     2022 Q2        2026 Q1 / latest       Difference       Inflation implication
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60-month new auto loan                         4.85%          7.52%                  +267 bp          Auto and durable-goods demand more payment-constrained
72-month new auto loan                         5.19%          7.55%                  +236 bp          Term extension less able to offset price increases
Credit card plans, all accounts                15.13%         21.00%                 +587 bp          Revolving consumer purchasing power weaker
Credit card accounts assessed interest         16.65%         21.52%                 +487 bp          Marginal borrowers more constrained
24-month personal loans                        8.73%          11.40%                 +267 bp          Discretionary spending less resilient
Effective Fed funds                            Low / rising   3.62&#8211;3.63%            Much tighter     Less room for demand validation
Prime loan rate                                Lower          6.75%                  Higher base      Margin absorption more likely</code></pre></div><p>The unresolved issue is the price-versus-margin split. If firms protect gross margins, CPI goes higher. If they protect volumes, CPI goes lower and earnings estimates take the hit. This is why a lower CPI path is not automatically bullish for equities. A cost shock that fails to reach CPI has gone somewhere else. It sits in COGS, freight surcharges, promotions, inventory markdowns, supplier renegotiations and guidance language. The inflation forecast and the earnings forecast are sharing a hidden variable.</p><p>Shelter is not the main place I want to take upside risk from. April&#8217;s <strong>0.6% m/m</strong> shelter print looks uncomfortable on the surface, and mechanically it mattered because shelter is roughly one-third of headline CPI and an even larger share of core CPI. But April was a known bad month for shelter measurement. Rent and OER both rose <strong>0.5% m/m</strong>, lodging away from home rose <strong>2.4%</strong>, and the print was flattered by the delayed correction from the earlier rent/OER survey distortion. I therefore do not treat April shelter as a fresh signal that rental inflation is reaccelerating. My baseline assumes shelter normalizes back toward <strong>0.3&#8211;0.4% m/m</strong> over the next several prints. If that happens, shelter does not amplify the PPI pipeline shock. The PPI shock can raise furniture, moving services, delivered goods, restaurant inputs, apparel logistics and some household-operation costs. It cannot reprice the rent stock by summer. That is why shelter should be modeled as a cap on core CPI transmission.</p><p>For PCE, the question is composition. CPI is more shelter-heavy. PCE has lower shelter weight and more producer-price-linked services. That is why the PCE forecast is not a simple haircut to CPI. Headline PCE peaks lower than headline CPI because PCE generally gives less weight to some household out-of-pocket energy/shelter patterns and captures substitution differently. Core PCE peaks higher than core CPI in my path because healthcare, air transportation and certain financial services can pick up producer-side pressure in a way CPI doesn&#8217;t fully mirror.</p><div class="highlighted_code_block" data-attrs="{&quot;language&quot;:&quot;plaintext&quot;,&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;8ceb5337-ff16-4a87-b84c-fc0a0558b364&quot;}" data-component-name="HighlightedCodeBlockToDOM"><pre class="shiki"><code class="language-plaintext">TABLE 11 &#8212; INDEX PEAKS AND MAIN MECHANISMS

Index                             Peak forecast       Peak month       Key weight / mechanism                         Main uncertainty
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Headline CPI                      4.6%                July             Energy + food + core goods + base effect        Second energy leg
Core CPI                          3.3%                July             Shelter + logistics-sensitive goods/services    OER / rent persistence
Headline PCE                      4.2%                July             Energy + broader consumption weights            April PCE nowcast error
Core PCE                          3.5%                July             PPI-linked services, healthcare, air transport   Producer-service mapping
Dallas trimmed-mean PCE            2.9%                August           Diffusion into middle of distribution           Whether freight stays inside trimmed sample</code></pre></div><p>Dallas trimmed-mean PCE is the best test of whether the shock remains a tail event. <a href="https://www.dallasfed.org/research/pce">Dallas Fed reports </a>March trimmed-mean PCE at <strong>2.4% y/y</strong>, and describes it as an alternative measure of core PCE inflation calculated using BEA data. The methodology trims extreme price changes. Dallas FED note that it cuts roughly the bottom <strong>24%</strong> and top <strong>31%</strong> of the weighted PCE price-change distribution. Crude, diesel and gasoline are likely top-tail events. They are mostly excluded. Truck freight is different because it mutates. It starts as an outlier in producer prices and later appears as smaller price increases across packaged food, apparel, household supplies, furniture, restaurants and delivery-sensitive services. Once dispersed, it can enter the body of the distribution and raise trimmed mean.</p><p>I would revise the forecast quickly if the following data arrive differently. The May CPI report is especially important because it tells us whether April PPI was a tail shock or a distribution shock. The most dangerous combination would be core goods above <strong>0.4% m/m</strong>, food at home above <strong>0.7%</strong>, airline fares still rising, and shelter refusing to cool. That would push July CPI above <strong>4.7%</strong> and make <strong>5%</strong> the active risk. The opposite combination would be gasoline flat/down, truck freight reversal, core goods markdowns, and food cooling. Then the peak shifts toward <strong>4.3&#8211;4.4%</strong>.</p><p>The main model risk is not the base effect. That part is easy. It is not the existence of the PPI shock. BLS already confirmed that. The model risk is whether the shock is validated by consumer demand. In 2022, firms had more room to pass costs through because the nominal demand backdrop and credit channel allowed it. In 2026, the household is financing purchases at much higher rates, so the same upstream shock should split into CPI and margins rather than flow cleanly into prices. My central split gives a July CPI peak of <strong>4.5%</strong> and an August trimmed-mean PCE peak of <strong>2.9%</strong>. If companies choose price over volume, that is too low. If consumers force discounting, that is too high, and the equity market will have a different problem.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Petrol Piyasasında Fiziksel Sıkışıklıktan Beklenti Fiyatlamasına]]></title><description><![CDATA[Petrol piyasas&#305;nda bir gariplik mi var?]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/petrol-piyasasnda-fiziksel-sksklktan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/petrol-piyasasnda-fiziksel-sksklktan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 07:04:10 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Petrol piyasas&#305;nda bir gariplik mi var? Brent hala y&#252;ksek seviyelerde ama y&#252;kseli&#351; trendi duruldu, fiziksel petrol piyasas&#305;na referans ile kullan&#305;lan Dated Brent ve CFD taraf&#305; da &#305;l&#305;ml&#305;la&#351;t&#305; ve de &#252;zerine &#252;r&#252;n taraf&#305;nda middle distillate ise y&#252;ksek bir platoda yatayla&#351;&#305;yor. Bu ilk bak&#305;&#351;ta kaybolan petrol arz&#305;n&#305; dikkate ald&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda &#231;eli&#351;ki gibi duruyor. Burada petrol piyasas&#305; fiyatlamalar&#305; ad&#305;na do&#287;ru teorik &#231;er&#231;eveyi oturtmak olduk&#231;a &#246;nemli. Bu &#231;er&#231;eveyi a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da k&#305;saca izah edece&#287;im, bu perspektife g&#246;re petrol fiyatlamas&#305;nda as&#305;l mesele bug&#252;n ka&#231; varilin piyasadan silindi&#287;inden bu kayb&#305;n ge&#231;ici bir lojistik &#351;ok mu, yoksa 6&#8211;12 ayl&#305;k arz rejimini de&#287;i&#351;tiren bir olay m&#305; oldu&#287;u.</p><p><a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/work725.pdf">BIS&#8217;in petrol &#351;oklar&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;</a> burada bize &#246;nemli bir perspektif sa&#287;l&#305;yor. BIS&#8217;in &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;na g&#246;re <strong>12 ayl&#305;k ufukta reel petrol fiyat&#305; varyans&#305;n&#305;n do&#287;rudan yakla&#351;&#305;k %35.4&#8217;&#252; gelecekteki arz ve talep beklentisi &#351;oklar&#305;yla a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;yor.</strong> Bunun %10.0&#8217;&#305; gelecekteki talep beklentisi, %25.4&#8217;&#252; gelecekteki arz beklentisidir. Ayn&#305; modelde ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; arz ve talep &#351;oklar&#305; <strong>toplam sadece %6.8 a&#231;&#305;klar,</strong> geri kalan %57.8 &#8220;oil-price-specific&#8221; kal&#305;r. Bilgilendirme ama&#231;l&#305; payla&#351;mak gerekirse, buradaki oil-price-specific shock, modelin arz/talep/future kategorilerine sokamad&#305;&#287;&#305; petrol fiyat&#305; hareketidir. Bu kategori i&#231;inde ba&#351;ka nelerin olabilece&#287;ini izah edeyim.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png" width="718" height="638" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:638,&quot;width&quot;:718,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:87575,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/i/197316499?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RwLV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ecd4c9d-b69c-49b0-b2a1-5f80d19a40a6_718x638.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>&#304;lk akla gelen <strong>precautionary demand</strong> olabilir, piyasada fiziksel a&#231;&#305;k hen&#252;z olu&#351;mam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r ama trader&#8217;lar, rafineriler veya stok tutucular gelecekte mal bulamama korkusuyla ekstra stok talebi yaratabilir. &#304;kincisi, <strong>jeopolitik risk primi</strong> olabilir, &#246;rne&#287;in H&#252;rm&#252;z kapanmad&#305; ama kapanma ihtimali fiyat&#305;n i&#231;ine girer. &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;s&#252;, <strong>finansal ak&#305;m/spek&#252;lasyon/positioning</strong> olabilir, hedge fund pozisyonlar&#305;, CTA ak&#305;mlar&#305;, opsiyon gamma&#8217;s&#305;, margin bask&#305;s&#305;, stop-loss hareketleri. D&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252;s&#252;, <strong>benchmark mikro-yap&#305;s&#305;</strong> olabilir, Dated Brent, CFD, physical differential, freight, insurance, quality spread gibi &#351;eyler. Son olarak da, <strong>&#246;l&#231;&#252;m hatas&#305; veya model eksikli&#287;i</strong> olabilir, yani ger&#231;ek stoklar tam g&#246;r&#252;nm&#252;yor olabilir, &#199;in stoklar&#305;, floating storage, askeri ve stratejik stoklar, yapt&#305;r&#305;m alt&#305; ak&#305;&#351;lar modele temiz girmiyor olabilir.</p><p>Literat&#252;rde kullan&#305;lan eski Kilian tipi &#252;&#231; de&#287;i&#351;kenli modelde petrol fiyat&#305; oynakl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; 100 kabul edersek, bunun sadece &#231;ok k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; arz ve ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; talep &#351;oklar&#305;yla a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;yordu. Say&#305;sal olarak, 12 ayl&#305;k ufukta ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; arz &#351;oku yakla&#351;&#305;k 0.1 puan, ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; global talep &#351;oku yakla&#351;&#305;k 6.1 puan a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yordu. Yani toplamda sadece yakla&#351;&#305;k 6.2 puan bug&#252;nk&#252; arz-talep dengesi ile a&#231;&#305;klanabiliyordu. Geri kalan &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;s&#305;m, yani yakla&#351;&#305;k 93.8 puan, modelde oil-specific denen art&#305;k kategoriye gidiyordu. Bunun anlam&#305; &#351;uydu, petrol fiyat&#305; hareket ediyor ama model bunu mevcut petrol &#252;retimi veya mevcut k&#252;resel talep de&#287;i&#351;imiyle a&#231;&#305;klayam&#305;yor, bu y&#252;zden geni&#351; bir petrol-spesifik kategoriye at&#305;yor.</p><p>BIS&#8217;in yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; katk&#305; ise bu noktada &#246;nemli oluyor. BIS modele iki yeni kanal ekliyor, gelecekteki talep beklentisi ve gelecekteki arz beklentisi. Bu iki kanal eklenince daha &#246;nce oil-specific diye kalan b&#252;y&#252;k kutunun &#246;nemli bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;labiliyor. Yeni modelde ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; arz yine yakla&#351;&#305;k 0.1 puan a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor, ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; talep yakla&#351;&#305;k 6.7 puan a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor, fakat art&#305;k buna ek olarak gelecekteki talep beklentisi yakla&#351;&#305;k 10.0 puan, gelecekteki arz beklentisi ise yakla&#351;&#305;k 25.4 puan a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor.<strong> Yani beklenti kanallar&#305; toplamda yakla&#351;&#305;k 35.4 puanl&#305;k bir alan&#305; a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor.</strong></p><p><strong>Yani eski modelde oil-specific kategorisi 93.8 puan iken BIS&#8217;in geni&#351;letilmi&#351; modelinde bu kutu 57.8 puana d&#252;&#351;&#252;yor. Aradaki yakla&#351;&#305;k 36 puanl&#305;k d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252;n neredeyse tamam&#305;, BIS&#8217;in ekledi&#287;i gelecek arz ve talep beklentisi kanallar&#305;ndan geliyor</strong>. Ba&#351;ka bir ifadeyle, eski modelin bunu mevcut arz-talep ile a&#231;&#305;klayam&#305;yorum, petrol piyasas&#305;na &#246;zg&#252; bir &#351;ey olmal&#305; dedi&#287;i alan&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k &#252;&#231;te birinden fazlas&#305;, BIS&#8217;te asl&#305;nda piyasa gelecekteki arz ve talep rejimini fiyatl&#305;yormu&#351; diye yeniden s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;yor.</p><p>Bu &#231;er&#231;eveyle g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;erlendirdi&#287;imizde, Brent&#8217;in $104 civar&#305;nda olmas&#305;n&#305;n H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;&#252;n kapanmas&#305;ndan kaynaklanan arz kayb&#305;ndan daha &#231;ok piyasan&#305;n bu arz kayb&#305;n&#305; ne kadar kal&#305;c&#305; g&#246;r&#252;p g&#246;rmedi&#287;ine dair bir beklentiyi yans&#305;tt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. Brent, Trump&#8217;&#305;n &#304;ran ate&#351;kesi i&#231;in &#8220;on life support&#8221; demesinin ard&#305;ndan 11 May&#305;s&#8217;ta $104.46&#8217;ya y&#252;kseldi, ge&#231;en hafta ise ayn&#305; piyasa bar&#305;&#351; umuduyla sert d&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Ayn&#305; fiziksel d&#252;nya, iki farkl&#305; beklentiyle iki farkl&#305; fiyat &#252;retiyor. &#304;&#351;te BIS &#231;er&#231;evesinin pratik kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; burada devreye giriyor, bug&#252;nk&#252; varil ayn&#305; kalsa bile, bu kapanma iki hafta m&#305;, &#252;&#231; ay m&#305; sorusunun cevab&#305; fiziksel fiyatlar&#305; da bamba&#351;ka bir yere ta&#351;&#305;r.</p><p>Bu nedenle Dated Brent ve CFD&#8217;deki gev&#351;emeyi do&#287;ru yorumlamak gerekiyor. <strong>Piyasa spot fiziksel panik primini sat&#305;yor, fakat orta vadeli arz rejimi riskini hen&#252;z ne tamamen g&#246;z ard&#305; ediyor ne de tamamen merkeze koyuyor.</strong> CFD&#8217;nin d&#252;&#351;mesi, Dated Brent&#8217;in futures/forward anchor&#8217;a g&#246;re ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; prompt fiziksel primin darald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, rafineriler ve trader&#8217;lar art&#305;k ne pahas&#305;na olursa olsun hemen petrol temin etme durumunda de&#287;il. Bu, k&#305;sa vadeli 150 dolar beklentisini zay&#305;flat&#305;r, zira panik primi &#231;&#246;z&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde Brent&#8217;in yukar&#305; ta&#351;&#305;nmas&#305; i&#231;in yaln&#305;zca spot s&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k yetmez. Bununla beraber bu gev&#351;eme, H&#252;rm&#252;z &#351;okunun yap&#305;sal olarak &#231;&#246;z&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; anlam&#305;na gelmez. Dated Brent-CFD kompleksi daha &#231;ok prompt Atlantic/light sweet piyasas&#305;ndaki stresin termometresidir, H&#252;rm&#252;z &#351;okunun as&#305;l hassas noktas&#305; ise<strong> medium sour crude, rafineri slate uyumu, middle distillate verimi, &#252;r&#252;n stoklar&#305; ve sigorta</strong> taraf&#305;nda duruyor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png" width="750" height="379" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:379,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:121552,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/i/197316499?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lbqn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71d46d29-155c-4c12-98de-c822c036b8a0_750x379.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Burada Bloomberg Economics&#8217;in &#8220;What Absorbed the Hormuz Oil Shock?&#8221; yaz&#305;s&#305; &#246;nemli bir ba&#287;lam sa&#287;l&#305;yor. H&#252;rm&#252;z &#351;okunun fiyat&#305; neden do&#287;rudan $130&#8211;150&#8217;ye ta&#351;&#305;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlamak i&#231;in yaln&#305;zca kay&#305;p ihracata de&#287;il, &#351;oku emen tamponlara bakmak gerekiyor. Bloomberg&#8217;in hesaplamas&#305;nda <strong>H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;deki 12.5 mb/d&#8217;lik kayb&#305;n 11.8 mb/d&#8217;lik telafi ediliyor</strong>: bunun <strong>4.8 mb/d&#8217;si stok &#231;eki&#351;inden</strong>, <strong>3.7 mb/d&#8217;si sava&#351; &#246;ncesinde zaten beklenen arz fazlas&#305;ndan</strong>, <strong>3.3 mb/d&#8217;si ise d&#252;&#351;&#252;k petrol talebinden</strong> geliyor.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png" width="735" height="406" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:406,&quot;width&quot;:735,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:76563,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/i/197316499?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Atig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90da13f0-e80d-40ad-8a83-6d85e328ba3f_735x406.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Bu &#252;&#231; tamponun ekonomik kalitesi ayn&#305; de&#287;il. Sava&#351; &#246;ncesi beklenen arz fazlas&#305; bir kere kullan&#305;labilir, o fazla silindi&#287;inde art&#305;k tampon olmaktan &#231;&#305;kar. D&#252;&#351;&#252;k talep fiyat&#305; dengeler ama bunun maliyeti artan talep y&#305;k&#305;m&#305;d&#305;r, yani piyasa daha zay&#305;f ekonomik aktivite veya daha pahal&#305; &#252;r&#252;n fiyatlar&#305; &#252;zerinden kendini dengeler. Stok &#231;eki&#351;i ise en k&#305;r&#305;lgan halkad&#305;r. Stok, &#252;retim gibi s&#252;rekli akan bir kaynak de&#287;ildir, bilan&#231;o kalemidir. Bug&#252;n fiyat&#305; bast&#305;r&#305;r, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; piyasaya varil arz eder,A. ma ayn&#305; anda gelecekteki k&#305;r&#305;lma riskini b&#252;y&#252;t&#252;r, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; her &#231;ekilen varil sistemi daha az tamponlu hale getirir. Bu y&#252;zden stok &#231;eki&#351;i k&#305;sa vadede fiyat&#305; sakinle&#351;tiren, orta vadede ise fiyat&#305;n yukar&#305; konveksitesini art&#305;ran bir mekanizmad&#305;r.</p><p>BIS&#8217;in petrol &#351;oklar&#305; &#231;er&#231;evesi tam burada devreye giriyor, BIS&#8217;in analizinin g&#246;sterdi&#287;i &#252;zere petrol fiyat&#305; yaln&#305;zca bug&#252;nk&#252; ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; arz ve talep &#351;oklar&#305;yla a&#231;&#305;klanamaz, fiyat&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; piyasan&#305;n gelecekteki arz ve talep rejimine dair beklentisiyle olu&#351;ur. Eski Kilian tipi &#252;&#231; de&#287;i&#351;kenli modelde 12 ayl&#305;k petrol fiyat&#305; varyans&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305; &#8220;oil-specific&#8221; art&#305;k alanda kal&#305;rken, BIS modele gelecekteki arz ve talep beklentilerini ekledi&#287;inde bu art&#305;k alan&#305;n &#246;nemli bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; a&#231;&#305;klanabilir hale geliyor. Say&#305;sal olarak hat&#305;rlatmak gerekirse, 12 ayl&#305;k ufukta reel petrol fiyat&#305; varyans&#305;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>35.4 puan&#305;</strong> gelecekteki arz ve talep beklentisi &#351;oklar&#305;na ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;yor;, bunun en b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305;, yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>25.4 puan</strong>, gelecekteki arz beklentisi. Bu nedenle H&#252;rm&#252;z gibi bir olayda kritik soru <strong>yaln&#305;zca bug&#252;n ka&#231; varilin eksik olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; de&#287;ildir</strong>. Daha kritik soru &#351;udur: <strong>piyasa bu a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;n stoklarla telafi edilebilir ge&#231;ici bir aksama m&#305;, yoksa gelecekte arz g&#252;venilirli&#287;ini bozan yeni bir rejim mi oldu&#287;una inan&#305;yor?</strong></p><p>Bloomberg&#8217;in analizi bize bug&#252;nk&#252; fiyat&#305;n neden patlamad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yor, BIS bize bu sakinli&#287;in hangi ko&#351;ulda k&#305;r&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yor. Bug&#252;nk&#252; fiyat patlamad&#305;, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; &#351;okun &#246;nemli k&#305;sm&#305; stok &#231;eki&#351;i, &#246;nceki arz fazlas&#305; ve zay&#305;f talep taraf&#305;ndan absorbe edildi. Fakat BIS modeli a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan bu absorpsiyonun kendisi fiyat i&#231;in nihai cevap de&#287;il, piyasan&#305;n gelecekteki arz beklentisini &#351;ekillendiren bir sinyal. E&#287;er piyasa stok tamponu H&#252;rm&#252;z normalle&#351;ene kadar yeter diye d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;rse, ayn&#305; fiziksel stres Brent&#8217;i $100 civar&#305;nda tutabilir. Ama piyasa stok tamponu normalle&#351;meden &#246;nce erir demeye ba&#351;larsa, fiyat bug&#252;nk&#252; varile de&#287;il, <strong>stok sonras&#305; arz rejimine</strong> tepki vermeye ba&#351;lar. &#304;&#351;te o an, spot s&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k future supply shock&#8217;a d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r.</p><p>Bu &#231;er&#231;evede middle distillate&#8217;&#305;n son haftalarda yatayla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; da do&#287;ru okumak gerekir. Yatayl&#305;k her zaman rahatlama de&#287;ildir. E&#287;er bir de&#287;i&#351;ken d&#252;&#351;&#252;k seviyede yatayla&#351;&#305;yorsa rahatlama olabilir, ama y&#252;ksek stres seviyesinde yatayla&#351;&#305;yorsa bu, sistemin y&#252;ksek fiyatla ge&#231;ici denge buldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir. Gasoil/jet crack&#8217;lerinin y&#252;ksek kald&#305;&#287;&#305;, &#252;r&#252;n stoklar&#305;n&#305;n h&#305;zla toparlanmad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir d&#252;nyada middle distillate yatayl&#305;&#287;&#305; marjinal panik al&#305;c&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n geri &#231;ekildi&#287;ini, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; fiyat&#305;n yeni arz&#305; ve talep k&#305;s&#305;nt&#305;s&#305;n&#305; getirdi&#287;ini g&#246;sterir. Bu yine BIS&#8217;in mant&#305;&#287;&#305;yla uyumlu, fiyat yaln&#305;zca bug&#252;nk&#252; t&#252;ketimi de&#287;il, gelecekteki eri&#351;ilebilir &#252;r&#252;n arz&#305; beklentisini de y&#246;netir.</p><p>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla petrol piyasas&#305;nda &#351;u anda iki faz&#305; ay&#305;rmak gerekiyor. Birinci faz, <strong>prompt panic premium</strong> faz&#305;yd&#305;, fiziksel cargo bulma endi&#351;esi, Dated/CFD, physical differentials ve &#252;r&#252;n crack&#8217;leri &#252;zerinden fiyatland&#305;. Bu faz&#305;n bir k&#305;sm&#305; &#231;&#246;z&#252;l&#252;yor gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor. &#304;kinci faz ise daha yava&#351; ama daha kritik, <strong>inventory clock</strong> faz&#305;. Bu fazda piyasa art&#305;k spot arz kayb&#305; analizinden ziyade stoklar ka&#231; hafta daha dayan&#305;r sorusuna ge&#231;er. Bu soru, fiyat&#305; lineer de&#287;il, e&#351;ik bazl&#305; hareket ettirir. Stoklar &#231;ekilirken fiyat uzun s&#252;re $100&#8211;110 band&#305;nda sakin kalabilir, ama piyasa stok tamponunun normalle&#351;meden &#246;nce bitece&#287;ine inan&#305;rsa, ayn&#305; fiyat &#231;ok k&#305;sa s&#252;rede $125 band&#305;na s&#305;&#231;rayabilir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; o noktada fiyat art&#305;k mevcut arz-talep a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, gelecekteki arz g&#252;venilirli&#287;i rejimini yeniden fiyatlar.</p><p>Gelece&#287;e dair en kritik nokta da burada. Petrol fiyat&#305;n&#305;n bundan sonraki y&#246;n&#252;, bug&#252;nk&#252; arz kayb&#305;n&#305;n mutlak b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;nden &#231;ok, piyasan&#305;n onu hangi &#351;ok t&#252;r&#252; olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;raca&#287;&#305;na ba&#287;l&#305;. E&#287;er piyasa bunu ge&#231;ici lojistik aksama olarak g&#246;rmeye devam ederse Brent&#8217;in $95&#8211;110 band&#305;nda kalmas&#305; mant&#305;kl&#305;. Dated/CFD dar kal&#305;r, gasoil/jet cracks a&#351;a&#287;&#305; d&#246;ner, Singapur ve ABD distillate stoklar&#305; toparlar, tanker &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;lar&#305; d&#252;zenli hale gelirse bu senaryoda Brent $90&#8211;95&#8217;e do&#287;ru gev&#351;eyebilir. Ama piyasa bunu gelecekteki arz kapasitesi ve g&#252;venilirli&#287;i bozuldu diye yeniden s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;rsa BIS&#8217;in future supply shock dedi&#287;i kanal devreye girer, bu durumda ayn&#305; spot veriyle Brent $115&#8211;125&#8217;e, daha kal&#305;c&#305; kapanma/stok erimesi halinde $130+ b&#246;lgesine gidebilir. Aramco CEO&#8217;sunun H&#252;rm&#252;z kapal&#305; kal&#305;rsa piyasan&#305;n haftada yakla&#351;&#305;k 100 milyon varil kaybedebilece&#287;i ve normalle&#351;menin 2027&#8217;ye sarkabilece&#287;i uyar&#305;s&#305; da bu kal&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k riskinin neden h&#226;l&#226; masada oldu&#287;unu g&#246;steriyor.</p><p>Bu nedenle bug&#252;nk&#252; en do&#287;ru analiz, <strong>petrol piyasas&#305;n&#305;n krizin bitti&#287;ini s&#246;ylemedi&#287;i, krizin kal&#305;c&#305; rejime d&#246;n&#252;&#351;meyece&#287;i s&#246;yledi&#287;i olur.</strong> Aradaki fark &#246;nemli. &#304;lki Brent&#8217;i kal&#305;c&#305; olarak $85&#8211;90&#8217;a iter. &#304;kincisi Brent&#8217;i $100 civar&#305;nda tutar, ama her diplomatik ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;kta fiyat&#305; yeniden $110&#8211;120&#8217;ye ta&#351;&#305;yacak konveksite b&#305;rak&#305;r. Dated Brent ve CFD&#8217;nin d&#252;&#351;mesi k&#305;sa vadeli panik priminin s&#246;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; g&#246;sterir; fakat distillate stoklar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;k, rafineri run&#8217;lar&#305; bask&#305;l&#305; ve H&#252;rm&#252;z ak&#305;&#351;&#305; d&#252;zensiz kald&#305;k&#231;a petrol piyasas&#305;ndaki risk ortadan kalkm&#305;&#351; olmaz. Sadece riskin bi&#231;imi de&#287;i&#351;ir: spot squeeze&#8217;den beklenti &#351;okuna ge&#231;er.</p><p>Benim g&#252;ncel &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;m bu y&#252;zden iki katmanl&#305;. &#304;lk yaz&#305;lar&#305;mda da belirtti&#287;im &#252;zere<strong> ana senaryoda Brent $95&#8211;110 band&#305;nda dalgalan&#305;r, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; piyasa kademeli normalle&#351;meye hala olas&#305;l&#305;k veriyor.</strong> Bununla beraber bu band&#305;n yukar&#305; taraf&#305; daha k&#305;r&#305;lgan, Dated/CFD yeniden a&#231;&#305;l&#305;r, gasoil crack yukar&#305; k&#305;rar ve stok verileri toparlanmazsa piyasa bir kez daha future supply shock fiyatlamas&#305;na d&#246;ner<strong>. O zaman fiyat hareketi lineer olmaz; $105&#8217;ten $125&#8217;ye ya da $150&#8217;e ge&#231;i&#351;, $95&#8217;ten $105&#8217;e ge&#231;i&#351;ten &#231;ok daha h&#305;zl&#305; olur. </strong>&#199;&#252;nk&#252; o a&#351;amada piyasa gelecekteki enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i rejimini yeniden fiyatlamaya ba&#351;lar.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Petrol Piyasalarında İki Farklı Gerçeklik]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bu yaz&#305; g&#246;rece k&#305;sa olacak, ama ele ald&#305;&#287;&#305; soru ne yaz&#305;k ki basit de&#287;il.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/petrol-piyasalarnda-iki-farkl-gerceklik</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/petrol-piyasalarnda-iki-farkl-gerceklik</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 18:13:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bu yaz&#305; g&#246;rece k&#305;sa olacak, ama ele ald&#305;&#287;&#305; soru ne yaz&#305;k ki basit de&#287;il. Tarihin en b&#252;y&#252;k petrol arz krizlerinden birini ya&#351;arken Brent neden h&#226;l&#226; 100-110 dolar aral&#305;&#287;&#305;nda dengeleniyor? Fiziksel piyasalar neden finansal ekranlardan farkl&#305; bir hik&#226;ye anlat&#305;yor ve &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n elinde hangi kartlar kald&#305;? H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;&#252; a&#231;man&#305;n neden san&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; kadar kolay olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlamak i&#231;in de 110 y&#305;l geriye, &#304;tilaf donanmas&#305;n&#305;n k&#226;&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde her &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e sahip oldu&#287;u ama tek bir bo&#287;azda t&#246;kezledi&#287;i <strong>&#199;anakkale&#8217;ye</strong> k&#305;sa bir u&#287;rak yapaca&#287;&#305;z.</p><p>&#304;lk soruya yan&#305;t vererek ba&#351;layay&#305;m, bana kal&#305;rsa<strong> fiziksel petrol piyasas&#305; ile finansal petrol piyasas&#305; &#351;u anda birbirinden kopmu&#351; durumda. </strong>Bir tarafta varil ak&#305;&#351;&#305;, tanker rotas&#305;, kuyu bas&#305;nc&#305;, rafineri &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, &#252;r&#252;n k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi somut fiziksel s&#252;re&#231;ler var, &#246;b&#252;r tarafta ekranlarda i&#351;lem g&#246;ren Brent, WTI, petrol e&#287;risi, opsiyon fiyatlar&#305; ve siyasi beklentiler. Fiziksel sistemde hasar &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k, finansal piyasalar ise h&#226;l&#226; Trump'&#305;n her an geri ad&#305;m atabilece&#287;ine ve t&#252;m bunlar&#305;n ge&#231;ici oldu&#287;una inan&#305;yor. Biraz daha teknik bir dille s&#246;ylersek, piyasa bug&#252;nk&#252; fiziksel kayb&#305; yar&#305;n&#305;n siyasi &#231;&#246;z&#252;m&#252;yle iskontoluyor.</p><p>Hat&#305;rlatmak gerekirse, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/world-faces-largest-ever-oil-supply-disruption-middle-east-war-iea-says-2026-03-12/">IEA</a> 12 Mart&#8217;ta mevcut durumun k&#252;resel petrol piyasas&#305; tarihindeki en b&#252;y&#252;k arz kesintisi oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yledi, Mart ay&#305;nda k&#252;resel arz&#305;n 8 milyon varil/g&#252;n d&#252;&#351;ece&#287;ini, K&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerindeki &#252;retim kesintisinin 10 milyon varil/g&#252;n d&#252;zeyine &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve &#252;retimin toparlanmas&#305;n&#305;n haftalar hatta aylar s&#252;rebilece&#287;ini belirtti.  Mart&#8217;ta Orta Do&#287;u ham petrol ihracat&#305; yakla&#351;&#305;k 19 milyon varil/g&#252;nden 12 milyon varil/g&#252;ne d&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Irak&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;ney sahalar&#305;ndaki &#252;retim 70% &#231;ak&#305;larak 1.3 milyon varile geriledi, S&amp;P de Irak&#8217;&#305;n toplam &#252;retiminin 4.2&#8217;den 1.2 milyon varil/g&#252;ne indi&#287;ini not etti. Suudi Arabistan da Safaniya ve Zuluf etkisiyle &#252;retimini yakla&#351;&#305;k 8 milyon varil/g&#252;ne kadar &#231;ekti.  Yani sadece denizde bekleyen tankerler durmad&#305;, do&#287;rudan &#8220;upstream shut-in&#8221; dedi&#287;imiz &#252;retim sahalar&#305;nda kuyular&#305;n kapand&#305;&#287;&#305; ve yeniden devreye alman&#305;n zaman ald&#305;&#287;&#305; s&#252;re&#231; de ya&#351;an&#305;yor. </p><p>Bu noktada piyasan&#305;n fiyatland&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;eyin tam olarak ne oldu&#287;unu anlamak gerekiyor, zira Brent ve WTI gibi ham petrol g&#246;sterge fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;kseldi&#287;ini konu&#351;uyoruz. Oysa hanehalk&#305;, sanayi tesisleri, gemiler, u&#231;aklar ham petrol t&#252;ketmez, rafine &#252;r&#252;n t&#252;ketir. U&#231;aklar jet fuel, kamyonlar ve sanayi dizel, otomobiller benzin, gemiler fuel oil kullan&#305;r. Rafineri ham petrol&#252; al&#305;r, bu &#252;r&#252;nlere d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;r. O halde kritik soru, <strong>rafinerilerin ham petrol k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305;na nas&#305;l tepki verdi&#287;idir.</strong></p><p>Rafineriler gelecekte ham petrol bulamayaca&#287;&#305;ndan korktu&#287;unda, i&#351;i son ana b&#305;rak&#305;p tamamen durmak istemez. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; rafinerileri tamamen durdurmak ve sonra yeniden aya&#287;a kald&#305;rmak pahal&#305;, yava&#351; ve risklidir. Bu y&#252;zden rafineri genelde &#246;nce <strong>run cut</strong> yapar. Yani &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma oran&#305;n&#305; azalt&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in y&#252;zde 90 yerine y&#252;zde 65 kapasiteyle &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. B&#246;ylece elindeki ham petrol daha uzun s&#252;re yeter. Ama bunun sonucu, &#252;r&#252;n arz&#305; hemen d&#252;&#351;er. Bu nedenle de <strong>ham petrol k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; daha karaya tam vurmadan, &#252;r&#252;n k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; hissedilmeye ba&#351;lar.  </strong>Bu nedenle Brent petrol varil ba&#351;&#305;na 100 dolar etraf&#305;nda seyrederken, rafine &#252;r&#252;nler i&#231;inde en sert y&#252;kseli&#351; a&#231;&#305;k ara <strong>orta distilatlarda</strong> g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;,  yani &#246;nce <strong>jet fuel&#8217;da</strong>, ard&#305;ndan <strong>diesel/gasoil</strong> taraf&#305;nda. </p><p><strong>Jet fuel taraf&#305; </strong>Asya&#8217;da yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>160 USD/varil </strong>seviyesine ula&#351;t&#305;, sava&#351;&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;ndan beri fiyat s&#305;&#231;ramas&#305; ise yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>%114 olarak ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti</strong>. Kullan&#305;m alan&#305; do&#287;rudan <strong>sivil havac&#305;l&#305;k, askeri hava operasyonlar&#305; ve hava kargo</strong>. Bu &#252;r&#252;n kritik, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; en ufak s&#305;k&#305;&#351;mada <strong>u&#231;ak</strong> <strong>bilet fiyat art&#305;&#351;&#305;, turizm ve hava lojisti&#287;inde bozulma</strong> yarat&#305;yor. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-braces-flight-cuts-april-after-china-thailand-ban-jet-fuel-exports-2026-03-16/">Reuters, Vietnam&#8217;&#305;n Nisan&#8217;dan itibaren jet yak&#305;t&#305; k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; nedeniyle u&#231;u&#351; kesintilerine haz&#305;rland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; yazd&#305;.</a></p><p><strong>Diesel / gasoil taraf&#305; ise </strong>Asya&#8217;da yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>150 USD/varil</strong> seviyesine ula&#351;t&#305;, sava&#351;&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;ndan beri art&#305;&#351; ise yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>%57 olarak ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti</strong>. Kullan&#305;m alan&#305; <strong>kamyon ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, i&#351; makineleri, tar&#305;m ekipmanlar&#305;, jenerat&#246;rler ve sanayi</strong>. Bu &#252;r&#252;n&#252;n kritik y&#246;n&#252;, fiyat&#305; y&#252;kseldi&#287;inde yaln&#305;zca enerji maliyetlerinin de&#287;il, nakliye kanal&#305; &#252;zerinden neredeyse her mal&#305;n fiyat&#305;n&#305;n etkilenmesi.</p><p><strong>Low-sulphur marine fuel / VLSFO ise </strong>Singapore&#8217;da bunker piyasas&#305;nda <strong>1,000 USD/tonun &#252;zerine</strong> &#231;&#305;kt&#305;, primler de <strong>200 USD/tonun &#252;st&#252;ne</strong> &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Kullan&#305;m alan&#305; <strong>uluslararas&#305; gemicilik ve konteyner ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;</strong>. Bu &#252;r&#252;n&#252;n &#246;nemi, &#252;r&#252;nde ya&#351;anan s&#305;k&#305;&#351;man&#305;n do&#287;rudan <strong>deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; maliyetini, teslim s&#252;relerini ve navlun fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;</strong> yukar&#305; itmesidir. Ayr&#305;ca Low-sulphur delivered fuel oil fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n sava&#351;&#305;n ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;ndan beri <strong>%30&#8217;dan fazla</strong> y&#252;kseldi&#287;ini g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. </p><p><strong>High-sulphur fuel oil / HSFO ise </strong>Singapore&#8217;da delivered high-sulphur bunker fuel fiyatlar&#305; sava&#351; ba&#351;layal&#305; <strong>%40&#8217;tan fazla </strong>artt&#305;. Kullan&#305;m alan&#305; &#246;zellikle <strong>scrubber tak&#305;l&#305; gemiler</strong>, baz&#305; <strong>elektrik &#252;retim tesisleri</strong> ve baz&#305; <strong>end&#252;striyel yakma sistemleri</strong>. Kritik etkisi, &#246;zellikle denizcilikte <strong>yak&#305;t ikmali sorunlar&#305; ve daha pahal&#305; navlun</strong> yaratmas&#305;.</p><p><strong>Naphtha taraf&#305;nda ise 824.35 USD/ton</strong> fiyat&#305; g&#246;rd&#252;k ve son bir ayda yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>%47.26</strong> y&#252;kseldi. Ayr&#305;ca Asya naphtha marj&#305; Brent &#252;zerine yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>173 USD/ton</strong> ile d&#246;rt y&#305;l&#305;n zirvesine &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Kullan&#305;m alan&#305; <strong>petrokimya hammaddesi </strong>olarak &#231;ok kritik, &#246;zellikle <strong>plastik, ambalaj, boya, solvent, sentetik malzeme</strong> zincirinde kullan&#305;l&#305;yor. Bu y&#252;zden etkisi pompada de&#287;il, daha &#231;ok <strong>imalat maliyetleri ve kimya/plastik &#252;r&#252;n fiyatlar&#305;</strong> &#252;zerinden yay&#305;l&#305;yor.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca &#199;in cephesindeki geli&#351;meler de rafine &#252;r&#252;nlerin fiyatlar&#305;n&#305; iyice s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yor. &#199;in y&#305;l&#305;n ilk iki ay&#305;nda g&#252;nl&#252;k 1.2 milyon varillik fazla ile stoklar&#305;n&#305; biriktirdi, yani krize nispeten daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; envanterle girdi. Buna ra&#287;men 11 Mart&#8217;tan itibaren rafine &#252;r&#252;n ihracat&#305;n&#305; kesti ve baz&#305; rafineriler run cut&#8217;e ge&#231;ti.  &#199;in Asya&#8217;n&#305;n en &#246;nemli &#252;r&#252;n tedarik&#231;ilerinden biri ve  K&#246;rfez&#8217;den eksik gelen varili ve &#252;r&#252;n&#252; k&#305;smen telafi edebilecek en b&#252;y&#252;k oyunculardan biri olan &#199;in, kendi i&#231; g&#252;venli&#287;i i&#231;in d&#305;&#351;ar&#305; &#252;r&#252;n vermeyi azaltt&#305;. Bu da Asya&#8217;daki &#252;r&#252;n s&#305;k&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; tehlikeli hale getiriyor.</p><p><strong>Peki rafine &#252;r&#252;n piyasas&#305; bu kadar gerginken, ham petrol&#252;n y&#252;kseli&#351; trendinde g&#246;r&#252;len bu yava&#351;lamay&#305; nas&#305;l okumal&#305;y&#305;z?</strong></p><p>TACO ve bunun &#252;zerine piyasa oyuncular&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;en<strong> davran&#305;&#351;sal rejim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i</strong>. Daha a&#231;&#305;klay&#305;c&#305; olmak gerekirse, piyasa Trump&#8217;&#305;n son anda geri ad&#305;m atabilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252; i&#231;in, ham petrolde yukar&#305; y&#246;nl&#252; pozisyon ta&#351;&#305;mak art&#305;k salt jeopolitik ve enerji piyasas&#305; analizlerine dayal&#305; bir risk de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <strong>politik &#8220;headline risk&#8221; ta&#351;&#305;ma i&#351;i</strong> haline geldi. &#214;zellikle Brent&#8217;in sava&#351;&#305;n ilk g&#252;nlerinde 120 dolara yakla&#351;&#305;p sonra Trump&#8217;&#305;n sosyal medya hesab&#305;ndan yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; bir payla&#351;&#305;m ve bir bas&#305;n toplant&#305;s&#305;ndaki demeci nedeniyle h&#305;zla geri &#231;ekildi&#287;i d&#246;nemde bir&#231;ok trader ve macro/CTA fon yanl&#305;&#351; y&#246;nde yakaland&#305;. Bunun sonucu &#351;u oldu, ekran ba&#351;&#305;ndaki oyuncular art&#305;k arz &#351;oku var ve bunu fiyatlayal&#305;m demiyor, &#246;nce fiziksel veride bu &#351;okun ka&#231;amayaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z kadar somut hale gelmesini bekliyor. Bu &#231;ok &#246;nemli, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; &#351;u anda piyasa oyuncular&#305;, <strong>fiziksel piyasada arz &#351;oklar&#305; ya&#351;anana kadar fiyatlama yapm&#305;yor. Normal &#351;artlarda, piyasa oyuncular&#305; gelece&#287;i fiyatlarken, &#351;u anda ise ba&#351;kan&#305;n bir sonraki c&#252;mlesini fiyatl&#305;yor, bu nedenle ham petrol fiyatlar&#305; y&#252;kseldi&#287;inde, art&#305;k &#231;ok ge&#231; olacak.</strong></p><p>Yani gecikmenin ilk nedeni psikolojik de&#287;il sadece, <strong>risk y&#246;netimiyle ilgili</strong>, benchmark ham petrolde fiyatta yukar&#305; y&#246;nde hakl&#305; olsan&#305;z bile, tek bir siyasi a&#231;&#305;klamayla birka&#231; saat i&#231;inde sert zarar yazabiliyorsunuz. Bu da a&#231;&#305;k pozisyon i&#351;tah&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;yor, y&#252;kseli&#351;i momentum yerine kan&#305;t bekleyen bir piyasaya &#231;eviriyor. </p><p>&#304;kincil bir neden daha var, o da hen&#252;z <strong>k&#252;resel benchmark fiyat ile lokal fiziksel k&#305;tl&#305;k ayn&#305; yerde olu&#351;muyor</strong>. Bug&#252;n piyasadaki as&#305;l darbo&#287;az, Orta Do&#287;u&#8217;dan Asya&#8217;ya akan a&#287;&#305;r-ek&#351;i (sour) ham petrol ve bu petrolden elde edilen &#252;r&#252;nlerde ya&#351;an&#305;yor. Bu b&#246;lgesel s&#305;k&#305;&#351;ma nedeniyle Dubai ve Umman fiyatlar&#305; rekor seviyelere t&#305;rman&#305;rken, k&#252;resel g&#246;sterge olan Brent bu y&#252;kseli&#351;e ayn&#305; h&#305;zla e&#351;lik etmiyor. Ekranlarda yayg&#305;n izlenen g&#246;sterge fiyatlar, bug&#252;n Fujairah veya Singapur&#8217;daki bir rafinerinin tesisine sokmak zorunda oldu&#287;u o acil (prompt) varilin ger&#231;ek maliyetini yans&#305;tm&#305;yor.  Bununla beraber K&#246;rfez d&#305;&#351;&#305; alternatiflerin devrede olmas&#305; teorik bir rahatlama sa&#287;lasa da &#246;nceki yaz&#305;lar&#305;mda belirtti&#287;im gibi kalite uyumsuzluklar&#305; bar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;yor, Amerika ve Bat&#305; Afrika&#8217;dan Atlantik havzas&#305;na kayd&#305;r&#305;lan kargolar a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak hafif-tatl&#305; (light-sweet) yap&#305;dayken, Asya&#8217;daki kompleks rafineriler a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak Orta Do&#287;u&#8217;nun a&#287;&#305;r-ek&#351;i (sour) profiline g&#246;re dizayn edilmi&#351;tir. Bu nedenle alternatif kargolar, as&#305;l ihtiya&#231; olan sour varil a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; tam anlam&#305;yla ikame edemiyor ve krizin &#252;zerini sadece &#351;imdilik &#246;rt&#252;yor. </p><p>K&#305;sacas&#305; burada mesele <strong>TACO, pozisyon travmas&#305;, devlet m&#252;dahalesi beklentisi, ve &#351;imdilik lokal fiziksel k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305;n global benchmark&#8217;a eksik yans&#305;mas&#305; </strong>bir araya gelince, ham petrolde y&#252;kseli&#351; trendi olmas&#305; gerekenden yava&#351; ilerliyor. Fakat bunun bedeli yok de&#287;il, piyasa bug&#252;n&#252; tam fiyatlamad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; kapal&#305; kalmaya devam ederse, bunun sonucunda fiziksel a&#231;&#305;k stoklarda ve &#252;r&#252;n piyasas&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r hale geldi&#287;inde fiyat hareketi daha ge&#231; ama daha &#351;iddetli olabilir.</p><p><strong>Peki, bundan sonra s&#252;re&#231; nas&#305;l ilerleyebilir? &#304;ran, petrol sistemini hangi kanallar &#252;zerinden daha fazla zorlayabilir?</strong></p><p>Bug&#252;nk&#252; haber ak&#305;&#351;&#305;yla, mesele yaln&#305;z deniz trafi&#287;i krizinin &#246;tesine ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;. <a href="https://www.bloomberght.com/iran-da-kritik-gaz-tesisi-vuruldu-3772189">South Pars ve Asaluyeh</a>&#8217;ye y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar, bu sava&#351;ta &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n K&#246;rfez&#8217;deki enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;na y&#246;nelik ilk rapor edilen do&#287;rudan sald&#305;r&#305;lar oldu. Ayr&#305;ca &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n da i&#231; ihtiyac&#305; kar&#351;&#305;lamak i&#231;in Irak&#8217;a gaz ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; kesti&#287;i ve Devrim Muhaf&#305;zlar&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n Suudi Arabistan&#8217;daki <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://houseofsaud.com/iran-targets-saudi-jubail-south-pars-gas-field-strike/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjLwub3-KmTAxWFBNsEHTXbALMQFnoECB8QAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw11S5p8_ruoXzv_ZZvU4I9r">Samref ve Jubail,</a> BAE&#8217;de Al Hosn ve Katar&#8217;da Mesaieed ile Ras Laffan gibi tesisler i&#231;in tahliye uyar&#305;lar&#305; yay&#305;mlad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; da g&#246;rd&#252;k. Bu &#231;ok &#246;nemli bir e&#351;ik, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; kriz art&#305;k  tankerlerin ge&#231;ip ge&#231;memesini de a&#351;t&#305;; sahalar, i&#351;leme tesisleri, petrokimya k&#252;meleri, LNG trenleri ve ihracat terminallerinin do&#287;rudan hedefe al&#305;nmaya ba&#351;land&#305;.</p><p>Bu noktada ABD taraf&#305;nda do&#287;ru soru art&#305;k yaln&#305;z &#8220;H&#252;rm&#252;z a&#231;&#305;l&#305;r m&#305;?&#8221; de&#287;il, &#8220;hangi maliyetle a&#231;&#305;labilir?&#8221; sorusu. Scott Bessent, eskort misyonlar&#305;n&#305;n ancak hava &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; kuruldu&#287;unda ve &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n f&#252;ze kapasitesi ciddi bi&#231;imde a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda askeri olarak m&#252;mk&#252;n hale gelebilece&#287;ini s&#246;yledi. Bu, birka&#231; destroyer g&#246;nderip ge&#231;i&#351;i normale d&#246;nd&#252;rmenin m&#252;mk&#252;n olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a itiraf&#305; olarak g&#246;r&#252;lebilir. &#220;stelik bir&#231;ok ABD m&#252;ttefiki tanker eskortu i&#231;in sava&#351; gemisi g&#246;ndermeyi reddetti. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k bug&#252;n gelen haber ak&#305;&#351;&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;yoruz ki Washington b&#246;lgeye kuvvet y&#305;&#287;maya devam ediyor, USS <em>Tripoli</em> ve ba&#287;l&#305; Marine Expeditionary Unit b&#246;lgeye kayd&#305;r&#305;l&#305;yor ve toplam 2.500 ek deniz piyadesi ve ilave deniz unsurlar&#305; g&#246;nderiliyor. </p><p>Bu noktada <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://warontherocks.com/2025/06/a-strait-comparison-lessons-from-the-dardanelles-for-a-strait-of-hormuz-closure/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiy5sjL_6mTAxUaYPEDHbqKJjoQFnoECB8QAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw0J1fVDIYcOUSEIIkzCMBvj">Jonathan Schroden&#8217;</a>&#305;n H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#8217;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;man&#305;n ne kadar zorlu olabilece&#287;ine &#305;&#351;&#305;k tuttu&#287;u &#199;anakkale Sava&#351;&#305; analizine de&#287;inmek istiyorum. 1915 ba&#351;&#305;nda &#304;ngilizler ve Frans&#305;zlar, Bat&#305; Cephesi&#8217;ndeki &#231;&#305;kmaz&#305; a&#351;mak i&#231;in Osmanl&#305;&#8217;ya yeni bir cephe a&#231;maya karar vermi&#351;ti. Ama&#231; &#199;anakkale Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305; ge&#231;mek, &#304;stanbul&#8217;u tehdit etmek, Osmanl&#305;&#8217;y&#305; sava&#351; d&#305;&#351;&#305;na itmek ve Rusya&#8217;ya deniz yoluyla ikmal hatt&#305; a&#231;makt&#305;. K&#226;&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde plan mant&#305;kl&#305;yd&#305;, &#304;tilaf donanmas&#305; tonaj, ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252; ve teknoloji bak&#305;m&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a &#252;st&#252;nd&#252;. Fakat bo&#287;az, a&#231;&#305;k deniz &#231;arp&#305;&#351;mas&#305; gibi de&#287;ildi. Dar su yolu, ak&#305;nt&#305;, s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; manevra alan&#305; ve g&#246;r&#252;&#351; g&#252;&#231;l&#252;kleri bu &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ge&#231;ersiz k&#305;l&#305;yordu.</p><p>Osmanl&#305; savunmas&#305; &#252;&#231; katmanl&#305; bi&#231;imde &#246;rg&#252;tlenmi&#351;ti. Bo&#287;az giri&#351;inde eski tabyalar, daha i&#231;eride orta menzilli sabit bataryalar ve bunlar&#305; destekleyen hareketli ob&#252;sler bulunuyordu. En kritik kesim ise Nara Burnu civar&#305;ndayd&#305;, burada yo&#287;un may&#305;n hatlar&#305; ve g&#252;&#231;l&#252; k&#305;y&#305; tahkimat&#305; bir araya geliyordu. Plana g&#246;re may&#305;nlar gemileri durduracak ya da belirli rotalara s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;racak, k&#305;y&#305; bataryalar&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k gemileri bask&#305;layacak, hareketli ob&#252;sler ise may&#305;n tarama yapan daha savunmas&#305;z tekneleri vuracakt&#305;. Bu &#252;&#231; unsur birbirini tamamlad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in &#304;ngilizler tabyalar&#305; k&#305;smen sustursalar bile may&#305;nlar&#305; temizleyemedi&#287;i s&#252;rece ge&#231;i&#351; sa&#287;layam&#305;yordu. May&#305;n taramas&#305;na y&#246;neldiklerinde ise k&#305;y&#305; ate&#351;i devreye giriyordu.</p><p>&#350;ubat 1915&#8217;te ba&#351;layan deniz bombard&#305;manlar&#305; bu yap&#305;y&#305; &#231;&#246;zemedi. Donanma k&#305;y&#305; hedeflerini uzaktan vurabiliyordu ancak iyi gizlenmi&#351; ve yer de&#287;i&#351;tirebilen Osmanl&#305; bataryalar&#305;n&#305; kal&#305;c&#305; bi&#231;imde susturam&#305;yordu. May&#305;n tarama i&#351;i ise beklenenden &#231;ok daha zordu, bu faaliyet b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemileriyle de&#287;il, gece &#231;al&#305;&#351;mak zorunda kalan, ak&#305;nt&#305;yla bo&#287;u&#351;an ve k&#305;y&#305; ate&#351;ine a&#231;&#305;k daha yava&#351; ara&#231;larla y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;l&#252;yordu. Yani bo&#287;az&#305; ger&#231;ekten a&#231;acak faaliyet, tam da savunman&#305;n en kolay vurabilece&#287;i faaliyete d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</p><p>18 Mart 1915 tarihinde bu &#231;eli&#351;ki iyice g&#252;n y&#252;z&#252;ne &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. &#304;tilaf donanmas&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k bir sald&#305;r&#305; d&#252;zenledi ve baz&#305; Osmanl&#305; tabyalar&#305;n&#305;n susturuldu&#287;u san&#305;ld&#305;. Ancak m&#252;ttefiklerin fark etmedi&#287;i, k&#305;sa s&#252;re &#246;nce d&#246;&#351;enmi&#351; yeni bir may&#305;n hatt&#305; vard&#305;. Frans&#305;z z&#305;rhl&#305;s&#305; Bouvet k&#305;sa s&#252;rede batt&#305;, ard&#305;ndan &#304;ngiliz Irresistible ve Ocean da may&#305;nlara &#231;arparak kaybedildi. Inflexible a&#287;&#305;r hasar ald&#305;. Tek bir g&#252;nde &#252;&#231; b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemisinin yitirildi.</p><p>Bunun &#252;zerine &#304;tilaf kuvvetleri, k&#305;y&#305; savunmas&#305;n&#305; karadan &#231;&#246;kertmek amac&#305;yla Nisan 1915&#8217;te Gelibolu Yar&#305;madas&#305;&#8217;na &#231;&#305;karma yapt&#305;. Planlama, istihbarat ve koordinasyon yetersizli&#287;i &#231;&#305;karmalar&#305; ba&#351;&#305;ndan da&#287;&#305;n&#305;k b&#305;rakt&#305;. Osmanl&#305; kuvvetleri h&#305;zla toparland&#305;, y&#252;ksek arazi ve dar k&#305;y&#305; ba&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n savunulmas&#305; &#231;&#305;karma kuvvetlerini s&#252;rekli g&#252;&#231; durumda b&#305;rakt&#305;. Harek&#226;t k&#305;sa s&#252;rede siper sava&#351;&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252; ve aylar boyunca s&#305;cak, susuzluk, hastal&#305;k ile ikmal sorunlar&#305; m&#252;ttefik kuvvetlerini t&#252;ketti. Sonu&#231;ta &#199;anakkale, salt bir muharebe kayb&#305;n&#305;n &#246;tesinde operasyonel bir yan&#305;lg&#305;n&#305;n belgesi oldu. Deniz g&#252;c&#252; tek ba&#351;&#305;na yeterli san&#305;lm&#305;&#351;, may&#305;n tehdidi k&#252;&#231;&#252;msenmi&#351;, katmanl&#305; savunma mimarisinin b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;kl&#252; yap&#305;s&#305; kavranamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;deki yap&#305; bu tarihsel &#351;eman&#305;n modern versiyonu gibi i&#351;liyor. Dar ge&#231;i&#351; koridorlar&#305; ticari trafi&#287;i belirli hatlara s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r. Bu hatlar deniz may&#305;nlar&#305;yla kesilebilir, ayn&#305; anda k&#305;y&#305;dan konu&#351;lu gemisavar f&#252;zeler, insans&#305;z sistemler ve s&#252;rat tekneleriyle bask&#305; alt&#305;nda tutulabilir. May&#305;n temizleme faaliyeti do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i yava&#351; ve &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lebilirdir, platformlar d&#252;&#351;&#252;k h&#305;zda &#231;al&#305;&#351;mak zorunda kald&#305;klar&#305;nda sistematik bi&#231;imde hedef haline gelirler. Birka&#231; g&#252;n i&#231;inde d&#246;&#351;enen yeni may&#305;nlar, sahte hedefler ve s&#252;rekli tehdit &#252;retimi a&#231;&#305;lan koridorun kal&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rekli zay&#305;flat&#305;r. &#199;anakkale&#8217;de oldu&#287;u gibi burada da may&#305;nlar&#305;n kendisi kadar may&#305;n temizleme s&#252;recinin bask&#305;lanmas&#305; belirleyicidir.</p><p>Ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde &#304;ran da bo&#287;az&#305; kal&#305;c&#305; olarak kapatmak zorunda de&#287;ildir. S&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar bile sigorta maliyetlerini y&#252;kseltir, m&#252;rettebat arz&#305;n&#305; daralt&#305;r ve ticari ak&#305;&#351;&#305; bozar. Bo&#287;az haritada a&#231;&#305;k kalsa bile fiilen kapan&#305;r. Schroden&#8217;&#305;n i&#351;aret etti&#287;i &#252;zere dar bo&#287;azlarda kontrol, fiziksel engeli kald&#305;rmakla de&#287;il, risk &#252;retme kapasitesini bast&#305;rmakla sa&#287;lan&#305;r. Bu bast&#305;rma ba&#351;ar&#305;lmadan yap&#305;lan her a&#231;ma giri&#351;imi, &#199;anakkale&#8217;de oldu&#287;u gibi, tempo kayb&#305;na ve stratejik geri &#231;ekilmeye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;me riski ta&#351;&#305;r.</p><p>B&#252;t&#252;n bu bilgilerin ve haber ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n &#305;&#351;&#305;&#287;&#305;nda &#351;u anda en olas&#305; yol art&#305;k diplomatik normalle&#351;me &#246;ncesi  bir eskalasyon daha ya&#351;anmas&#305; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor. Tabi bu eskalasyonun en muhtemel bi&#231;imi Tahran&#8217;a y&#252;r&#252;yen klasik bir kara harek&#226;t&#305; &#351;eklinde de&#287;il. Daha &#246;nce &#304;srail&#8217;in haftalar s&#252;rebilecek bir kampanya i&#231;in haz&#305;rland&#305;&#287;&#305; ama &#304;ran&#8217;a b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; kara g&#252;c&#252; konu&#351;land&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olas&#305;l&#305;k oldu&#287;u belirtilmi&#351;ti. Son g&#252;nlerdeki <em>Tripoli</em> konu&#351;lanmas&#305; ve Kharg sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305; da derin i&#351;gal ihtimalinden &#231;ok, H&#252;rm&#252;z &#231;evresindeki ada-k&#305;y&#305; f&#252;ze, may&#305;n, radar ve insans&#305;z deniz ve hava sald&#305;r&#305; mimarisine y&#246;nelik s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; littoral (k&#305;y&#305;sal) operasyon ihtimalini art&#305;r&#305;yor. Yani kara harekat&#305; ihtimali art&#305;k d&#305;&#351;lanamaz hale geldi, bununla birlikte bunun en olas&#305; formu &#304;sfahan&#8217;a, Tahran&#8217;a, &#350;iraz&#8217;a varan geni&#351; i&#351;gal &#351;eklinde de&#287;il de Kharg, k&#305;y&#305; adalar&#305; ve bo&#287;az&#305; kapatan a&#287;&#305;n d&#252;&#287;&#252;mlerine d&#246;n&#252;k dar, teknik ve muhtemelen ge&#231;ici operasyonlar olur. </p><p>T&#252;m bu tablo bir arada okundu&#287;unda, ortaya &#231;&#305;kan tablo hem piyasalar hem de operasyonel planlama a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan rahats&#305;z edici bir belirsizlik i&#231;eriyor. Finansal piyasalar h&#226;l&#226; Trump&#8217;&#305;n bir sabah att&#305;&#287;&#305; tweet&#8217;e ba&#287;l&#305;yken, fiziksel sistemin sorunlar&#305; her ge&#231;en g&#252;n biraz daha derinle&#351;iyor, jet yak&#305;t&#305; s&#305;k&#305;&#351;mas&#305; u&#231;u&#351;lar&#305; kesiyor, diesel maliyeti nakliyeden tar&#305;ma her &#351;eyin &#252;zerine yans&#305;yor, &#199;in &#252;r&#252;n ihracat&#305;n&#305; kesiyor. Bu kopu&#351;un bedeli ertelenebilir ama silinemiyor, piyasa bug&#252;n&#252; fiyatlamay&#305; geciktirdik&#231;e, fiziksel a&#231;&#305;k stoklarda ve &#252;r&#252;n piyasas&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r hale geldi&#287;inde hareket daha ge&#231; ama &#231;ok daha sert gelecek.</p><p>Askeri tarafta ise &#199;anakkale&#8217;nin &#246;&#287;rettiklerini hat&#305;rlamak gerekiyor. Bo&#287;az&#305; a&#231;mak, may&#305;n temizleme s&#252;recini bask&#305; alt&#305;nda s&#252;rd&#252;rmek, yenilenen tehdide kar&#351;&#305; koridorun kal&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; korumak ve t&#252;m bunlar&#305; yaparken k&#305;y&#305; mimarisini ayn&#305; anda &#231;&#246;kertmek demek ki bunun ne kadar zorlu oldu&#287;unu ve bu hesab&#305;n tutmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; 1915&#8217;te g&#246;rd&#252;k. Bug&#252;n &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n elindeki ara&#231;lar &#231;ok daha asimetrik ve &#231;ok daha ucuz. En olas&#305; senaryo b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; bir i&#351;gal de&#287;il, Kharg, k&#305;y&#305; adalar&#305; ve bo&#287;az&#305; kapatan a&#287;&#305;n d&#252;&#287;&#252;mlerine d&#246;n&#252;k dar, teknik ve muhtemelen ge&#231;ici operasyonlar. Ama &#8220;ge&#231;ici&#8221; kelimesi burada teselli edici de&#287;il, her a&#231;ma giri&#351;imi yeni bir may&#305;n hatt&#305;yla, yeni bir tehdit d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;yle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;ma riskini ta&#351;&#305;yor. Diplomatik normalle&#351;me bu d&#246;ng&#252;y&#252; kesmeden, fiziksel ve finansal piyasalar&#305;n aras&#305;ndaki bu derin kopu&#351;un kapanaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek i&#231;in elimizde hen&#252;z yeterli bir neden yok.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Depodaki Vana, Boğazdaki Kilit veya G7 ve IEA Hamleleri Petrol Piyasasını Kurtarabilir mi?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Petrol piyasalar&#305; son g&#252;nlerde haber ak&#305;&#351;lar&#305; nedeniyle melodramatik dalgalanmalar ya&#351;&#305;yor.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/g7-ve-iea-hamleleri-petrol-piyasasn</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/g7-ve-iea-hamleleri-petrol-piyasasn</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 14:34:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Petrol piyasalar&#305; son g&#252;nlerde haber ak&#305;&#351;lar&#305; nedeniyle melodramatik dalgalanmalar ya&#351;&#305;yor. Fiyatlardaki ani ve sert geri hareketler, fiziksel arz sorununun fiilen &#231;&#246;z&#252;m ya da &#231;&#246;z&#252;ms&#252;zl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne dair yarg&#305;lardan da ziyade, piyasan&#305;n &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n beklenenden erken bitebilece&#287;i ihtimalini fiyatlamas&#305;ndan kaynaklan&#305;yor. Finansal piyasalar, salt bug&#252;n ka&#231; varilin eksik oldu&#287;undan &#231;ok, gelecekteki olas&#305;l&#305;k da&#287;&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; fiyatlayan bir mekanizma olarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yor. </p><p>Bu yaz&#305;da yan&#305;ltma amac&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yan haber ak&#305;&#351;lar&#305;na direnip, piyasalarda hakikaten ne oldu&#287;unu ve bir &#246;nceki yaz&#305;m&#305; yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m zamandan itibaren geli&#351;en olaylar&#305;, enerji piyasalar&#305;nda ya&#351;anan fiyat dalgalanmalar&#305;n&#305;, s&#305;v&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; do&#287;al gaz (LNG) lojisti&#287;inde ortaya &#231;&#305;kan darbo&#287;azlar&#305; ve b&#246;lgesel hava savunma doktrinlerinde ya&#351;anan stratejik de&#287;i&#351;imleri inceliyorum. Uluslararas&#305; Enerji Ajans&#305; (IEA) &#304;cra Direkt&#246;r&#252; Fatih Birol&#8217;un acil durum m&#252;dahale &#231;a&#287;r&#305;lar&#305; ve G7 liderlerinin koordinasyon &#231;abalar&#305;, Birle&#351;ik Arap Emirlikleri&#8217;ndeki (BAE) Ruwais rafinerisine y&#246;nelik insans&#305;z hava arac&#305; (&#304;HA) sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;, ABD&#8217;nin b&#246;lgedeki Terminal Y&#252;ksek &#304;rtifa Alan Savunmas&#305; (THAAD) radarlar&#305;n&#305;n hedef al&#305;nmas&#305; gibi geli&#351;meler &#305;&#351;&#305;&#287;&#305;nda analizimi tamaml&#305;yorum. </p><p>Kan&#305;mca, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n fiilen kapanmas&#305;yla derinle&#351;en bu kriz, salt bir arz eksikli&#287;i sorunu de&#287;il, k&#252;resel enerji mimarisinin ak&#305;&#351; g&#252;venli&#287;indeki yap&#305;sal bir meseledir. Stratejik rezervlerin k&#226;&#287;&#305;t &#252;st&#252;ndeki b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305;d&#305;r, enjeksiyon h&#305;z s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;, kalite uyumsuzluklar&#305; ve rafineri darbo&#287;azlar&#305;, IEA&#8217;n&#305;n tarihin en b&#252;y&#252;k stok s&#252;r&#252;m&#252;n&#252; dahi ger&#231;ek bir ikameye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmekten al&#305;koymaktad&#305;r. &#220;stelik bo&#287;az&#305; kapal&#305; tutan mekanizma art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca askeri bir abluka de&#287;il, sigorta primlerinin gemi de&#287;erinin y&#252;zde birbu&#231;u&#287;una f&#305;rlad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir finansal ablukad&#305;r, ABD Donanmas&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n eskort yapamamas&#305; ve m&#252;himmat stoklar&#305;n&#305;n alarma ge&#231;mesi bu tabloyu tamamlamaktad&#305;r. H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;deki &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma bitmedi&#287;i s&#252;rece, rafineri &#252;r&#252;nlerindeki k&#305;tl&#305;k ve navlun k&#252;resel ekonomiyi stagflasyona s&#252;r&#252;klemeye devam edecektir.</p><p>Yaz&#305;ma ba&#351;lamadan &#246;nce, <a href="https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/hurmuz-bogaz-krizi-ve-petrol-piyasas">bir &#246;nceki yaz&#305;mda</a> &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m ve ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; olgulara da k&#305;saca g&#246;z atal&#305;m.  Yaz&#305;mda, krizin ilk yedi g&#252;nl&#252;k Faz 1 evresinde sigorta &#351;irketlerinin teminatlar&#305;n&#305; &#231;ekece&#287;ini, gemilerin bo&#287;azdan ge&#231;meyi reddedece&#287;ini ve petrol fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n hen&#252;z fiziksel bir arz kayb&#305; ya&#351;anmadan, salt korku ve navlun maliyetleri &#252;zerinden 85&#8211;95 dolar band&#305;na oturaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; yazm&#305;&#351;t&#305;m. Nitekim H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den ge&#231;en g&#252;nl&#252;k tanker say&#305;s&#305; 24&#8217;ten 4&#8217;e d&#252;&#351;t&#252;, sava&#351; sigortas&#305; primleri varil ba&#351;&#305;na 2,50 dolardan 20 dolara f&#305;rlad&#305; ve fiyatlar t&#305;pk&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m gibi &#246;nce jeopolitik risk primiyle &#351;i&#351;ti. Ayr&#305;ca, Katar&#8217;&#305;n Ras Laffan LNG tesisinin &#304;ran drone sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; sonras&#305; &#252;retimi durdurmas&#305; &#8212; ki bunu yaz&#305;mda Faz 1&#8217;in tetikleyici olaylar&#305; aras&#305;nda a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a saym&#305;&#351;t&#305;m &#8212; ilk kapanan b&#252;y&#252;k tesis oldu ve k&#252;resel LNG arz&#305;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k %20&#8217;sini tek ba&#351;&#305;na g&#246;t&#252;rd&#252;. Ard&#305;ndan BAE&#8217;nin Ruwais rafinerisi, d&#252;nyan&#305;n d&#246;rt b&#252;y&#252;k tek saha rafinerisinden biri olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men ihtiyati tedbir kapsam&#305;nda kapat&#305;ld&#305;. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n Ras Tanura kompleksi &#8212; g&#252;nl&#252;k 550.000 varillik kapasitesiyle Ortado&#287;u&#8217;nun en b&#252;y&#252;k rafinerilerinden biri &#8212; drone sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n hemen ard&#305;ndan Aramco taraf&#305;ndan durduruldu. Irak ve Kuveyt ise yaz&#305;mda detayl&#305;ca anlatt&#305;&#287;&#305;m mekanizmayla, yani ihracat yapamad&#305;k&#231;a depolar&#305;n dolmas&#305; ve kuyu ba&#351;lar&#305;na geri bas&#305;n&#231; birikmesi nedeniyle sahalar&#305;n&#305; tek tek kapatt&#305;.</p><p>Ard&#305;ndan Faz 2 geldi. Irak&#8217;&#305;n Rumaila, West Qurna 2 ve Maysan sahalar&#305;nda depolama kapasitesinin dolmas&#305;yla birlikte &#252;retim kesintileri ba&#351;lad&#305;, krizin ba&#351;&#305;ndan bu yana g&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;retim 4,3 milyon varilden 1,3 milyon varile geriledi, ki bu rakam benim &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m 3 milyon varillik kesinti senaryosunu dahi a&#351;t&#305;. Kuveyt ve Suudi Arabistan da ayn&#305; fiziksel zorunlulukla &#252;retimi k&#305;smak durumunda kald&#305;. Fiyat taraf&#305;nda ise Brent, 8 Mart&#8217;ta d&#246;rt y&#305;lda ilk kez 100 dolar&#305; a&#351;arak 126 dolara ula&#351;t&#305; &#8212; tam olarak Faz 2 i&#231;in &#231;izdi&#287;im 100&#8211;115 dolar band&#305;n&#305;n i&#231;inde.</p><p>Yaz&#305;mda &#8220;piyasay&#305; s&#246;zl&#252; y&#246;nlendirmeyle sakinle&#351;tirme &#231;abalar&#305; g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r&#8221; diye nitelendirdi&#287;im mekanizma da aynen devreye girdi. Trump&#8217;&#305;n a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305; ve Enerji Bakan&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n sosyal medya payla&#351;&#305;mlar&#305;, fiyatlar&#305;n tek bir seansta %17&#8217;ye varan sert geri &#231;ekilmeler ya&#351;amas&#305;na yol a&#231;t&#305; ve bu durum fiyatlar&#305;n Faz 2 tavan&#305;na kal&#305;c&#305; olarak yap&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; &#351;imdilik engelledi.  Daha da &#246;nemlisi, bug&#252;n IEA&#8217;n&#305;n tarihteki en b&#252;y&#252;k rezerv sal&#305;m&#305;n&#305;, yakla&#351;&#305;k 400 milyon varillik bir m&#252;dahaleyi &#246;nermesi bile benim temel tezimi destekliyor, sorun yaln&#305;zca finansal k&#246;p&#252;k de&#287;il, piyasan&#305;n art&#305;k ger&#231;ek bir fiziksel a&#231;&#305;k ve lojistik kilitlenme riskini fiyatl&#305;yor olmas&#305;.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Bu Hafta Petrol Piyasas&#305;nda Ya&#351;anan Fiyat Dalgalanmalar&#305; ve Nedenleri</strong></h3><p></p><p>Enerji piyasalar&#305;n&#305; yak&#305;ndan takip ediyorsan&#305;z, bu alt ba&#351;l&#305;ktaki k&#305;sm&#305; ge&#231;ebilirsiniz. Burada, olacak olana dair analiz yapmadan &#246;nce, bu hafta enerji piyasalar&#305;nda neler oldu&#287;unu ve hangi haber ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n, ne &#351;ekilde etki yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlatt&#305;m. Analiz ve &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lerim di&#287;er alt ba&#351;l&#305;klarda s&#252;recektir.</p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;'n&#305;n deniz trafi&#287;ine kapanmas&#305;, k&#252;resel petrol talebinin yakla&#351;&#305;k %20'sini olu&#351;turan g&#252;nl&#252;k 20 milyon varillik bir hacmin ge&#231;i&#351;ini durdurarak piyasalarda ani ve &#351;iddetli bir fiyat &#351;okuna neden olmu&#351;tur. &#199;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n t&#305;rmanmas&#305;yla birlikte, fiziksel piyasadaki stres ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerindeki t&#252;rev piyasalara h&#305;zla yans&#305;m&#305;&#351; ve fiyatland&#305;rma dinamiklerinde ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; sapmalar g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir.</p><p>K&#252;resel enerji piyasalar&#305;, 9 Mart 2026 Pazartesi g&#252;n&#252;, arz y&#246;nl&#252; endi&#351;elerin zirveye &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;yla birlikte tarihi bir fiyat s&#305;&#231;ramas&#305;na sahne oldu. H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;'ndaki ablukan&#305;n deniz trafi&#287;ini durma noktas&#305;na getirmesi, Suudi Arabistan, Irak, Kuveyt ve BAE gibi d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k OPEC &#252;reticilerini sevkiyatlar&#305;n&#305; mecburen azaltmaya ve &#252;retimlerini kolektif olarak g&#252;nl&#252;k 6.7 milyon varil seviyesinde k&#305;smaya itmi&#351;tir. Bu tarihte, uluslararas&#305; referans olan Brent ham petrol&#252;n&#252;n varil fiyat&#305; k&#305;sa s&#252;reli&#287;ine 119 dolar seviyesine yakla&#351;arak 2022 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n ortalar&#305;ndan bu yana g&#246;r&#252;len en y&#252;ksek seviyeyi test etmi&#351;tir. Benzer &#351;ekilde, ABD ham petrol&#252; West Texas Intermediate (WTI) 100 ila 104 dolar band&#305;nda i&#351;lem g&#246;r&#252;rken, Ortado&#287;u referansl&#305; Arab Light ham petrol&#252; 102 ila 105 dolar seviyelerine t&#305;rmanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar alt&#305;ndaki Rus Urals ham petrol&#252; bile k&#252;resel dalgaya ayak uydurarak 88 ila 92 dolar aral&#305;&#287;&#305;na y&#252;kselmi&#351;tir. Asya'daki rafinerilerin &#252;retti&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;k s&#252;lf&#252;rl&#252; fuel oil (LSFO) nakit primleri, Singapur'da metrik ton ba&#351;&#305;na 123.42 dolar ile t&#252;m zamanlar&#305;n en y&#252;ksek seviyesine f&#305;rlayarak b&#246;lgesel tedarik s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n ne kadar akut bir hale geldi&#287;ini kan&#305;tlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.<br><br>Piyasalardaki bu parabolik y&#252;kseli&#351; ivmesi, 10 ve 11 Mart tarihlerinde yerini sert bir fiyat d&#252;zeltmesine b&#305;rakm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. 11 Mart 2026 &#199;ar&#351;amba g&#252;n&#252; saat 13:28 GMT itibar&#305;yla, Brent petrol %7 oran&#305;nda bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351; kaydederek 91.99 dolara, WTI ise %6.2 oran&#305;nda bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;le 88.89 dolara gerilemi&#351;tir. Fiyatlar&#305;n 120 dolar s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;ndan h&#305;zla 90 dolar seviyelerine &#231;ekilmesinin arkas&#305;nda piyasa psikolojisini de&#287;i&#351;tiren iki temel unsur bulunmaktad&#305;r.<br><br>Birinci unsur, finansal piyasalarda ve diplomatik kulislerde dola&#351;&#305;ma giren bar&#305;&#351; s&#246;ylentileri ve &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n diplomatik yollarla yat&#305;&#351;abilece&#287;ine dair ortaya &#231;&#305;kan spek&#252;lasyonlard&#305;r. &#304;kinci ve &#231;ok daha somut olan unsur ise, Uluslararas&#305; Enerji Ajans&#305; (IEA) ve G7 &#252;lkelerinin k&#252;resel piyasalara tarihin en b&#252;y&#252;k acil durum petrol rezervini s&#252;receklerine dair beklentilerin kesinle&#351;mesidir. Piyasalar, y&#252;z milyonlarca varillik stratejik petrol&#252;n sisteme enjekte edilece&#287;i haberiyle ge&#231;ici bir rahatlama ya&#351;am&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>G7 maliye ve enerji bakanlar&#305;yla yap&#305;lan sanal toplant&#305;lar&#305;n ard&#305;ndan yay&#305;nlanan ortak bildirilerde, G7 &#252;lkelerinin (&#304;ngiltere, Kanada, Fransa, Almanya, &#304;talya, Japonya ve ABD) k&#252;resel enerji arz&#305;n&#305; g&#252;vence alt&#305;na almak i&#231;in gerekli t&#252;m &#246;nlemleri almaya haz&#305;r olduklar&#305; teyit edilmi&#351;tir. Fransa Cumhurba&#351;kan&#305; Emmanuel Macron'un ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen video konferans toplant&#305;s&#305;nda, piyasadaki ate&#351;i s&#246;nd&#252;rmek i&#231;in eldeki tek b&#252;y&#252;k enstr&#252;man&#305;n stratejik rezervler oldu&#287;u konusunda prensip anla&#351;mas&#305;na var&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>G&#246;r&#252;&#351;melerin ve piyasa analizlerinin bir sonucu olarak IEA, 32 &#252;ye &#252;lkesinden toplam 400 milyon varile varan stratejik petrol rezervini acil olarak k&#252;resel piyasalara s&#252;rmeyi &#246;nermi&#351;tir.</p><p>&#214;nerilen bu miktar, k&#305;yaslama yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda krizin vahametini daha net ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. 2022 y&#305;l&#305;nda Rusya'n&#305;n Ukrayna'y&#305; tam kapsaml&#305; i&#351;galinin ard&#305;ndan ya&#351;anan k&#252;resel enerji krizinde, IEA &#252;yesi &#252;lkeler iki a&#351;amada toplam 182 milyon varil petrol&#252; piyasaya s&#252;rm&#252;&#351;lerdi. 2026 &#304;ran sava&#351;&#305; ba&#287;lam&#305;nda &#246;nerilen 400 milyon varillik miktar, Ukrayna krizinde serbest b&#305;rak&#305;lan miktar&#305;n iki kat&#305;ndan fazlad&#305;r ve &#252;ye &#252;lkelerin toplam kamu stoklar&#305;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k &#252;&#231;te birine tekab&#252;l etmektedir. &#304;spanya Enerji Bakan&#305; Sara Aagesen'in de teyit etti&#287;i &#252;zere, planlanan m&#252;dahale tarihin en b&#252;y&#252;k piyasa destek operasyonudur ve &#252;ye &#252;lkelerin bu hacmi 90 g&#252;n i&#231;erisinde piyasaya enjekte etmesi &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. Japonya ve Almanya gibi &#252;lkeler IEA'n&#305;n resmi karar&#305;n&#305; beklemeden stratejik rezervlerini 16 Mart itibar&#305;yla piyasaya s&#252;rmek i&#231;in ulusal haz&#305;rl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; ba&#351;latm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r.</p><p>K&#252;resel petrol tedarik zincirindeki kopu&#351;, yaln&#305;zca deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; rotalar&#305;n&#305;n t&#305;kanmas&#305;ndan kaynaklanmamaktad&#305;r. Tedarik krizinin &#231;ok daha kal&#305;c&#305; ve yap&#305;sal olan ikinci boyutu, K&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerindeki (BAE, Suudi Arabistan, Kuveyt, Bahreyn) kritik rafinaj ve end&#252;striyel altyap&#305;lar&#305;n &#304;ran ve vekil g&#252;&#231;leri taraf&#305;ndan insans&#305;z hava ara&#231;lar&#305; ve f&#252;zelerle do&#287;rudan vurulmas&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>&#199;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n k&#252;resel piyasalardaki yans&#305;malar&#305;n&#305; derinle&#351;tiren en &#246;nemli olaylardan biri, 10 Mart 2026 Sal&#305; g&#252;n&#252; Birle&#351;ik Arap Emirlikleri&#8217;nin (BAE) Al Dhafra b&#246;lgesinde yer alan Ruwais End&#252;striyel Kompleksi&#8217;ne ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen &#351;iddetli &#304;HA sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305;d&#305;r. Devletin sahibi oldu&#287;u Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) taraf&#305;ndan i&#351;letilen Ruwais rafinerisi, g&#252;nl&#252;k yakla&#351;&#305;k 922.000 varil ham petrol ve kondensat i&#351;leme kapasitesiyle Ortado&#287;u&#8217;nun en b&#252;y&#252;k tek saha rafinerisi ve d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k d&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252; rafineri kompleksidir.</p><p>Sava&#351;&#305;n ba&#351;lamas&#305;ndan bu yana BAE, &#304;ran men&#351;eli &#231;ok say&#305;da sald&#305;r&#305;ya maruz kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. BAE Savunma Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;'n&#305;n verilerine g&#246;re, &#252;lke hava sahas&#305;na y&#246;nelen 262 balistik f&#252;ze, 1.475 &#304;HA ve sekiz seyir f&#252;zesinin b&#252;y&#252;k bir &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u hava savunma sistemleri taraf&#305;ndan engellenmi&#351;tir. Ancak 10 Mart'taki yo&#287;un sald&#305;r&#305; dalgas&#305;nda, f&#305;rlat&#305;lan 35 &#304;HA'dan 9'u hava savunma kalkan&#305;n&#305; a&#351;may&#305; ba&#351;ararak Ruwais End&#252;striyel Kompleksi i&#231;erisindeki tesislere isabet etmi&#351; ve b&#252;y&#252;k bir yang&#305;na yol a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Sald&#305;r&#305;da can kayb&#305; ya&#351;anmam&#305;&#351; olmakla birlikte, ADNOC g&#252;venlik protokolleri gere&#287;i kompleksi tahliye etmi&#351; ve g&#252;nl&#252;k yakla&#351;&#305;k 417.000 varil kapasiteli tekil ham petrol dam&#305;tma &#252;nitesini bar&#305;nd&#305;ran Ruwais West rafinerisinin operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; tamamen durdurmu&#351;tur.<br><br>Ruwais rafinerisinin devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; kalmas&#305;, BAE&#8217;nin i&#231; pazar t&#252;ketiminden ziyade k&#252;resel rafine &#252;r&#252;n pazarlar&#305;na y&#305;k&#305;c&#305; bir etki yapm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ruwais, ham petrol&#252; benzin, dizel ve jet yak&#305;t&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rerek a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak uluslararas&#305; pazarlara ihra&#231; eden bir merkezdir. Ayr&#305;ca kompleks i&#231;erisinde yer alan kimyasal &#252;reticisi Borouge Plc ve y&#305;ll&#305;k 2 milyon ton kapasiteli gran&#252;l &#252;re tesisi Fertil&#8217;i i&#351;leten Fertiglobe gibi &#351;irketlere de hammadde sa&#287;lamaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Ruwais sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305; tekil bir olay olarak de&#287;erlendirmek analitik bir hata olur, zira bu sald&#305;r&#305;, b&#246;lgedeki enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;na y&#246;nelik sistematik bir imha kampanyas&#305;n&#305;n son halkas&#305;d&#305;r. Daha &#246;nceki g&#252;nlerde Suudi Arabistan&#8217;da devlet kontrol&#252;ndeki Saudi Aramco&#8217;nun g&#252;nl&#252;k 550.000 varil kapasiteli Ras Tanura rafinerisi d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;len &#304;HA enkazlar&#305; nedeniyle kapat&#305;lm&#305;&#351; , Bahreyn&#8217;de Bapco Energies&#8217;e ait 405.000 varil kapasiteli Sitra rafinerisi &#304;ran f&#252;zeleriyle vurulmu&#351; ve Kuveyt&#8217;te 346.000 varil kapasiteli Mina Al-Ahmadi rafinerisi hasar g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. T&#252;m bu sald&#305;r&#305;lar alt alta topland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, Ortado&#287;u&#8217;nun ham petrol&#252; i&#351;leyerek dizel ve jet yak&#305;t&#305; gibi orta distilatlara d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rme kapasitesinin kritik bir y&#252;zdesi devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu ba&#287;lamda, Suudi Arabistan, Irak, BAE ve Kuveyt&#8217;in ham petrol &#252;retimlerini de zorunlu olarak g&#252;nl&#252;k 6.7 milyon varil seviyesinde k&#305;st&#305;klar&#305; bildirilmi&#351;tir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla k&#252;resel piyasa sadece ham petrol a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;yla de&#287;il, &#231;ok daha tehlikeli olan rafine &#252;r&#252;n (&#246;zellikle dizel) k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305;yla kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya b&#305;rak&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Rafinerilere y&#246;nelik bu sistematik fel&#231; etme giri&#351;imi, sadece tesislerin fiziksel hasar almas&#305;yla de&#287;il, bu devasa altyap&#305;lar&#305; korumakla y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252; olan savunma &#351;emsiyesinin ekonomik ve lojistik limitlerine dayanmas&#305;yla yeni bir evreye evrilmektedir. Zira enerji tesislerinin devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; kalmas&#305; sald&#305;r&#305; ve savunma maliyetleri aras&#305;ndaki u&#231;urumun yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lemez bir m&#252;himmat denkleminin do&#287;rudan sonucudur. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, rafinerilerin bacalar&#305;ndan y&#252;kselen dumanlar, asl&#305;nda modern hava savunma doktrininin niceliksel bir t&#252;keni&#351;e do&#287;ru s&#252;r&#252;klendi&#287;inin de habercisidir.</p><p></p><h3><strong>M&#252;himmat Ekonomisi ve Lojistik K&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;k</strong></h3><p></p><p>&#199;at&#305;&#351;malarda yo&#287;un olarak kullan&#305;lan Shahed dronlar&#305;n&#305;n her birinin maliyeti 20.000 ile 50.000 dolar aras&#305;nda de&#287;i&#351;irken, bunlar&#305; havada imha etmek i&#231;in ate&#351;lenen y&#252;ksek teknolojili Patriot PAC-3 f&#252;zelerinin tanesi yakla&#351;&#305;k 4 milyon dolara mal oldu&#287;u herkes taraf&#305;ndan konu&#351;ulan bir olgu oldu&#287;undan, detay&#305;na inmeye gerek yok. Bununla birlikte, yaln&#305;zca Birle&#351;ik Arap Emirlikleri&#8217;ne &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ilk alt&#305; g&#252;n&#252;nde yakla&#351;&#305;k 1.000&#8217;den fazla Shahed f&#305;rlat&#305;lm&#305;&#351; ve  bu durum ABD ile m&#252;ttefiklerinin h&#305;zla 1.000&#8217;in &#252;zerinde PAC-3 &#246;nleyicisini t&#252;ketmek zorunda b&#305;rakm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#220;retici firman&#305;n mevcut y&#305;l i&#231;in planlad&#305;&#287;&#305; PAC-3 &#252;retim hedefinin sadece 650 adet oldu&#287;u g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, ABD&#8217;nin &#304;ran&#8217;a sald&#305;r&#305;da kullan&#305;lacak m&#252;himmat&#305;nda alternatifler bulunsa da m&#252;ttefiklerini savunmaya yarayacak savunma sistemleri konusunda arz ve tedarik s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305;s&#305;n&#305; k&#305;sa s&#252;rede ya&#351;ayaca&#287;&#305;, hatta ya&#351;amaya ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; barizdir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg" width="1200" height="675" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:675,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n Shahed dronlar&#305;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="&#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n Shahed dronlar&#305;" title="&#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n Shahed dronlar&#305;" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYCU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a132420-6648-48f4-8238-b141b8a978c9_1200x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>&#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n Shahed dronlar&#305;</strong></p><p>Savunma mimarisindeki bu niceliksel asimetri, do&#287;rudan fiziksel petrol ve gaz altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; korumas&#305;z b&#305;rakmaktad&#305;r. Ge&#231;ti&#287;imiz g&#252;nlerde Birle&#351;ik Arap Emirlikleri&#8217;nin en b&#252;y&#252;k rafinerisi olan Ruwais&#8217;te operasyonlar&#305;n bir drone sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305;yla durdurulmas&#305; ve d&#252;nya genelinde sadece 8 adet konu&#351;land&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olan 300 milyon dolarl&#305;k THAAD sistemlerinden birinin radar&#305;n&#305;n &#220;rd&#252;n&#8217;de vurulmas&#305;, tehdidin geldi&#287;i boyutu g&#246;steriyor. &#220;stelik 25.000 fit irtifaya radar dalgas&#305; yaymadan ula&#351;an k&#305;z&#305;l&#246;tesi aray&#305;c&#305; ba&#351;l&#305;kl&#305; 358 serisi f&#252;zeler, modern ordular&#305;n al&#305;&#351;k&#305;n oldu&#287;u mutlak hava hakimiyeti doktrinini tamamen &#231;&#246;kertmi&#351;tir. ABD ve &#304;srail&#8217;in &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n hava sahas&#305;nda k&#305;smi &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir ger&#231;ek olmakla beraber, bu &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n mutlak &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e evrilememi&#351; olmamas&#305;, &#252;retimi &#231;ok k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; olan Tomahawk gibi uzak mesafe m&#252;himmatlara a&#351;&#305;r&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k yaratm&#305;&#351; ve daha &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ilk 100 saatinde bu kritik f&#252;zelerden y&#252;zlercesi harcanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.  Baz&#305; haberlere g&#246;re sadece 72 saatlik bir zaman diliminde, 1.000 millik menzile sahip 400&#8217;den fazla Tomahawk Kara Sald&#305;r&#305; F&#252;zesi (TLAM) ate&#351;lenmi&#351;ti.  ABD donanmas&#305;n&#305;n sava&#351; &#246;ncesi toplam Tomahawk envanterinin yakla&#351;&#305;k 4.000 adet oldu&#287;u ger&#231;e&#287;i g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, t&#252;m stokun %10&#8217;unun sadece &#252;&#231; g&#252;n i&#231;inde buharla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; anla&#351;&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. Sorunun vehameti, bu m&#252;himmatlar&#305;n yerine konma (replacement) h&#305;z&#305;nda gizlidir. &#220;retici firma Raytheon'un (RTX) y&#305;ll&#305;k Tomahawk &#252;retim kapasitesi tarihsel olarak 90 ila 100 &#252;nite ile s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r. </p><p>Askeri uzmanlar, bu yo&#287;unluktaki bir t&#252;ketimin devam etmesi halinde, Ukrayna ve Tayvan gibi di&#287;er k&#252;resel kriz b&#246;lgelerine ayr&#305;lan m&#252;himmat kotalar&#305;n&#305;n mecburen Ortado&#287;u&#8217;ya kayd&#305;r&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve bunun ABD&#8217;nin k&#252;resel cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda telafisi zor bir zafiyet yarataca&#287;&#305;n&#305; vurguluyor. </p><p>T&#252;m bu askeri tablo, donanmalar&#305;n ticari gemilere eskort veremedi&#287;ini de g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z bu ortamda, armat&#246;rlerin ve sigortac&#305;lar&#305;n risk hesaplar&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;meyece&#287;ini, dolay&#305;s&#305;yla H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den g&#252;venli ge&#231;i&#351;in &#304;ran izin vermedi&#287;i s&#252;rece fiilen ba&#351;lamayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg" width="620" height="413" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:413,&quot;width&quot;:620,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;U.S. Rushing to Replace Thaad Radar in Jordan&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="U.S. Rushing to Replace Thaad Radar in Jordan" title="U.S. Rushing to Replace Thaad Radar in Jordan" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnFb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43d944f8-3b35-468c-a8ad-2eca21d5794e_620x413.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>THAAD sistemleri</strong></p><p></p><p>Askeri sahadaki bu asimetrik kilitlenme ve deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;ndaki fiili fel&#231;, Bat&#305;l&#305; politika yap&#305;c&#305;lar&#305; kriz y&#246;netimindeki en b&#252;y&#252;k ve belki de tek kur&#351;unlar&#305;na, yani stratejik stok sal&#305;mlar&#305;na (SPR) y&#246;neltiyor. Piyasalar, Uluslararas&#305; Enerji Ajans&#305;'n&#305;n (IEA) masaya getirdi&#287;i tarihi m&#252;dahale ihtimaliyle arad&#305;&#287;&#305; can simidini buldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nerek k&#305;sa vadeli iyimser bir fiyatlamaya girse de, sahan&#305;n fiziksel dinamikleri bu ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;st&#252; hesaplar&#305; hala reddediyor. Savunma mimarisindeki zafiyetin enerji lojisti&#287;inde a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; derin yara, basit&#231;e depolardaki vanalar&#305; gev&#351;eterek tedavi edilebilecek bir arz meselesi olmaktan &#231;oktan &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z gibi bir &#351;okta piyasa tam olarak arz d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda lojistik ve g&#252;venlik zincirini fiyatlar. G7 &#252;lkelerinin IEA&#8217;dan tarihi &#246;l&#231;ekte bir m&#252;dahale istemesi ve e&#351;zamanl&#305; olarak MARAD&#8217;&#305;n aktif uyar&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;p ABD Donanmas&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n d&#252;zenli eskort sa&#287;layamamas&#305;, ana problemin petrol&#252;n varl&#305;&#287;&#305; ya da miktar&#305; de&#287;il, petrol&#252;n lojisti&#287;i oldu&#287;unu teyit ediyor.</p><h3></h3><h3><strong>90 G&#252;nl&#252;k Serap: IEA M&#252;dahalesinin Fiziksel S&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;</strong></h3><p></p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;deki kriz bir <em>stok</em> problemi de&#287;il, bir <em>ak&#305;&#351; (flow)</em> problemidir.  Piyasa var olan petrol varili &#351;oklar&#305; ile teslim edilebilir petrol varili &#351;oklar&#305;na tamamen farkl&#305; tepkiler verir. H&#252;rm&#252;z krizi ikinci gruba girer. Fiziksel petrol var olsa bile, sigorta, eskort, may&#305;n tehdidi ve rota g&#252;venli&#287;i bozuldu&#287;unda petrol ticari olarak teslim edilebilir olmaktan &#231;&#305;kar. IEA verilerine g&#246;re 2025 y&#305;l&#305;nda bo&#287;azdan g&#252;nde yakla&#351;&#305;k 20 milyon varil (mbd) petrol ve &#252;r&#252;n ge&#231;i&#351;i olmu&#351;tur. Bu hacim, deniz yoluyla ta&#351;&#305;nan k&#252;resel petrol ticaretinin d&#246;rtte birine, toplam t&#252;ketimin ise be&#351;te birine denk gelir. Alternatif boru hatlar&#305;n&#305;n kapasitesi yaln&#305;zca 3.5&#8211;5.5 mbd band&#305;ndad&#305;r ve bu baypas imkan&#305; ana atardamardaki t&#305;kan&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; telafi edecek &#246;l&#231;ekte de&#287;ildir.</p><p>IEA &#252;lkelerinin elindeki 1.2 milyar varillik kamu ve 580 milyon varillik end&#252;stri stoku k&#226;&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde muazzamd&#305;r. Ancak fiyat&#305; belirleyen unsur toplam stok de&#287;il, enjeksiyon h&#305;z&#305;d&#305;r.  Duyurulan toplam varil, IEA&#8217;n&#305;n resm&#238; kolektif aksiyon hacmi ve piyasaya g&#252;nl&#252;k fiilen akabilecek hacim ayn&#305; &#351;eyler de&#287;ildir. Petrol piyasas&#305;nda bu &#252;&#231;&#252; kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;nca insanlar ayn&#305; veriye bak&#305;p bamba&#351;ka sonu&#231;lara var&#305;yor. </p><p>2022&#8217;de IEA&#8217;n&#305;n 182.7 milyon varillik kolektif aksiyonu Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Ukrayna&#8217;y&#305; i&#351;gali sonras&#305; geldi ve alt&#305; aya yay&#305;ld&#305;. O d&#246;nemde temel mesele k&#252;resel arz s&#305;k&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yd&#305;, ama d&#252;nya deniz ticaretinin ana chokepoint&#8217;lerinden biri fiilen askeri tehditle kapanm&#305;&#351; de&#287;ildi. Rus varilleri yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar ve ticaret y&#246;n&#252; de&#287;i&#351;imleri nedeniyle yeniden y&#246;nlenirken, k&#252;resel deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; altyap&#305;s&#305; tamamen ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde fel&#231; olmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. </p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg" width="1200" height="950" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:950,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Largest supply shock in history warrants the largest coordinated SPR release  in history, larger than the 182 MMbbl release in 2022. The IEA agrees,  though the final number is still unknown, and&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Largest supply shock in history warrants the largest coordinated SPR release  in history, larger than the 182 MMbbl release in 2022. The IEA agrees,  though the final number is still unknown, and" title="Largest supply shock in history warrants the largest coordinated SPR release  in history, larger than the 182 MMbbl release in 2022. The IEA agrees,  though the final number is still unknown, and" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nJYg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8938312-bd71-40ce-868e-6c558f677fdb_1200x950.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Nisan 2022&#8217;de IEA&#8217;n&#305;n kendi a&#231;&#305;klamas&#305;nda, &#246;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki alt&#305; ay i&#231;inde k&#252;resel piyasaya <strong>yakla&#351;&#305;k 240 milyon varil</strong> acil stok sunulacak dendi, bu da g&#252;nde <strong>1 milyon varilin olduk&#231;a &#252;zerinde</strong> bir ak&#305;&#351; anlam&#305;na geliyor. Bu 240 milyon, IEA&#8217;n&#305;n sonradan tarihsel toplam diye kayda ge&#231;ti&#287;i 182.7 milyonla bire bir ayn&#305; kavram de&#287;il. IEA ayn&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamada ABD&#8217;nin ikinci 120 milyon varillik kolektif aksiyona <strong>yakla&#351;&#305;k 60 milyon varil</strong> katk&#305; verdi&#287;ini ve bunun, Beyaz Saray&#8217;&#305;n 31 Mart 2022&#8217;de a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; daha b&#252;y&#252;k <strong>180 milyon varillik SPR drawdown</strong>&#8217;&#305;n bir par&#231;as&#305; oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yledi. Yani 240 milyon ifadesi, <strong>o andan itibaren &#246;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki alt&#305; ayda piyasaya akmas&#305; beklenen toplam acil stok hacmini</strong> tarif ediyordu, bu, saf IEA kolektif-aksiyon toplam&#305; de&#287;ildi.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca, bug&#252;n IEA &#252;yesi &#252;lkelerin elindeki kamu kontroll&#252; acil stoklar, 2022 ba&#351;&#305;ndaki kadar geni&#351; de&#287;il. IEA Nisan 2022&#8217;de Rusya i&#351;gali ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda &#252;ye &#252;lkelerin elinde <strong>1.5 milyar varil kamu rezervi</strong> ve yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>575 milyon varil sekt&#246;r y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; stoku</strong> oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yl&#252;yordu. Bug&#252;n ise Fatih Birol&#8217;un 9 ve 10 Mart 2026 a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305;na g&#246;re IEA &#252;lkelerinde <strong>1.2 milyar varilin biraz &#252;zerinde kamu acil stoku</strong> ve buna ek olarak <strong>600 milyon varil civar&#305;nda end&#252;stri stoku</strong> var. Yani kamuda olan do&#287;rudan ve merkez&#238; ve politik kararla devreye al&#305;nabilir cephane, 2022 ba&#351;&#305;na g&#246;re kabaca <strong>300 milyon varil daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k</strong>. </p><p>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; nokta, stoklar&#305;n cinsi. IEA&#8217;n&#305;n kendi enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i &#231;er&#231;evesi, &#252;ye &#252;lkelerin en az 90 g&#252;nl&#252;k net ithalat kadar stok tutmak zorunda oldu&#287;unu, ama bunu yerine getirirken <strong>&#246;nemli esnekli&#287;e</strong> sahip olduklar&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yor. Yani b&#252;t&#252;n IEA sto&#287;u ayn&#305; tip depoda, ayn&#305; m&#252;lkiyet yap&#305;s&#305;nda ve ayn&#305; hukuki eri&#351;im rejiminde tutulmuyor. Dahas&#305; IEA&#8217;n&#305;n industry stocks ad&#305;n&#305; verdi&#287;i, <strong>h&#252;k&#252;met kontroll&#252; stoklar d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki</strong>, petrol &#351;irketleri, trader&#8217;lar ve di&#287;er kurulu&#351;lar taraf&#305;ndan tutulan stoklar olarak tan&#305;ml&#305;yor, bunlar&#305;n bir k&#305;sm&#305; devlet y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;yor ama sal&#305;nabilecek merkez&#238; bir musluk gibi &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;yor. Bu y&#252;zden IEA&#8217;da toplam 1.2 milyar varil iddias&#305;ndan do&#287;rudan, istendi&#287;inde birka&#231; g&#252;nde 4 mbd ak&#305;t&#305;l&#305;r sonucu &#231;&#305;kmaz. K&#226;&#287;&#305;t &#252;st&#252;ndeki toplam stok ile komuta edilebilir h&#305;zl&#305; ak&#305;&#351; aras&#305;nda ciddi fark vard&#305;r.</p><p>D&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252; nokta, ABD SPR&#8217;nin fiziksel s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;. DOE&#8217;ye g&#246;re SPR&#8217;nin <strong>azami nominal</strong> &#231;eki&#351; kapasitesi <strong>4.4 mbd</strong> ve petrol ba&#351;kanl&#305;k karar&#305;ndan sonra piyasaya yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>13 g&#252;nde</strong> girmeye ba&#351;lar, ayr&#305;ca DOE bu 4.4 mbd h&#305;z&#305;n <strong>en fazla 90 g&#252;n</strong> s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilece&#287;ini, sonra &#231;eki&#351; h&#305;z&#305;n&#305;n ma&#287;aralar bo&#351;ald&#305;k&#231;a d&#252;&#351;meye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a yaz&#305;yor.  Yani 300&#8211;400 milyon varili 90 g&#252;nde piyasaya vermek i&#231;in gereken <strong>3.3&#8211;4.4 mbd</strong> band&#305;, neredeyse ABD SPR&#8217;nin tek ba&#351;&#305;na nominal tepe kapasitesine denk geliyor. Bu da g&#246;steriyor ki e&#287;er b&#252;t&#252;n IEA sistemi 90 g&#252;nde 300&#8211;400 milyon varili ger&#231;ekten piyasaya verecekse, bunun ya ABD &#252;zerine ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; y&#252;k bindirmesi ya da &#231;ok say&#305;da &#252;lkenin ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; e&#351;g&#252;d&#252;mle, &#231;ok y&#252;ksek h&#305;zda, neredeyse s&#252;rt&#252;nmesiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; gerekir. Ger&#231;ek d&#252;nya b&#246;yle steril &#231;al&#305;&#351;maz. &#220;stelik SPR sto&#287;u bug&#252;n yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>415 milyon varil</strong> d&#252;zeyinde g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor, yani 2022 &#246;ncesindeki daha y&#252;ksek doluluk oranlar&#305;ndan da &#231;ok uzaktay&#305;z.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png" width="1280" height="843" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:843,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Rethinking the role of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve - KYMA&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Rethinking the role of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve - KYMA" title="Rethinking the role of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve - KYMA" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vvEZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff541f8b8-a97d-4a4b-9148-ccbf63e72db6_1280x843.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Be&#351;inci nokta da 2022 tecr&#252;besinin bizzat kendisi 3.3&#8211;4.4 mbd fikrine kar&#351;&#305; ihtiyatl&#305; olmam&#305;z&#305; gerektiriyor. 2022&#8217;nin resm&#238; IEA kolektif aksiyon toplam&#305; 182.7 milyon varil idi, IEA&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki alt&#305; ayda piyasaya yakla&#351;&#305;k 240 milyon varil acil stok &#231;&#305;kacak dedi&#287;i daha geni&#351; &#231;er&#231;eve ise ortalama 1.3 mbd civar&#305;na denk geliyordu. &#350;imdi 2026 i&#231;in d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;rse<strong>k, 90 g&#252;nde 1.5 mbd bile verilse bile toplam 135 milyon varil eder, 2.5 mbd verilse 225 milyon varil eder.</strong> Bu &#351;u anlama geliyor, 1.5 mbd - 2.5 mbd band&#305;n&#305;n alt s&#305;n&#305;r&#305; bile, 2022 IEA kolektif aksiyonunun b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; &#252;&#231; ay i&#231;ine s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmak demek. &#220;st s&#305;n&#305;r ise, 2022&#8217;deki t&#252;m IEA kolektif hacminden daha fazlas&#305;n&#305;, &#252;stelik yar&#305; s&#252;rede teslim etmek anlam&#305;na geliyor. Bu imk&#226;ns&#305;z de&#287;il, ama &#231;ok agresif. <strong>Yani 2.5 mbd bile baya&#287;&#305; zorlu bir koordinasyon ve teslim kabiliyeti varsay&#305;yor.</strong></p><p>Bunlara ek olarak Stratejik stok sal&#305;mlar&#305;, bir varil e&#351;ittir bir varil varsay&#305;m&#305; &#252;zerinden &#231;al&#305;&#351;maz. H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den &#231;&#305;kan petrol&#252;n yakla&#351;&#305;k %80&#8217;i Asya&#8217;ya (&#199;in, Hindistan, Japonya, Kore) akarken, IEA rezervlerinin b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305; OECD (ABD, Avrupa) &#252;lkelerinde konumlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#350;okun merkezi Asya odakl&#305; deniz ticaretiyken, sal&#305;m&#305;n OECD&#8217;den yap&#305;lmas&#305; k&#252;resel benchmark fiyat&#305;n&#305; (Brent) bir miktar gev&#351;etebilir, ancak Asya teslimli fiziksel primler ve navlun maliyetleri stresli kalmaya devam eder.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg" width="1200" height="1200" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1200,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chart: Quarter of Maritime Oil Trade Flows Through Strait of Hormuz |  Statista&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chart: Quarter of Maritime Oil Trade Flows Through Strait of Hormuz |  Statista" title="Chart: Quarter of Maritime Oil Trade Flows Through Strait of Hormuz |  Statista" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-UM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe134be3a-c932-47e4-842a-61e6b676e04e_1200x1200.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Rafineri verimlili&#287;i ve kalite e&#351;le&#351;mesi de ayr&#305; bir darbo&#287;azd&#305;r.  Reuters, H&#252;rm&#252;z aksamas&#305;n&#305;n k&#252;resel deniz yoluyla ticareti yap&#305;lan dizel ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 20&#8217;sine dokundu&#287;unu ve baz&#305; tahminlerin 3&#8211;4 mbd dizel arz kayb&#305;na i&#351;aret etti&#287;ini aktar&#305;yor. Yani sorun sadece ham petrol&#252;n terminalden &#231;&#305;kamamas&#305; de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda ham&#305; &#252;r&#252;ne &#231;eviren makinenin de aksamas&#305;. Bu durumda IEA&#8217;n&#305;n ham petrol salmas&#305;, &#252;r&#252;n eksikli&#287;ini do&#287;rudan &#231;&#246;zmez. Rafineri duruyorsa ya da d&#252;&#351;&#252;k ko&#351;uyorsa, SPR&#8217;den gelen ek ham sadece ham petrol kalmaya devam eder. Ayr&#305;ca DOE envanterine g&#246;re SPR&#8217;de yakla&#351;&#305;k 155 milyon varil sweet (tatl&#305;) ve 261 milyon varil sour (ek&#351;i) ham petrol bulunmaktad&#305;r. K&#246;rfez&#8217;den eksilen orta-a&#287;&#305;r ve k&#252;k&#252;rtl&#252; ham ak&#305;mlar&#305; ile SPR&#8217;den sal&#305;nan variller rafineri optimizasyonu a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan bire bir ikame edilemez. Uygun rafineri dizilimi (slate) ve kapasitesi olmadan sisteme giren ham petrol, &#252;r&#252;n piyasas&#305;ndaki stresi &#231;&#246;zmekte yetersiz kal&#305;r.  </p><p></p><h2><strong>SPR ve Rafineri Uyumsuzlu&#287;u</strong></h2><p></p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;'n&#305;n fiili ablukas&#305; ve IEA'n&#305;n 400 milyon varillik tarihi s&#252;r&#252;m teklifiyle birlikte, g&#246;zler d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k kamu petrol stoku olan ABD Stratejik Petrol Rezervi'ne (SPR) &#231;evrilmi&#351;tir, bu nedenle ABD&#8217;nin Stratejik Petrol Rezervi&#8217;ne daha detayl&#305; de&#287;inmek istiyorum, zira kamuoyundaki genel alg&#305;n&#305;n aksine, SPR dipsiz bir kuyu de&#287;ildir, hacimsel s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;, maksimum g&#252;nl&#252;k &#231;ekim kapasitesi ve hepsinden &#246;nemlisi i&#231;erdi&#287;i petrol&#252;n kimyasal kompozisyonu  bak&#305;m&#305;ndan k&#252;resel rafineri ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;yla uyumsuzluk i&#231;erisindedir.</p><p>Enerji Politikas&#305; ve Koruma Yasas&#305; (EPCA) kapsam&#305;nda olu&#351;turulan SPR, Teksas ve Louisiana eyaletlerinin K&#246;rfez k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;ndaki (Big Hill, Bryan Mound, West Hackberry, Bayou Choctaw) yer alt&#305; tuz kubbelerinde devasa ma&#287;aralarda depolanmaktad&#305;r. Sistemin teorik tam yetkilendirilmi&#351; kapasitesi 714 milyon varildir. Ancak ABD Enerji Bilgi &#304;daresi (EIA) verilerine g&#246;re, krizin patlak verdi&#287;i &#350;ubat sonu ve Mart 2026 ba&#351;&#305; itibar&#305;yla SPR'deki stok seviyesi yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>415.44 milyon varil</strong> civar&#305;ndad&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg" width="1456" height="1052" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1052,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Strategic Petroleum Reserve | Department of Energy&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Strategic Petroleum Reserve | Department of Energy" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve | Department of Energy" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1iDT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4e41301-e35e-49ae-a032-7397682a1bdc_3316x2397.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Bu rakam, rezervin kapasitesinin sadece %58 civar&#305;nda dolu oldu&#287;unu ve &#246;nceki y&#305;llardaki (&#246;zellikle 2022 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki 180 milyon varillik tarihi sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n ard&#305;ndan) bo&#351;altmalar&#305;n etkisini hala ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. Ayr&#305;ca SPR'nin g&#252;nl&#252;k piyasaya s&#252;rme (drawdown) kapasitesi teknik olarak maksimum 4.4 milyon varil ile s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r ve bu h&#305;z bas&#305;n&#231; sorunlar&#305; nedeniyle yaln&#305;zca ilk 90 g&#252;n boyunca s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilmektedir. </p><p>K&#252;resel petrol arz&#305; krizlerinde salt  varil hesab&#305; yapmak b&#252;y&#252;k bir hatad&#305;r. Fiziksel petrol piyasas&#305;nda her varilin ayn&#305; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlamak ve sorunun, SPR&#8217;nin i&#231;erdi&#287;i petrol kalitesinin bozulan k&#252;resel tedarik zinciriyle nas&#305;l e&#351;le&#351;ece&#287;i oldu&#287;unu g&#246;rmek &#246;nemlidir.</p><p>Ham petrol, yo&#287;unlu&#287;una (API derecesine g&#246;re hafif, orta, a&#287;&#305;r olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r) ve s&#252;lf&#252;r oran&#305;na (tatl&#305; veya ek&#351;i) g&#246;re s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. ABD&#8217;deki &#351;ist (shale) devrimi, &#252;lkenin yerel petrol &#252;retimini neredeyse tamamen hafif ve tatl&#305; (light-sweet) ham petrol eksenine kayd&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;n, &#246;zellikle ABD K&#246;rfez K&#305;y&#305;s&#305;&#8217;ndaki (PADD 3) devasa rafineriler, on y&#305;llar boyunca Ortado&#287;u, Latin Amerika ve Kanada&#8217;dan gelen ucuz, a&#287;&#305;r ve s&#252;lf&#252;r a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan zengin (heavy/medium sour) ham petrolleri i&#351;leyip de&#287;erli &#252;r&#252;nlere (dizel, jet yak&#305;t&#305; vb.) d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmek i&#231;in milyarlarca dolarl&#305;k kompleks kokla&#351;t&#305;rma (coker) ve hidrokraker yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; yapm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r. Bu rafineriler, sadece hafif-tatl&#305; petrol i&#351;leyerek ekonomik veya teknik olarak tam verimlilikle &#231;al&#305;&#351;amazlar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp" width="1000" height="562" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:562,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Types of Crude Oil: Heavy vs Light, Sweet vs Sour, and TAN count | Kimray&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Types of Crude Oil: Heavy vs Light, Sweet vs Sour, and TAN count | Kimray" title="Types of Crude Oil: Heavy vs Light, Sweet vs Sour, and TAN count | Kimray" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aZdL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fa6819d-9293-485e-b937-b8eea1d5e3ee_1000x562.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;ndan d&#252;nyaya ihra&#231; edilen Suudi, Irak ve Kuveyt petrol&#252;n&#252;n &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305; orta veya a&#287;&#305;r ek&#351;i (sour) niteliktedir. Bu devasa ek&#351;i petrol ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n durmas&#305;, s&#246;z konusu s&#252;lf&#252;rl&#252; petrole a&#231; olan kompleks rafinerileri an&#305;nda fel&#231; etme potansiyeline sahiptir.</p><p>&#304;&#351;te bu noktada ABD SPR&#8217;sinin kompozisyonu devreye girmektedir. G&#252;ncel envanter verilerine g&#246;re, 415.4 milyon varillik SPR stokunun yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>261 milyon varili ek&#351;i (sour) ham petrolden</strong>, <strong>155 milyon varili ise tatl&#305; (sweet) ham petrolden</strong> olu&#351;maktad&#305;r.</p><p>SPR&#8217;nin &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;unun ek&#351;i petrol bar&#305;nd&#305;rmas&#305;, Ortado&#287;u tedariki kesilen ABD K&#246;rfez K&#305;y&#305;s&#305; rafinerileri i&#231;in adeta bir can simididir. Ancak IEA&#8217;n&#305;n k&#252;resel koordinasyon talebi ba&#287;lam&#305;nda, bu durum Asya veya Avrupa&#8217;daki rafineriler i&#231;in bir lojistik ve kalite kabusuna d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilir. ABD&#8217;nin elindeki k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; ek&#351;i petrol&#252; k&#252;resel piyasalarla payla&#351;mas&#305;, i&#231; piyasada (&#246;zellikle benzin ve dizel fiyatlar&#305;nda) devasa art&#305;&#351;lara neden olabilir. &#214;te yandan, ABD&#8217;nin ihra&#231; edebilece&#287;i fazla hafif-tatl&#305; &#351;ist petrol&#252;, a&#287;&#305;r petrol i&#351;lemeye programlanm&#305;&#351; dev Asya mega-rafinerilerinin (&#199;in ve Hindistan) spesifikasyonlar&#305;na tam olarak uymamaktad&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, IEA&#8217;n&#305;n duyurdu&#287;u 400 milyon varillik s&#252;r&#252;m plan&#305;, ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde arz a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kapat&#305;yor gibi g&#246;r&#252;nse de, rafineri kimyas&#305; ve lojistik darbo&#287;azlar hesaba kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda k&#252;resel piyasalar i&#231;in kusursuz bir ikame yaratamayacakt&#305;r.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Sonu&#231;</strong></h2><p></p><p>Petrol piyasalar&#305;ndaki mevcut volatilite ve k&#305;smi geri &#231;ekilmeler, stratejik stok sal&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n (SPR) teorik kapasitesine duyulan a&#351;&#305;r&#305; g&#252;venden beslenen yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; bir iyimserli&#287;in tezah&#252;r&#252;d&#252;r. Ancak askeri-teknik ve lojistik veriler, krizin basit bir arz noksanl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan ziyade, k&#252;resel enerji mimarisinin ak&#305;&#351; g&#252;venli&#287;indeki bir k&#305;r&#305;lma oldu&#287;una i&#351;aret ediyor. Savunma sistemlerindeki niceliksel asimetri ve m&#252;himmat tedarikindeki darbo&#287;azlar, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; gibi kritik ge&#231;i&#351; noktalar&#305;nda mutlak hava ve deniz hakimiyetinin tesis edilmesini imkans&#305;z k&#305;larken, bu durum, lojistik zincirin sigortalanabilir ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir olma vasf&#305;n&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Uluslararas&#305; Enerji Ajans&#305; (IEA) nezdindeki ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;st&#252; rezervler, enjeksiyon h&#305;z&#305; k&#305;s&#305;tlar&#305;, kalite uyumsuzluklar&#305; ve rafineri konfig&#252;rasyonlar&#305; nedeniyle sahadaki fiziksel kay&#305;plar&#305; bire bir ikame edebilecek nitelikte de&#287;ildir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, H&#252;rm&#252;z eksenli bir ak&#305;&#351; &#351;oku kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda finansal piyasalar&#305;n k&#305;sa vadeli likidite beklentileri, deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ve lojistik altyap&#305;daki fiili fel&#231; ger&#231;e&#287;iyle er ya da ge&#231; &#231;arp&#305;&#351;mak zorundad&#305;r. Enerji g&#252;venli&#287;inin art&#305;k sadece varil say&#305;s&#305; &#252;zerinden de&#287;il, savunma sanayii kapasitesi ve kesintisiz lojistik ak&#305;&#351; perspektifinden okunmas&#305; gerekti&#287;i bu yeni d&#246;nemde, piyasalar&#305;n haber ak&#305;&#351;&#305;na dayal&#305; melodramatik tepkileri, sahan&#305;n sert ve somut ger&#231;ekliklerini perdelemeye yetmeyecektir.</p><p></p><h2><strong>EK: LNG Piyasas&#305; ve ABD &#199;&#305;karlar&#305;</strong></h2><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n finansal ve askeri ablukas&#305;, petrol kadar k&#252;resel S&#305;v&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; Do&#287;al Gaz (LNG) pazar&#305;n&#305; da fel&#231; etmi&#351;tir. K&#252;resel deniz yolu LNG ticaretinin yakla&#351;&#305;k %20&#8217;si bu dar su yolundan ge&#231;mektedir. LNG piyasas&#305;n&#305;n petrol piyasas&#305;na k&#305;yasla &#231;ok daha az esnek ve daha b&#246;lgesel (Asya-Avrupa rekabeti) olmas&#305;, ya&#351;anan stresi katlayarak art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>D&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k LNG ihracat&#231;&#305;lar&#305;ndan biri olan Katar&#8217;&#305;n devasa Ras Laffan tesisinde operasyonlar&#305;n durmas&#305; ve devlet &#351;irketi QatarEnergy&#8217;nin m&#252;cbir sebep (force majeure) ilan etmesi , k&#252;resel gaz mimarisinde bir &#351;ok yaratm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Katar&#8217;&#305;n LNG ihracat&#305;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k %80&#8217;i, k&#252;resel talebin &#252;&#231;te ikisini olu&#351;turan Asya-Pasifik &#252;lkelerine (Japonya, G&#252;ney Kore, &#199;in, Hindistan) gitmektedir.</p><p>Bu tedarik zincirinin kopmas&#305;yla birlikte, Asya piyasalar&#305;n&#305;n spot LNG referans fiyat&#305; olan JKM (Japan Korea Marker) endeksinde e&#351;i g&#246;r&#252;lmemi&#351; bir patlama ya&#351;anm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. JKM, MMBtu ba&#351;&#305;na 25.40 dolar seviyelerine f&#305;rlayarak %60&#8217;&#305;n &#252;zerinde bir art&#305;&#351; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. 11 Mart 2026 itibar&#305;yla, Asya g&#246;stergesi JKM ile Avrupa do&#287;al gaz g&#246;stergesi TTF (Title Transfer Facility) aras&#305;ndaki fiyat makas&#305; (spread), MMBtu ba&#351;&#305;na 6 dolar&#305;n &#252;zerine &#231;&#305;karak, Asya lehine sert ve yap&#305;sal bir k&#305;r&#305;lma ya&#351;am&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Makas&#305;n Asya lehine bu denli a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n k&#252;resel lojistik &#252;zerinde do&#287;rudan bir etkisi vard&#305;r. Piyasada esnek  var&#305;&#351; noktas&#305;na sahip olan <strong>t&#252;m Atlantik havzas&#305; ve ABD LNG kargolar&#305;, daha y&#252;ksek k&#226;r marj&#305; sunan Asya pazar&#305;na y&#246;nelmeye ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r</strong>. Katar gaz&#305;ndan mahrum kalan ve rezervleri h&#305;zla eriyen &#231;aresiz Asyal&#305; al&#305;c&#305;lar, ayn&#305; havuzdaki LNG ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;c&#305; gemileri (carrier) i&#231;in Avrupal&#305; al&#305;c&#305;larla do&#287;rudan ve vah&#351;i bir fiyatlama rekabetine girmi&#351;tir. </p><p>Bu agresif kargo y&#246;nlendirmeleri ve rotalar&#305;n bo&#287;az&#305;n kapal&#305; olmas&#305; nedeniyle uzamas&#305;, LNG navlun (gemi kiralama) piyasas&#305;n&#305; temellerinden sarsm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Atlantik havzas&#305; LNG navlun oranlar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;en Spark referans endeksi, tek bir i&#351;lem seans&#305;nda g&#252;nde 100.000 dolarl&#305;k ak&#305;l almaz bir s&#305;&#231;rama kaydederek tarihin en b&#252;y&#252;k tek g&#252;nl&#252;k art&#305;&#351; rekorunu k&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>K&#252;resel LNG ve LPG piyasalar&#305;ndaki bu devasa &#351;okun, s&#305;radan vatanda&#351;lar&#305;n hayat&#305;na nas&#305;l h&#305;zla n&#252;fuz etti&#287;inin en &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; &#246;rne&#287;i Hindistan&#8217;da ya&#351;anmaktad&#305;r. Hindistan, LPG (s&#305;v&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; petrol gaz&#305; / mutfak t&#252;p&#252;) ihtiyac&#305;n&#305;n %60&#8217;&#305;ndan fazlas&#305;n&#305; a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; &#252;zerinden ithal eden bir &#252;lkedir. Krizin t&#305;rmanmas&#305; &#252;zerine Hindistan h&#252;k&#252;meti, Temel Mallar Yasas&#305;&#8217;n&#305; (Essential Commodities Act) devreye sokarak, gaz tedarikini &#246;ncelikli olarak hanelere, hastanelere ve CNG&#8217;li ara&#231;lara tahsis etmi&#351;, restoran, otel ve di&#287;er ticari i&#351;letmelere giden gaz ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k oranda kesmi&#351;tir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg" width="1024" height="682" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:682,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;People queue-up to refill LPG cylinder&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;People queue-up to refill LPG cylinder&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="People queue-up to refill LPG cylinder" title="People queue-up to refill LPG cylinder" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mufm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07dffbec-3230-4c54-9ada-93d437d0e176_1024x682.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3></h3><h3></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hürmüz Boğazı Krizi ve Petrol Piyasası Hakkında Bilmeniz Gereken Her Şey]]></title><description><![CDATA[Not: Yaz&#305;y&#305; d&#252;n bitirebildim, yaz&#305;da yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m baz&#305; fiyatlamalar ve olaylar ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti, bununla birlikte bu yaz&#305;da yaln&#305;zca senaryo analizi yapmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m, yaz&#305;da bahsetti&#287;im &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; faza ge&#231;ece&#287;imizi d&#252;&#351;&#252;nm&#252;yorum, yaz&#305;y&#305; yeniden editlemeden h&#305;zl&#305;ca payla&#351;&#305;yorum.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/hurmuz-bogaz-krizi-ve-petrol-piyasas</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/hurmuz-bogaz-krizi-ve-petrol-piyasas</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2026 14:35:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Not: Yaz&#305;y&#305; d&#252;n bitirebildim, yaz&#305;da yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m baz&#305; fiyatlamalar ve olaylar ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti, bununla birlikte bu yaz&#305;da yaln&#305;zca senaryo analizi yapmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m, yaz&#305;da bahsetti&#287;im &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; faza ge&#231;ece&#287;imizi d&#252;&#351;&#252;nm&#252;yorum, yaz&#305;y&#305; yeniden editlemeden h&#305;zl&#305;ca payla&#351;&#305;yorum. </p><p></p><p>Mart 2026 itibar&#305;yla k&#252;resel enerji piyasalar&#305;, 2019&#8217;dan beri en kritik arz ve lojistik &#351;oklar&#305;ndan birini e&#351; zamanl&#305; olarak deneyimlemektedir. Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri ve &#304;srail ile &#304;ran aras&#305;nda t&#305;rmanan askeri &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar, d&#252;nya petrol ticaretinin yakla&#351;&#305;k be&#351;te birinin, di&#287;er bir deyi&#351;le g&#252;nl&#252;k ortalama 20 milyon varil ham petrol ve petrol &#252;r&#252;n&#252;n&#252;n transit ge&#231;i&#351; noktas&#305; olan H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305; fiilen ula&#351;&#305;ma kapatm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu kriz do&#287;rudan &#252;retici &#252;lkelerin fiziksel altyap&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;, depolama kapasitelerinin s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305;, rafineri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; ve k&#252;resel makroekonomik istikrar&#305; tehdit eden yap&#305;sal bir darbo&#287;aza d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><p>Sava&#351; riskleri nedeniyle uluslararas&#305; sigorta &#351;irketlerinin teminatlar&#305;n&#305; aniden geri &#231;ekmesi, bo&#287;az&#305;n uluslararas&#305; deniz hukukuna g&#246;re a&#231;&#305;k olsa dahi ticari olarak kullan&#305;lamaz hale gelmesine yol a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Gemi sahiplerinin operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; s&#252;resiz olarak ask&#305;ya almas&#305; ve G&#252;ney Koreli Sinokor gibi devasa tanker filosu operat&#246;rlerinin (VLCC) navlun bedellerini varil ba&#351;&#305;na 2.50 dolardan 20 dolara kadar &#231;&#305;karmas&#305;, fiziksel tedarik zincirini an&#305;nda fel&#231; etmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Bu krizin analizinde s&#305;k&#231;a d&#252;&#351;&#252;len en b&#252;y&#252;k hata, ge&#231;ici haber &#351;oklar&#305; ile kal&#305;c&#305; fiziksel arz kay&#305;plar&#305;n&#305; birbirine kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmak ve fiziksel lojistik problemlerin finansal m&#252;hendislikle &#231;&#246;z&#252;lebilece&#287;ini sanmakt&#305;r. Bu yaz&#305;da, K&#246;rfez&#8217;in co&#287;rafi yap&#305;s&#305;ndan ba&#351;layarak, ABD ve Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n san&#305;lan&#305;n aksine neden bu krizde birer kurtar&#305;c&#305; olamayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305;, Irak&#8217;&#305;n, Kuveyt&#8217;in, Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n ve di&#287;er k&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerinin tampon kapasitesini ve stratejik altyap&#305; direncini inceledim. Ayr&#305;ca, farkl&#305; senaryolar alt&#305;nda piyasadan &#231;ekilebilecek petrol varillerini, H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z k&#252;resel petrol &#252;retimindeki net d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351; miktar&#305; ve 100 dolar&#305;n &#252;zerindeki fiyat senaryolar&#305;n&#305;n alt&#305;nda yatan mant&#305;&#287;&#305; anlatt&#305;m. Son olarak da sava&#351;&#305;n ne kadar uzayabilece&#287;ine dair ABD&#8217;nin askeri m&#252;himmat kapasitesine k&#305;saca de&#287;indim.</p><h2>Irak&#8217;&#305;n Depolama Kapasitesi Krizi</h2><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kapanmas&#305;n&#305;n ilk ve en sert fiziksel yans&#305;mas&#305;, alternatif ihra&#231; rotas&#305; bulunmayan &#252;lkelerde g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. &#214;rne&#287;in Irak&#8217;&#305;n petrol stoklar&#305;n&#305;n bitti&#287;i veya Kuveyt&#8217;in iki g&#252;nl&#252;k depolama &#246;mr&#252; kald&#305;&#287;&#305; s&#246;ylentileri, satacak petrol&#252;n kalmad&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez. Bu, s&#252;rekli &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lan petrol&#252; koyacak fiziksel tank hacminin t&#252;kendi&#287;i anlam&#305;na gelir. Bir ba&#351;ka deyi&#351;le, Irak&#8217;&#305;n yer alt&#305; rezervlerinin veya satacak petrol&#252;n&#252;n kalmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, tam aksine, &#252;retilen petrol&#252; koyacak fiziksel bo&#351; alan&#305;n t&#252;kendi&#287;i ve bu nedenle &#252;retim sisteminin kilitlendi&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeniz gerekir. Bunun sebebi Irak&#8217;&#305;n, mevcut altyap&#305; k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305; nedeniyle H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;ndaki lojistik fel&#231; durumuna kar&#351;&#305; K&#246;rfez b&#246;lgesindeki en savunmas&#305;z &#252;lke olmas&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Ocak 2026 verilerine g&#246;re g&#252;nl&#252;k yakla&#351;&#305;k 4.2 milyon varil ham petrol &#252;reten Irak, bu devasa &#252;retimin %94&#8217;&#252;n&#252; g&#252;neydeki Basra K&#246;rfezi terminalleri &#252;zerinden, dolay&#305;s&#305;yla do&#287;rudan H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; rotas&#305;yla ihra&#231; etmeye mahkumdur. &#220;lkenin kuzeyinde yer alan ve Ceyhan liman&#305;na uzanan Kerk&#252;k-T&#252;rkiye boru hatt&#305;n&#305;n halihaz&#305;rda g&#252;venlik gerek&#231;eleriyle kapal&#305; olmas&#305; ve kara yoluyla yap&#305;lan tanker ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;nl&#252;k en fazla 40.000 varil gibi ihmal edilebilir bir seviyede kalmas&#305;, Irak&#8217;&#305;n alternatif rotalar&#305;n&#305; fiilen s&#305;f&#305;rlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu durumun &#252;retim sahalar&#305;ndaki nedensellik zincirini izah edeyim.</p><p>Irak&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;neyindeki petrol, normalde boru hatlar&#305;yla do&#287;rudan Basra terminallerine ve oradan da gemilere bas&#305;l&#305;r. Deniz trafi&#287;inin durmas&#305;yla birlikte Basra terminallerine yana&#351;amayan dev tankerler, y&#252;kleme operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; durdurmu&#351;tur. &#304;hra&#231; edilemeyen ve s&#252;rekli &#252;retilmeye devam eden ham petrol, mecburi olarak g&#252;ney limanlar&#305;ndaki ve sahalardaki depolama tanklar&#305;na aktar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak Irak&#8217;&#305;n depolama altyap&#305;s&#305;, stratejik bir rezervasyon mant&#305;&#287;&#305;yla de&#287;il, k&#305;sa s&#252;reli transit ge&#231;i&#351;leri tolere edecek &#351;ekilde tasarlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Krizin daha ilk g&#252;nlerinde, bu tanklar maksimum g&#252;venli &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma bas&#305;nc&#305;na ve kritik doluluk oranlar&#305;na ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Boru hatlar&#305; ve depolama tesisleri tam kapasiteye ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, fiziksel yasalar gere&#287;i sistemde geriye do&#287;ru bir bas&#305;n&#231; (backpressure) olu&#351;ur. Depolarda yer kalmad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, kuyulardan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lan petrol&#252;n gidecek hi&#231;bir yeri kalmaz. Kuyular&#305;n ve rezervuar&#305;n yap&#305;sal hasar g&#246;rmesini engellemek i&#231;in tek teknik &#231;&#246;z&#252;m, &#252;retim valflerini kapatarak &#252;retimi fiziki olarak durdurmakt&#305;r.</p><p>Irak, bu fiziksel zorunluluk nedeniyle g&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;retimini 1.5 milyon varil civar&#305;nda k&#305;smak zorunda kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu devasa kesintiler, &#252;lkenin ihracat kapasitesini sa&#287;layan en b&#252;y&#252;k sahalardan stratejik olarak yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Reuters ve yerel kaynaklar&#305;n verilerine g&#246;re, &#252;lkenin en b&#252;y&#252;k &#252;retim tesisi olan Rumaila sahas&#305;ndan 700.000 varil/g&#252;n, West Qurna 2 sahas&#305;ndan 460.000 varil/g&#252;n ve Maysan sahas&#305;ndan 325.000 varil/g&#252;n kesinti uygulanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ayr&#305;ca kuzeydeki Kerk&#252;k b&#246;lgesinde de ihtiyati durdurmalar ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351; ve Kormor sahas&#305; gibi alanlarda operasyonlar ask&#305;ya al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Irak Petrol Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, bu kesintilerin &#252;lkenin g&#252;nl&#252;k yakla&#351;&#305;k 600.000 varil olan i&#231; rafineri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; ve 100.000 varillik enerji santrali t&#252;ketimini etkilemeyece&#287;ini, i&#231; pazar arz&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;vence alt&#305;nda oldu&#287;unu a&#231;&#305;klam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak rafinerilere ayr&#305;lan bu pay &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, ihracat odakl&#305; geriye kalan 3 milyon varilin &#252;zerindeki &#252;retimin tamam&#305; risk alt&#305;ndad&#305;r. Irakl&#305; petrol yetkililerinin Reuters&#8217;a verdikleri deme&#231;lerde, tankerler H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den serbest&#231;e ge&#231;emezse birka&#231; g&#252;n i&#231;inde &#252;retim kesintisinin 3 milyon varilin &#252;zerine &#231;&#305;kabilece&#287;i y&#246;n&#252;ndeki uyar&#305;lar&#305;, tam olarak bu kapasite darbo&#287;az&#305;n&#305;n sonucudur. &#199;in ve Hindistan gibi Irak ihracat&#305;n&#305;n &#252;&#231;te ikisini (yakla&#351;&#305;k 2.2 milyon varil/g&#252;n) tek ba&#351;&#305;na &#231;eken Asya devlerinin gemileri Basra&#8217;ya ula&#351;amad&#305;&#287;&#305; s&#252;rece, Irak&#8217;&#305;n petrol stoklama alanlar&#305;n&#305;n dolulu&#287;u, k&#252;resel piyasalardan her g&#252;n milyonlarca varil petrol&#252;n fiziken silinmesine neden olacakt&#305;r.</p><h2>Kuveyt&#8217;in Kritik Depolama E&#351;i&#287;i</h2><p>Kuveyt, 2026 y&#305;l&#305; itibar&#305;yla k&#252;resel enerji denkleminde g&#252;nl&#252;k ortalama 2.7 ila 3.0 milyon varil band&#305;nda &#252;retim yapan ve bu &#252;retimin ezici bir &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;unu d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k ikinci konvansiyonel petrol sahas&#305; olan Burgan&#8217;dan sa&#287;layan kritik bir akt&#246;rd&#252;r. Ancak Kuveyt&#8217;i b&#246;lgesel krizlerde di&#287;er K&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerine g&#246;re daha da k&#305;r&#305;lgan k&#305;lan en temel jeopolitik ve altyap&#305;sal dezavantaj&#305;, ihracat&#305;n&#305;n istisnas&#305;z tamamen H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;na ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; olmas&#305;d&#305;r. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e, Birle&#351;ik Arap Emirlikleri&#8217;nin (BAE) ise Umman K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ne uzanan baypas boru hatlar&#305;n&#305;n aksine, Kuveyt&#8217;in bo&#287;az&#305; es ge&#231;ebilecek herhangi bir kara boru hatt&#305; alternatifi bulunmamaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Kuveyt&#8217;in devasa &#252;retim kapasitesini s&#252;rekli olarak deniz yoluyla tahliye etmesi gerekmektedir. Petrol end&#252;strisinde &#246;nemli bir yeri olan &#199;ok B&#252;y&#252;k Ham Petrol Ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;c&#305;lar&#305; (VLCC - Very Large Crude Carrier), ortalama 2 milyon varil petrol ta&#351;&#305;ma kapasitesine sahiptir ve bir VLCC&#8217;nin terminale yana&#351;mas&#305;, g&#252;venli bir &#351;ekilde y&#252;klenmesi ve ayr&#305;lmas&#305; operasyonel olarak yakla&#351;&#305;k iki tam g&#252;n s&#252;rmektedir. Denizcilik sekt&#246;r&#252;n&#252;n i&#351;leyi&#351;inde, terminallerde her an y&#252;kleme yap&#305;labilmesi i&#231;in &#252;retim tesislerinden gelen petrol&#252;n ge&#231;ici olarak bekletildi&#287;i operasyonel tampon depolar bulunur. Kriz &#246;ncesi normal &#351;artlarda bu depolarda, tanker gecikmelerini tolere edebilmek ad&#305;na belirli bir bo&#351; hacim b&#305;rak&#305;l&#305;r.</p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;ndaki gerilim ve 4-5 Mart gecesi Kuveyt&#8217;in Mubarak Al-Kabeer liman&#305;n&#305;n 30 mil a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;nda demirli bir tankere yap&#305;lan do&#287;rudan sald&#305;r&#305; b&#246;lgedeki t&#252;m ticari denizcilik operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; tamamen durdurmu&#351;tur. Gemilerin y&#252;kleme yapamamas&#305;yla birlikte, g&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;retilen yakla&#351;&#305;k 3 milyon varil petrol, mecburi olarak do&#287;rudan Kuveyt&#8217;in kara terminali depolar&#305;na bas&#305;lmaya ba&#351;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. G&#252;nl&#252;k 3 milyon varillik s&#252;rekli bir hacimsel bas&#305;n&#231; operasyonel tampon kapasitesini g&#252;nler i&#231;erisinde doldurur.</p><p>Kuveyt Milli Petrol &#350;irketi (KPC), kuyulardaki bas&#305;nc&#305; kontrol alt&#305;nda tutabilmek ve boru patlamalar&#305;n&#305; &#246;nlemek ad&#305;na, &#231;ok yak&#305;nda t&#305;pk&#305; Irak gibi kuyu ba&#351;&#305; &#252;retimlerini tamamen durdurmak zorunda kalacakt&#305;r. &#220;stelik Kuveyt&#8217;in devasa Al-Zour rafinerisi (g&#252;nl&#252;k 615.000 varil i&#351;leme kapasitesiyle d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k yedinci rafinerisi) de ihracat yapamad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in &#252;r&#252;n depolama tanklar&#305;n&#305; dolduracak ve operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; yava&#351;latmak durumunda kalacakt&#305;r. &#214;zellikle Al-Zour&#8217;un k&#252;resel jet yak&#305;t&#305; ve dizel (middle distillates) pazar&#305;ndaki kilit rol&#252; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, Kuveyt&#8217;teki iki g&#252;nl&#252;k e&#351;i&#287;in a&#351;&#305;lmas&#305;, sadece ham petrol pazar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, Avrupa ve Asya havac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;n&#252; de derinden vuracak bir domino etkisi yaratacakt&#305;r.</p><h2>Arz Kay&#305;plar&#305; ve Lojistik Mahkumiyet</h2><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n fiilen kapanmas&#305;n&#305;n en do&#287;rudan ve sars&#305;c&#305; sonucu, yukar&#305;da detayland&#305;r&#305;lan fiziksel &#252;retim kesintileridir. Irak, halihaz&#305;rda 1.5 milyon varillik bir kesintiye gitmi&#351; olup, depolama alanlar&#305;n&#305;n tamamen dolmas&#305;yla bu rakam&#305;n birka&#231; g&#252;n i&#231;inde 3 milyon varile ula&#351;aca&#287;&#305;n&#305; resmen deklare etmi&#351;tir. E&#351; zamanl&#305; olarak Kuveyt, terminal bo&#351;luklar&#305;n&#305;n dolmas&#305;yla birlikte g&#252;nl&#252;k yakla&#351;&#305;k 2.8 ila 3 milyon varillik &#252;retiminin neredeyse tamam&#305;n&#305; durdurma e&#351;i&#287;indedir. Bu iki kilit OPEC &#252;reticisinin lojistik mahkumiyet nedeniyle piyasaya s&#252;remedi&#287;i ham petrol miktar&#305; topland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda (Irak&#8217;tan 2-3 milyon, Kuveyt&#8217;ten 2.5-3 milyon), net fiziksel &#252;retim kayb&#305; do&#287;rudan g&#252;nl&#252;k 5 ila 6 milyon varil band&#305;na oturmaktad&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla burada piyasadan &#231;ekilen 5 milyon varil k&#252;resel sistemden her g&#252;n kal&#305;c&#305; olarak eksilen fiziksel &#252;retimdir. Tarihsel bir perspektifle bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, 1973 Arap Petrol Ambargosu s&#305;ras&#305;nda da piyasadan g&#252;nde kabaca 5 milyon varil &#231;ekilmi&#351; ve bu durum k&#252;resel ekonomiyi y&#305;llarca s&#252;recek bir stagflasyon sarmal&#305;na s&#252;r&#252;klemi&#351;tir.</p><p>K&#252;resel petrol fiyatlar&#305;n&#305; jeopolitik &#351;oklara kar&#351;&#305; stabilize eden en &#246;nemli g&#252;vence mekanizmas&#305;, OPEC+ &#252;lkelerinin kasten &#252;retmeyerek ellerinde tuttuklar&#305; ve kriz anlar&#305;nda vanalar&#305; a&#231;arak piyasaya s&#252;rebilecekleri at&#305;l kapasitedir (spare capacity). Uluslararas&#305; Enerji Ajans&#305; (IEA) ve yat&#305;r&#305;m bankalar&#305;n&#305;n verilerine g&#246;re OPEC+, k&#252;resel talebi dengelemek i&#231;in yakla&#351;&#305;k 4 ila 5 milyon varil/g&#252;n seviyesinde bir yedek kapasite bulundurmaktad&#305;r. Ancak modern enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i mimarisindeki en b&#252;y&#252;k k&#246;r nokta, bu 4-5 milyon varillik can simidinin ezici bir &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;unun (&#246;zellikle Suudi Arabistan ve BAE&#8217;nin yedek kapasitesi ile Kuveyt&#8217;in at&#305;l potansiyeli) co&#287;rafi olarak Basra K&#246;rfezi&#8217;nin i&#231; k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305;nda yer almas&#305;d&#305;r. H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; kapal&#305; oldu&#287;unda, k&#252;resel fiyatlar ne kadar astronomik seviyelere &#231;&#305;karsa &#231;&#305;ks&#305;n, bu yedek kapasitenin uluslararas&#305; al&#305;c&#305;lara ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; fiziksel olarak imkans&#305;zd&#305;r. Enerji ekonomisi literat&#252;r&#252;nde bu duruma mahsur kalm&#305;&#351; at&#305;l kapasite (stranded spare capacity) denir. Yani kriz an&#305;nda piyasay&#305; kurtarmas&#305; beklenen 5 milyon varillik yedek g&#252;&#231;, krizin merkez &#252;ss&#252;nde hapis kald&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in piyasadan fiilen &#231;ekilmi&#351; ve tamamen i&#351;levsiz hale gelmi&#351; say&#305;l&#305;r.</p><p>S&#246;ylentilerdeki 5 milyon varil rakam&#305;n&#305;n &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; boyutu, t&#252;ketici &#252;lkelerin kriz y&#246;netimi stratejileriyle ilgilidir. Buna yaz&#305;m&#305;n ilerleyen k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305;nda de&#287;inece&#287;im, fakat burada bir girizgah yapm&#305;&#351; olay&#305;m. Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri Enerji Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; (DOE) ge&#231;mi&#351;te piyasa mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305; test etmek amac&#305;yla 5 milyon varillik sat&#305;&#351;lar yapm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. B&#252;y&#252;k krizlerde ise Uluslararas&#305; Enerji Ajans&#305; (IEA) koordinasyonunda 60 milyon varile varan rezerv sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305; yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak stratejik rezervlerin piyasaya s&#252;r&#252;lmesi, boru hatlar&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;nl&#252;k ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; ikame edebilecek s&#252;rekli bir &#231;&#246;z&#252;m de&#287;ildir. ABD&#8217;nin maksimum bo&#351;alt&#305;m kapasitesi g&#252;nde yakla&#351;&#305;k 4.4 milyon varildir ve bu h&#305;z uzun s&#252;re s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lemez. T&#252;m d&#252;nya &#252;lkeleri (IEA &#252;yeleri, &#199;in&#8217;in 40-50 g&#252;nl&#252;k ithalat&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layan 600 milyon varillik deposu ve Hindistan&#8217;&#305;n 70-75 g&#252;nl&#252;k sto&#287;u dahil ) koordine olup piyasaya her g&#252;n 5 milyon varil s&#252;rseler dahi, bu durum k&#252;resel stoklar&#305; h&#305;zla t&#252;ketecek ve spek&#252;lat&#246;rlerde stoklar eriyor korkusuyla fiyatlar&#305;n daha da yukar&#305; gitmesine neden olacakt&#305;r.</p><h2>Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n S&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;</h2><p>Suudi Arabistan, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n tamamen kapanmas&#305; senaryosunda K&#246;rfez b&#246;lgesinde &#252;retime en uzun s&#252;re devam edebilecek ve k&#252;resel piyasalara petrol sa&#287;layabilecek yegane akt&#246;rd&#252;r. Ancak bu direncin de bir k&#305;r&#305;lma noktas&#305; vard&#305;r.</p><p>Ocak 2026 itibar&#305;yla g&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;retim seviyesi 10.1 milyon varil civar&#305;nda olan Suudi Arabistan , devasa y&#252;z&#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n getirdi&#287;i co&#287;rafi avantaj&#305; kullanarak ihracat rotalar&#305;n&#305; &#231;e&#351;itlendirmi&#351; bir &#252;lkedir. &#220;lkenin elindeki en b&#252;y&#252;k stratejik silah, Basra K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ndeki petrol sahalar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan &#252;lkenin bat&#305;s&#305;na, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;ndaki Yanbu terminaline ba&#287;layan Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; Boru Hatt&#305;&#8217;d&#305;r (East-West Pipeline). Bu hat, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305; tamamen baypas ederek k&#252;resel pazarlara petrol ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lar.</p><p>Boru hatt&#305;n&#305;n normal kapasitesi g&#252;nl&#252;k 5 milyon varildir, ancak kriz anlar&#305;nda teknik olarak 7 milyon varile kadar zorlanabilmektedir. Mart 2026 krizinde Saudi Aramco, t&#252;m ihracat&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zl&#305;ca Yanbu terminaline y&#246;nlendirme karar&#305; alm&#305;&#351; ve bu baypas hatt&#305;n&#305; maksimum kapasitede &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak bu hamle, sorunu tamamen &#231;&#246;zmeye yetmemektedir.</p><p>Belirtti&#287;im gibi Suudi Arabistan g&#252;nl&#252;k yakla&#351;&#305;k 10 milyon varil &#252;retmektedir. Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; boru hatt&#305; maksimum 5 ila 7 milyon varili K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e aktarabilse bile, geriye kalan g&#252;nl&#252;k ortalama 3 ila 5 milyon varillik &#252;retimin hala H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; &#252;zerinden &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmas&#305; veya &#252;lke i&#231;inde depolanmas&#305; gerekmektedir. H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;na g&#246;re, Suudi Arabistan her g&#252;n elinde kalan bu 3-5 milyon varili devasa ticari depolama tanklar&#305;na, yeralt&#305; stratejik rezervuarlar&#305;na ve k&#305;y&#305;larda demirli bekleyen y&#252;zer depolara zorundad&#305;r.</p><p>End&#252;striyel veriler, Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n depolama altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n bu devasa k&#252;m&#252;latif bas&#305;nca dayanabilme s&#252;resinin yakla&#351;&#305;k 25 ila 30 g&#252;n oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir. &#304;lk 10 g&#252;n boyunca &#252;retim normal seyrinde devam eder ve terminallerdeki stoklar artar. 11. ve 20. g&#252;nler aras&#305;nda depolama alanlar&#305; maksimum kapasiteye yakla&#351;&#305;r ve se&#231;ici &#252;retim azaltmalar&#305; ba&#351;lar. 21. ve 30. g&#252;nler aras&#305;nda ise sistemin g&#252;venli operasyon limitleri tamamen a&#351;&#305;l&#305;r. &#304;lave olarak, Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; boru hatt&#305; maksimum bas&#305;n&#231;ta (yakla&#351;&#305;k 65 bar) kesintisiz olarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305; zorlanm&#305;&#351; olur ve y&#305;ll&#305;k ortalama 3-4 hafta s&#252;ren periyodik bak&#305;m ihtiyac&#305; ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz hale gelir. E&#287;er bu limitler a&#351;&#305;l&#305;rsa sistemik boru patlamalar&#305; riski do&#287;ar.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki Yanbu terminalinin kullan&#305;lmas&#305;, risksiz bir alternatif de&#287;ildir. 2019 y&#305;l&#305;nda Husi milislerinin Abqaiq-Khurais tesislerine yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; ve Suudi &#252;retiminin yar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; (5.7 milyon varil) ge&#231;ici olarak durduran sald&#305;r&#305;lar ile Mart 2026&#8217;da Ras Tanura&#8217;ya (550.000 varil rafinaj kapasitesi) yap&#305;lan drone sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;, Suudi altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n ne kadar k&#305;r&#305;lgan oldu&#287;unu kan&#305;tlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Yanbu liman&#305; ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki tanker trafi&#287;i, Husi f&#252;zelerinin menzili i&#231;indedir. Bu y&#252;ksek risk alg&#305;s&#305; nedeniyle, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;den petrol ta&#351;&#305;yan tankerlerin navlun ve sigorta bedelleri krizin hemen ard&#305;ndan ikiye katlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:546,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Map Of Bab El Mandeb Strait&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Map Of Bab El Mandeb Strait" title="Map Of Bab El Mandeb Strait" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ld0j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F199e06f0-4311-42e5-9bc7-ccc7ea3292da_640x546.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2>Merakl&#305;lar &#304;&#231;in Ek Bilgi: Yanbu, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz ve Darbo&#287;az&#305;n Matemati&#287;i</h2><p>Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n Irak ve Kuveyt&#8217;ten en b&#252;y&#252;k fark&#305;, kendi petrol&#252;n&#252;n bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; i&#231; avludan, yani K&#246;rfez&#8217;den &#231;&#305;karmadan, &#252;lkenin i&#231;indeki bir koridordan ge&#231;irip arka soka&#287;a yani K&#305;z&#305;l Deniz&#8217;e ula&#351;t&#305;rabilmesidir. Bu koridora, <strong>Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; Boru Hatt&#305;</strong> diyoruz.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg" width="750" height="551" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:551,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Saudi Arabia Oil infrastructure and the East-West pipeline which runs from  the port of Yanbu on the Red Sea to Abqaiq in eastern Saudi Arabia (746  miles!) has a capacity of 4.8&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Saudi Arabia Oil infrastructure and the East-West pipeline which runs from  the port of Yanbu on the Red Sea to Abqaiq in eastern Saudi Arabia (746  miles!) has a capacity of 4.8" title="Saudi Arabia Oil infrastructure and the East-West pipeline which runs from  the port of Yanbu on the Red Sea to Abqaiq in eastern Saudi Arabia (746  miles!) has a capacity of 4.8" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1AYP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dfe8a2e-7492-41c5-9cec-4e7af361d87a_750x551.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Yanbu ise Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n bat&#305; k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;nda, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz &#252;zerinde yer alan liman kentidir. Do&#287;u k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;ndaki petrol, &#252;lke i&#231;indeki boru hatt&#305;yla ta&#351;&#305;narak H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;e u&#287;ramadan Yanbu&#8217;dan gemiye y&#252;klenebilir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png" width="1456" height="1427" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1427,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Dosya:Yanbu, Saudi Arabia locator map.png - Vikipedi&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Dosya:Yanbu, Saudi Arabia locator map.png - Vikipedi" title="Dosya:Yanbu, Saudi Arabia locator map.png - Vikipedi" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N4rO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12ef5bb-0bda-418f-b6f3-a0092cb594c5_1500x1470.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Co&#287;rafi ve lojistik ak&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;nde bulundurdu&#287;umuzda, bu sistemin i&#351;leyi&#351;i belirli rotalara dayanmaktad&#305;r. Normal &#351;artlarda Irak, Kuveyt ve Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n do&#287;u k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;nda &#252;retilen petrol, Basra K&#246;rfezi&#8217;nde toplan&#305;r. Buradan denize a&#231;&#305;lan tankerler, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305; ge&#231;erek Umman K&#246;rfezi ve Arap Denizi&#8217;ne ula&#351;&#305;r, ard&#305;ndan rotalar&#305;na g&#246;re ya do&#287;rudan Asya pazarlar&#305;na y&#246;nelir ya da Afrika k&#305;tas&#305;n&#305;n etraf&#305;ndan dola&#351;&#305;rlar, ancak H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kapand&#305;&#287;&#305; kriz senaryolar&#305;nda, bu ana arter tamamen devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; kal&#305;r.</p><p>Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n avantaj&#305; tam bu noktada devreye girmektedir. &#220;lke, do&#287;u sahalar&#305;ndaki petrol&#252;n&#252; H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;na g&#246;ndermek yerine, &#252;lke i&#231;inden bat&#305;ya do&#287;ru uzanan Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; boru hatt&#305; vas&#305;tas&#305;yla do&#287;rudan K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;ndaki Yanbu liman&#305;na pompalayabilmektedir. Bu i&#351;lemle petrol, krizin merkez &#252;ss&#252; olan H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;&#252; tamamen baypas ederek denize indirmi&#351; olur.</p><p>Bununla birlikte K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e ula&#351;mak sorunu b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;yle &#231;&#246;zmez. Yanbu&#8217;dan petrol&#252; y&#252;kleyen bir geminin k&#252;resel sulara a&#231;&#305;labilmesi i&#231;in &#246;n&#252;nde iki farkl&#305; stratejik kap&#305; daha bulunur. E&#287;er kargo Avrupa pazar&#305;na veya Akdeniz&#8217;e gidecekse, gemi kuzeye y&#246;nelip S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305;&#8217;n&#305; ge&#231;mek zorundad&#305;r. E&#287;er kargo Asya&#8217;ya veya Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na gidecekse, gemi g&#252;neye inerek Bab el-Mandeb bo&#287;az&#305;ndan ge&#231;ip Aden K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ne a&#231;&#305;lmak durumundad&#305;r.</p><p>Peki K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz neden alternatif de&#287;ildir? Bunun nedeni K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;in k&#252;&#231;&#252;k olmas&#305; de&#287;il, oraya giden boru hatt&#305;n&#305;n ve limanlar&#305;n kapasitesidir. Kriz &#246;ncesi H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den g&#252;nde yakla&#351;&#305;k 20 milyon varil petrol ve petrol &#252;r&#252;n&#252; ge&#231;mektedir. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; hatt&#305;n&#305;n kapasitesi 5 ila 7 milyon varil/g&#252;n, BAE&#8217;nin Fujairah hatt&#305;n&#305;n kapasitesi ise 1.5-1.8 milyon varil/g&#252;n seviyesindedir. Yani alternatif borular&#305;n kullan&#305;labilecek toplam kapasitesi, ana yolun ancak k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layabilir. Suudi Arabistan b&#252;t&#252;n K&#246;rfez&#8217;in derdini s&#305;rtlayamaz. K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz bir cankurtaran sandalyesidir, Nuh&#8217;un Gemisi de&#287;il. Ayr&#305;ca Bab el-Mandeb g&#252;zergah&#305;n&#305;n ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; Husi sald&#305;r&#305; riskleri de bu arka kap&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;ini zedelemektedir.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png" width="1456" height="497" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:497,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Beyond Riyadh: Houthi Cross-Border Aerial Warfare (2015-2022) | ACLED&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Beyond Riyadh: Houthi Cross-Border Aerial Warfare (2015-2022) | ACLED" title="Beyond Riyadh: Houthi Cross-Border Aerial Warfare (2015-2022) | ACLED" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9rFY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc21eab9f-079c-4b43-b62f-7ce3827af154_1736x593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2>Senaryolar</h2><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kapal&#305; kalmas&#305; senaryosunda, piyasan&#305;n en &#231;ok merak etti&#287;i konulardan biri k&#252;resel petrol &#252;retiminin net olarak ne kadar d&#252;&#351;ece&#287;i ve petrol ve petrol &#252;r&#252;nlerinin fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n nas&#305;l etkilenece&#287;i sorusudur.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png" width="1456" height="144" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:144,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:22599,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/i/190100847?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmT2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159d8549-1277-41ba-ac39-121d7a1a9158_1475x146.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n sistemini maksimuma zorlamas&#305; ve BAE&#8217;nin tam kapasite &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; durumunda bile, alternatif rotalardan k&#252;resel piyasalara en iyi ihtimalle g&#252;nde 7 ila 9 milyon varil petrol ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;labilir.</p><p>H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;den ge&#231;en normal ak&#305;&#351; olan 20 milyon varilden maksimum baypas kapasitesini &#231;&#305;karsak dahi 12 milyon varilin mahsur kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yoruz.</p><p>Bu 12 milyon varillik mahsur kalan petrol&#252;n bir k&#305;sm&#305;, &#252;retici &#252;lkelerin kendi i&#231; rafinerilerinde ve enerji santrallerinde (&#246;rne&#287;in Irak&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;nl&#252;k 600.000 varillik i&#231; t&#252;ketimi veya Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n devasa petrokimya tesisleri) de&#287;erlendirilecektir. SPR&#8217;&#305;n yeri olmasa da m&#252;dahale etti&#287;ini varsaysak bile ve bu varsay&#305;m&#305; g&#252;nl&#252;k 1-2 milyon varil olarak belirlersek ve t&#252;m bu hafifletici fakt&#246;rleri hesaba katarsak, terminal depolar&#305; dolup kuyular mecburen kapat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda k&#252;resel petrol arz&#305; 1973 kriziyle rahatl&#305;kla boy &#246;l&#231;&#252;&#351;ebilecek &#351;ekilde net olarak g&#252;nl&#252;k 7 ila 10 milyon varil band&#305;nda d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351; ya&#351;ayacakt&#305;r.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca, krizin sadece ham petrolle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kalmad&#305;&#287;&#305; da vurgulanmal&#305;d&#305;r. Katar&#8217;&#305;n LNG ihracat&#305;n&#305;n, d&#252;nya LNG arz&#305;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k %20&#8217;sini olu&#351;turan Ras Laffan tesisinin, &#304;ran drone sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; sonras&#305; durdurulmas&#305;, k&#252;resel enerji krizini katlayarak b&#252;y&#252;tm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Do&#287;al gaz bulamayan Avrupa ve Asya &#252;lkeleri, elektrik &#252;retimi ve &#305;s&#305;nma i&#231;in zorunlu olarak dizel ve fuel-oil gibi petrol t&#252;revlerine (middle distillates) h&#252;cum edeceklerdir. Bu durum, zaten daralm&#305;&#351; olan petrol piyasas&#305;ndaki fiziki a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305; daha da derinle&#351;tirecek ve fiyatlar&#305;n kontrolden &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zland&#305;racakt&#305;r.</p><p>Krizin do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i, emtia piyasalar&#305;ndaki fiyatlamalar lineer &#351;ekilde ilerlemez, zaman&#305;n (T) ilerlemesine ve lojistik darbo&#287;azlar&#305;n fiziksel &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;e evrilmesine ba&#287;l&#305; olarak dinamik bir faz de&#287;i&#351;imi sergiler. A&#351;a&#287;&#305;da mevcut krizin ka&#231; g&#252;n devam edece&#287;ine ba&#287;l&#305; olarak fiyatlar&#305;n ve piyasa yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n nas&#305;l evrilece&#287;ini ad&#305;m ad&#305;m modellemeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m.</p><h3>Faz 1: Finansal Panik, Likidite Daralmas&#305; ve Risk Ke&#351;fi D&#246;nemi (T: 0 - 7 G&#252;n)</h3><p>Bu a&#351;ama, halihaz&#305;rda deneyimlenen krizin ilk haftas&#305;n&#305; kapsar. Piyasada hen&#252;z k&#252;resel depolar tamamen bo&#351;almam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r ancak alg&#305; ve risk fiyatlamas&#305; devreye girmi&#351;tir.</p><blockquote><p>Sigorta teminatlar&#305;n&#305;n geri &#231;ekilmesiyle gemiler bo&#287;azdan ge&#231;meyi reddeder. Irak, depolar&#305;n&#305;n dolmas&#305; nedeniyle g&#252;nl&#252;k 1.5 milyon varillik ilk kesintisini (Rumaila, West Qurna 2, Maysan sahalar&#305;) uygular. Kuveyt&#8217;te y&#252;kleme yapamayan terminaller, 6 milyon varillik operasyonel tamponlar&#305;n&#305; doldurmaya ba&#351;lar. Katar&#8217;&#305;n Ras Laffan LNG tesisi sald&#305;r&#305; sonras&#305; durur.</p><p>Piyasay&#305; s&#246;zl&#252; y&#246;nlendirmeyle sakinle&#351;tirme &#231;abalar&#305; g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r. Suudi Arabistan, t&#252;m ihracat&#305;n&#305; K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki Yanbu terminaline kayd&#305;rarak Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; hatt&#305;n&#305; tam kapasite &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r. Geli&#351;mi&#351; &#252;lkeler SPR (Stratejik Petrol Rezervi) sat&#305;&#351; planlar&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamaya haz&#305;rlan&#305;r.</p><p>Vadeli i&#351;lem piyasalar&#305;nda panik al&#305;mlar&#305; (short-covering) ve jeopolitik risk priminin fiyata yedirilmesiyle petrol fiyatlar&#305; an&#305;nda <strong>85 - 95 USD/varil</strong> aral&#305;&#287;&#305;na yerle&#351;ir. Bu art&#305;&#351;, fiziksel arz eksikli&#287;inin ba&#351;lamas&#305;ndan ziyade korkunun ve gemi navlunlar&#305;na yans&#305;yan fahi&#351; sava&#351; sigortas&#305; maliyetlerinin bir yans&#305;mas&#305;d&#305;r. Dizel ve gasoline gibi rafine &#252;r&#252;nlerde kar marjlar&#305; (crack spreads) sert bir &#351;ekilde yukar&#305; gap a&#231;ar.</p></blockquote><h3>Faz 2: Fiziksel Kilitlenme, Kuyu Kapatmalar&#305;  D&#246;nemi (T: 7 - 21 G&#252;n)</h3><p>Krizin diplomatik yollarla &#231;&#246;z&#252;lemedi&#287;i ve ikinci haftaya sarkt&#305;&#287;&#305; bu d&#246;nem, finansal alg&#305;lamadan &#231;&#305;k&#305;p do&#287;rudan fiziksel &#351;oka ge&#231;i&#351;i simgeler.</p><blockquote><p>Kuveyt&#8217;in kara terminallerindeki bo&#351;luklar tamamen dolar ve &#252;lke g&#252;nl&#252;k 3 milyon varillik &#252;retimini kuyu ba&#351;lar&#305;ndan tamamen durdurmak zorunda kal&#305;r. Benzer &#351;ekilde Irak&#8217;taki &#252;retim durdurmas&#305; 3 milyon varili a&#351;ar. BAE ve Suudi Arabistan gibi baypas imkan&#305; olan &#252;lkeler bile, ihra&#231; edemedikleri at&#305;l petrol&#252; i&#231; depolara basarak sistemlerini zorlamaya ba&#351;lar. K&#252;resel piyasalarda net fiziki a&#231;&#305;k belirginle&#351;ir (G&#252;nde tahmini 5-8 milyon varil eksiklik). G&#252;ney Kore&#8217;nin Sinokor firmas&#305; gibi elinde VLCC bulunduran &#351;irketler, piyasadaki kalan son gemileri fahi&#351; fiyatlardan (varil ba&#351;&#305;na 30 dolar) kiraya verir.</p><p>ABD ve IEA &#252;lkeleri stratejik rezervlerinden (SPR) koordine bir &#351;ekilde 60 milyon varile varan sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305; ba&#351;lat&#305;r. Ancak bu rezervlerin g&#252;nl&#252;k ak&#305;&#351; h&#305;z&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r ve piyasadaki devasa deli&#287;i kapatmaya yetmez.</p><p>K&#252;resel ticari stoklardaki g&#246;zle g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r erime, Asyal&#305; rafinerileri pani&#287;e sevk eder. &#214;zellikle &#199;in (&#304;ran petrol&#252;ne %90, b&#246;lgeye y&#252;ksek ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;) ve Hindistan (b&#246;lgeye %60 ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;), piyasadaki her bir damla serbest petrol&#252; fahi&#351; fiyatlardan almaya ba&#351;lar. Fiyatlar rasyonel zeminden koparak <strong>100 - 115 USD/varil</strong> seviyesine t&#305;rman&#305;r.</p></blockquote><h3>Faz 3: Sistemik &#199;&#246;k&#252;&#351; D&#246;nemi (T: 21+ G&#252;n)</h3><p>E&#287;er kriz ortalama 21 g&#252;n&#252; a&#351;arsa (lojistik krizin geri d&#246;n&#252;lemez bir &#252;retim krizine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252; mutlak e&#351;ik ), k&#252;resel enerji mimarisi yap&#305;sal bir hasar al&#305;r.</p><blockquote><p>Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k maksimum depolama tolerans&#305; k&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. &#220;lke, baypas edemedi&#287;i ve depolar&#305;na s&#305;&#287;d&#305;ramad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;nl&#252;k ortalama 3-4 milyon varili k&#305;smak zorunda kal&#305;r. B&#246;ylece kriz, H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;&#252; a&#351;abilen yegane &#252;lkeleri dahi vurmu&#351; olur. K&#252;resel piyasada g&#252;nl&#252;k a&#231;&#305;k 10-12 milyon varile &#231;&#305;kar.</p><p>Stratejik rezervlerin s&#252;rekli kullan&#305;m&#305; psikolojik etkisini kaybeder. &#220;lkeler petrol ihracatlar&#305;na k&#305;s&#305;tlama getirebilir veya karne uygulamalar&#305;na benzer enerji tay&#305;nlama politikalar&#305;na ge&#231;i&#351; yapabilir.</p><p>Arz e&#287;risinin tamamen dikey hale gelmesi (fiyat ne olursa olsun k&#305;sa vadede arz&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lamamas&#305;) sebebiyle Brent ham petrol&#252; <strong>120 - 150 USD/varil</strong> gibi rekor seviyeleri test eder. Bu a&#351;amada piyasa kendini fiyatlar &#252;zerinden dengeler, yani enerji o kadar pahal&#305; hale gelir ki, sanayi &#252;retimi durur, insanlar ara&#231; kullanamaz, u&#231;ak seferleri iptal edilir. Buna ekonomide talep y&#305;k&#305;m&#305; (demand destruction) denir. Azalan talep, fiyatlar&#305;n sonsuza gitmesini engeller ancak bedeli k&#252;resel bir resesyon, y&#252;ksek enflasyon ve tedarik zincirlerinin &#231;&#246;kmesidir.</p></blockquote><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png" width="1456" height="190" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:190,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:37362,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/i/190100847?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T3nx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44451135-9015-44ab-a11a-59e54cf9e18b_1601x209.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2>ABD ve Rusya Neden Tek Ba&#351;&#305;na Yetersizdir?</h2><p>Piyasada g&#252;nl&#252;k 10 milyon varillik net bir a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;n olu&#351;mas&#305; senaryosunda, g&#246;zler an&#305;nda ABD ve Rusya gibi devlere &#231;evrilmektedir. Ancak kaba matematik ve saha ger&#231;eklikleri, bu akt&#246;rlerin kurtar&#305;c&#305; de&#287;il, sadece pansuman olabilece&#287;ini g&#246;steriyor.</p><p>ABD&#8217;nin Suudi Arabistan tarz&#305; muslu&#287;u a&#231;&#305;p bir anda piyasaya 2-3 milyon varil/g&#252;n s&#252;rebilece&#287;i bir at&#305;l kapasitesi (spare capacity) yoktur. ABD ham petrol &#252;retimi 13.7 milyon varil/g&#252;n ile zaten rekor seviyelerdedir ve Permian havzas&#305;nda &#252;retim b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yatay seyretmektedir. ABD&#8217;nin k&#305;sa vadeli ek &#252;retimi milyonlarca varil de&#287;il, haftalar-aylar &#246;l&#231;e&#287;inde en fazla birka&#231; y&#252;z bin varil olabilir. Rafineri kapasite kullan&#305;m oran&#305; %89.2&#8217;dir ve ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde 1.9 milyon varil/g&#252;nl&#252;k teorik bir bo&#351;luk g&#246;r&#252;nse de bak&#305;m s&#252;re&#231;leri ve konfig&#252;rasyon uyumsuzluklar&#305; nedeniyle bu rakam&#305;n tamam&#305; an&#305;nda kullan&#305;labilecek ekstra &#252;retim de&#287;ildir.</p><p>ABD&#8217;nin elindeki yakla&#351;&#305;k 415.4 milyon varillik SPR, g&#252;nl&#252;k 1 milyon varil sal&#305;mla 415 g&#252;n, 2 milyon varil sal&#305;mla 208 g&#252;n dayanabilir. Ancak bu <em>yeni bir &#252;retim de&#287;ildir</em>; sadece stoktan yemedir. SPR, fiziksel arz kayb&#305;n&#305; kal&#305;c&#305; bi&#231;imde &#231;&#246;zmez, sadece sistemin yeni dengeyi bulmas&#305; i&#231;in zaman kazand&#305;ran bir tampon g&#246;revi g&#246;r&#252;r.</p><p>Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n g&#252;nl&#252;k 10 milyon varillik bir kayb&#305; tek ba&#351;&#305;na dengelemesi matematiksel olarak imkans&#305;zd&#305;r. Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k 9.1 milyon varillik g&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;retiminin b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305; zaten halihaz&#305;rda sat&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. Kriz an&#305;nda denizlerde y&#252;zen yakla&#351;&#305;k 30 milyon varillik Rus petrol&#252; sto&#287;u, 10 milyon varil/g&#252;nl&#252;k bir a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305; <strong>sadece 3 g&#252;n</strong> telafi edebilir. Bu hacim &#351;oku &#231;&#246;zen yeni bir arz de&#287;il, birka&#231; g&#252;nl&#252;k bir aspirindir. A</p><p>&#214;zetle, 10 milyon varillik bir kal&#305;c&#305; a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305; kapatacak akt&#246;r ne ABD ne de Rusya&#8217;d&#305;r. Petrol piyasas&#305;nda fiziksel a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305; finansal m&#252;hendislik de&#287;il, yaln&#305;zca fiziksel variller kapat&#305;r.</p><h2>Sava&#351;&#305;n Uzamas&#305; ve M&#252;himmat Sorusu</h2><p>Sava&#351;&#305;n uzamas&#305; senaryolar&#305;nda enerji piyasalar&#305;n&#305; endi&#351;elendiren bir di&#287;er konu da askeri kapasitelerin s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;d&#305;r. Kamuya a&#231;&#305;k verilerle stok seviyeleri hakk&#305;nda tam ka&#231; g&#252;n demek m&#252;mk&#252;n olmasa da tahmin y&#252;r&#252;telim.</p><p></p><p>ABD sava&#351;&#305;n bundan sonraki a&#351;amas&#305;nda JDAM&#8217;lar&#305; kullanacakt&#305;r. JDAM, normalde serbest d&#252;&#351;en bir  bombay&#305;, hedefe do&#287;ru gidebilen ak&#305;ll&#305; bir bombaya &#231;eviren mod&#252;ler bir g&#252;d&#252;m kitidir. Bu sistemin i&#231;inde bir GPS/aletsel seyr&#252;sefer &#252;nitesi, rotay&#305; hesaplayan bir bilgisayar ve hareketli kuyruk kanat&#231;&#305;klar&#305; bulunur. Motoru yoktur, u&#231;aktan b&#305;rak&#305;lan bomba sadece d&#252;&#351;erken bu kanat&#231;&#305;klarla y&#246;n&#252;n&#252; d&#252;zeltir.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg" width="1361" height="570" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:570,&quot;width&quot;:1361,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jet-Powered JDAM Aims To Turn Bombs Into Cruise Missiles&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Jet-Powered JDAM Aims To Turn Bombs Into Cruise Missiles" title="Jet-Powered JDAM Aims To Turn Bombs Into Cruise Missiles" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yqMD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b9fbed8-f16a-4286-b9b8-4f9b3b74c571_1361x570.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Motoru olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; ve mevcut standart bombalara tak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in olduk&#231;a ucuz ve &#252;retimi kolayd&#305;r. Boeing&#8217;in 1998&#8217;den beri 550 binden fazla JDAM &#252;retti&#287;i ve Pentagon&#8217;un 2030&#8217;a kadar s&#252;recek milyarlarca dolarl&#305;k aktif sipari&#351;leri oldu&#287;u bilinmektedir. JDAM k&#305;t bir ni&#351; m&#252;himmat de&#287;il, ABD&#8217;nin g&#246;rece bol sahip oldu&#287;u cephaneliklerinden biridir. Bu nedenle, &#304;ran benzeri geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; bir hava harekat&#305;nda JDAM stoklar&#305;n&#305;n birka&#231; g&#252;n i&#231;inde bitmesi ihtimali ger&#231;ek&#231;i de&#287;ildir; bu stoklar rahatl&#305;kla <strong>aylarca</strong> yetecek seviyededir.</p><p>Hellfire ise JDAM&#8217;in aksine kendi iti&#351; motoru olan ger&#231;ek bir f&#252;zedir. Ancak a&#231;&#305;k kaynak verileri, Hellfire&#8217;&#305;n art&#305;k ABD ordusu i&#231;in s&#252;rekli b&#252;y&#252;yen ana hat olmaktan &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. ABD Kara ve Hava Kuvvetleri b&#252;t&#231;e planlamalar&#305;nda, Hellfire al&#305;mlar&#305; durdurulmaya ba&#351;lanm&#305;&#351; ve ana y&#246;nelim yeni nesil JAGM sistemlerine kaym&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Yeni sipari&#351;ler olsa da teslim s&#252;releri uzundur. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Hellfire, JDAM kadar rahat harcanabilecek bir m&#252;himmat de&#287;ildir; dayanma s&#252;resi g&#252;n&#351;er olmasa da, y&#252;ksek tempolu bir sava&#351;ta <strong>haftalar ile birka&#231; ay</strong> band&#305;nda de&#287;erlendirilmektedir.</p><p> ABD ordusunun as&#305;l cephanesiz kalma riski, JDAM gibi bol ve mod&#252;ler m&#252;himmatlarda de&#287;il, Patriot, THAAD, Tomahawk ve JASSM gibi telafisi zor, &#252;retim hatt&#305; yava&#351; ve son derece pahal&#305; olan y&#252;ksek teknoloji &#246;nleyicileri ile f&#252;zelerindedir. Bununla birlikte belirtti&#287;im &#252;zere aylarca dayanabilecek kapasitesi olan alternatifleri mevcuttur.</p><p></p><h2>Sonu&#231;</h2><p></p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; krizinde ABD&#8217;nin s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; &#252;retim esnekli&#287;i veya Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n denizlerdeki 3 g&#252;nl&#252;k y&#252;zer stoklar&#305;, 10 milyon varillik kal&#305;c&#305; bir &#351;oku tek ba&#351;&#305;na tamir edemez, bunlar sadece sistemi rahatlatan aspirin niteli&#287;inde pansumanlard&#305;r. Vadeli i&#351;lem piyasalar&#305;na y&#246;nelik Hazine reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305; fiyatlardaki panik k&#246;p&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; bir miktar alsa da, piyasan&#305;n temel inelastik yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tiremez.</p><p>Piyasadan &#231;ekilen milyonlarca varil ne spek&#252;latif bir finansal &#252;r&#252;nd&#252;r, ne de kolayca telafi edilebilir bir eksikliktir. Bu rakam, krizin daha ilk haftas&#305;nda Irak ve Kuveyt&#8217;in mecburi kesintileriyle sistemden kal&#305;c&#305; olarak silinen net fiziksel &#252;retimdir. OPEC&#8217;in elindeki at&#305;l kapasitenin krizin merkezinde mahsur kalmas&#305; ve stratejik rezerv bo&#351;alt&#305;m h&#305;zlar&#305;n&#305;n bu devasa deli&#287;i kapatmaya altyap&#305;sal olarak yetmemesi, k&#252;resel piyasalar&#305; tam bir savunmas&#305;zl&#305;k i&#231;ine itmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Bu &#231;er&#231;evede, petrol fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n 100 ila 150 dolar aral&#305;&#287;&#305;na t&#305;rmanmas&#305; abart&#305;l&#305; bir spek&#252;lasyon de&#287;il, arz-talep esnekli&#287;inin, risk primlerinin ve talep y&#305;k&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n matematiksel sonucudur. Krizin gidi&#351;at&#305;, tamamen askeri ve diplomatik ad&#305;mlar&#305;n ne kadar h&#305;zl&#305; at&#305;laca&#287;&#305;na ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. E&#287;er H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;nda uluslararas&#305; denizcilik trafi&#287;i k&#305;sa s&#252;re i&#231;inde g&#252;vence alt&#305;na al&#305;n&#305;p gemi hareketlili&#287;i sa&#287;lanamazsa, depolama terminallerindeki doluluklar kuyu ba&#351;&#305; kapatmalar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ecek ve bu durum, k&#252;resel ekonomiyi y&#305;llarca s&#252;recek y&#252;ksek enflasyon ve resesyon sarmal&#305;na sokacak asimetrik bir &#351;oka d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ecektir. </p><h4></h4>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Menkul Kıymetleştirme ve SPV Yapılandırmaları ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Basel III Kriterleri I&#351;&#305;&#287;&#305;nda Risk Transferinin S&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/bankalar-spvler-yoluyla-menkul-kymetlestirme</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/bankalar-spvler-yoluyla-menkul-kymetlestirme</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 16:02:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Veridelisi&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:8259223,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/991ba0c3-c3b3-42a3-af47-6f9930aa356c_573x604.jpeg&quot;,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;bb9d9627-33f5-471d-82fe-15983dff76b2&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span>  ile konu&#351;malar&#305;m&#305;zda, ona mesaj yazarken, yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m mesaj&#305;n uzad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; fark ettim, k&#305;sa bir yaz&#305;ya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252; notlar&#305;m. Faydal&#305; bir konu oldu&#287;una inanc&#305;mdan &#246;t&#252;r&#252; kamuya a&#231;&#305;k bir &#351;ekilde payla&#351;mak istedim.</p><p>&#214;ncelikle baz&#305; kavramlar&#305; netle&#351;tirelim.</p><p><br><strong>SPV (special purpose vehicle): </strong>Bankan&#305;n kredileri devretti&#287;i/aktard&#305;&#287;&#305; ayr&#305; t&#252;zel ki&#351;ilik. SPV bu kredileri teminat g&#246;sterip menkul k&#305;ymet (ABS) ihra&#231; eder.<br><strong>Tranche: </strong>Ayn&#305; havuzdan farkl&#305; risk k&#305;demleri. &#8220;Senior&#8221; daha g&#252;venli, &#8220;mezzanine&#8221; orta, &#8220;first-loss/junior&#8221; ilk kayb&#305; yiyen.<br><strong>True sale: </strong>Kredilerin m&#252;lkiyeti, kredi sat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda SPV&#8217;ye gider, fakat banka ger&#231;ekten riski transfer etti mi? Riski ger&#231;ekten transfer etti&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;len i&#351;lemlere &#8220;true sale&#8221; denir.</p><p></p><p>&#350;imdi rasyolar&#305;  tan&#305;mlayal&#305;m:</p><p><br><strong>CET1 oran&#305; = CET1 sermayesi / RWA</strong>, RWA (risk-a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; varl&#305;klar) <br><strong>Leverage ratio = Tier 1 / Exposure.</strong> Burada risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;klar&#305; yok, bilan&#231;odaki t&#252;m varl&#305;klar ayn&#305; kategoride de&#287;erlendirilir.<br><strong>LCR = HQLA / 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k net nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;. </strong></p><p><strong>HQLA: Y&#252;ksek kaliteli likit varl&#305;k stoku</strong>,</p><p><strong>30 g&#252;nl&#252;k net nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;</strong>: 30 g&#252;nde stres senaryosunda beklenen nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; eksi giri&#351;. Basel&#8217;in baz&#305; taahh&#252;tler i&#231;in &#231;ok sert nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; ( drawdown ) varsay&#305;mlar&#305; var.<br><strong>NSFR = ASF / RSF</strong></p><p><strong>ASF:</strong> Bankan&#305;n elinde bulunan ve k&#305;sa s&#252;rede (genellikle 1 y&#305;l i&#231;inde) geri &#231;ekilmeyece&#287;inden emin oldu&#287;u g&#252;venilir kaynaklar.</p><p><strong>RSF</strong>: Bankan&#305;n sahip oldu&#287;u varl&#305;klar&#305; (krediler, menkul k&#305;ymetler vb.) elde tutabilmek i&#231;in ne kadar istikrarl&#305; kayna&#287;a ihtiya&#231; duydu&#287;udur.</p><h2>Senaryo 1: Tam Kapsaml&#305; (Temiz) Sek&#252;ritizasyon</h2><p>&#304;lk senaryomuz, &#8220;temiz&#8221; sek&#252;ritizasyon s&#252;reci olsun. Bu senaryoda dayanak varl&#305;klar&#305;n m&#252;lkiyetinin yasal olarak bankadan tam ayr&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan &#8220;true sale&#8221; (ger&#231;ek sat&#305;&#351;) prensibiyle ba&#351;lar ve varl&#305;klar&#305;n bir SPV&#8217;ye geri d&#246;n&#252;lemez &#351;ekilde devredilmesiyle hukuki kesinlik kazan&#305;r. Bu yap&#305;sal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, finansal raporlama standartlar&#305; uyar&#305;nca varl&#305;klar&#305;n banka bilan&#231;osundan tamamen silinmesini sa&#287;layan &#8220;derecognition&#8221; (muhasebede tan&#305;mama) s&#252;recini beraberinde getirirken, e&#351; zamanl&#305; olarak denetleyici otoriteler nezdinde de riskin &#246;nemli bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; taraflara ge&#231;ti&#287;i &#8220;Significant Risk Transfer&#8221; (ger&#231;ek risk transferi) &#351;art&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;lar. S&#252;recin tam anlam&#305;yla temiz kabul edilmesi i&#231;in bankan&#305;n, sek&#252;ritize edilen havuzda olu&#351;abilecek ileriki zararlara kar&#351;&#305; s&#246;zle&#351;me d&#305;&#351;&#305; herhangi bir &#246;rt&#252;l&#252; destek sunmayarak m&#252;dahalesini minimal servis sa&#287;lay&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;zeyinde tutmas&#305;, b&#246;ylece hem reg&#252;latif sermaye y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinden kurtulmas&#305; hem de operasyonel risk transferini eksiksiz tamamlamas&#305; esast&#305;r.</p><p>Risk bazl&#305; sermaye etkisi perspektifinden bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, kredilerin aktiften &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; do&#287;rudan RWA (Risk A&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; Varl&#305;klar) toplam&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rerek CET1 (Ana Sermaye) oran&#305;nda bir iyile&#351;me sa&#287;lar, ancak reg&#252;lasyonlar, bu i&#351;lemden do&#287;an "gain-on-sale" gibi tek seferlik muhasebe k&#226;rlar&#305;n&#305;n sermaye rasyolar&#305;n&#305; yapay &#351;ekilde &#351;i&#351;irmesine izin vermez ve bu t&#252;r kazan&#231;lar&#305;n CET1 hesaplamas&#305;na dahil edilmesine k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar getirir. </p><p>Risk bazs&#305;z sermaye yani Leverage (kald&#305;ra&#231;) taraf&#305;nda ise bilan&#231;onun k&#252;&#231;&#252;lmesiyle birlikte exposure measure azal&#305;r ve kald&#305;ra&#231; oran&#305; rahatlar, fakat bu durumun ge&#231;erlili&#287;i, varl&#305;klar&#305;n "derecognition" kriterlerini tam kar&#351;&#305;lamas&#305;na ve bankan&#305;n OBS (Bilan&#231;o D&#305;&#351;&#305;) taahh&#252;tlerinin s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olmas&#305;na ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. </p><p>Likidite a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;inde, illikit kredilerin sat&#305;l&#305;p nakde d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi ve bu kayna&#287;&#305;n HQLA (Y&#252;ksek Kaliteli Likit Varl&#305;klar) kalemlerine y&#246;nlendirilmesi hem LCR (Likidite Kar&#351;&#305;lama Oran&#305;) hem de NSFR (Net Stabil Fonlama Oran&#305;) &#252;zerinde pozitif bir bask&#305; olu&#351;turarak RSF (Gerekli Stabil Fonlama) y&#252;k&#252;n&#252; hafifletir.</p><p></p><h2>Senaryo 2: Riskin Payla&#351;&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; (Retention) Sek&#252;ritizasyon</h2><p>&#304;kinci senaryo daha yayg&#305;n bir senaryodur, bu senaryoda varl&#305;klar&#305;n m&#252;lkiyeti &#8220;true sale&#8221; ile devredilse de, bankan&#305;n i&#351;lem yap&#305;s&#305;nda &#8220;junior/first-loss&#8221; veya &#8220;mezzanine&#8221; dilimlerini (tranche) elinde tutarak anlaml&#305; bir risk &#252;stlenmesi esast&#305;r. Piyasa ve reg&#252;lasyonun &#8220;originate-to-distribute&#8221; modelindeki tehlikeyi azaltmak amac&#305;yla dayatt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#8220;skin in the game&#8221; prensibi uyar&#305;nca, banka kredi havuzunun b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; bilan&#231;odan &#231;&#305;karsa dahi riskin &#8220;kalbi&#8221; say&#305;lan en k&#305;r&#305;lgan par&#231;ay&#305; ta&#351;&#305;maya devam eder.</p><p>Risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; sermaye etkisi ba&#287;lam&#305;nda, kredi havuzunun &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; RWA toplam&#305;n&#305; teorik olarak d&#252;&#351;&#252;rse de, bankan&#305;n elinde kalan dilimlerin risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;klar&#305; olduk&#231;a y&#252;ksek seviyelerde belirlenir. Basel sek&#252;ritizasyon &#231;er&#231;evesinde bu t&#252;r pozisyonlar, ilk kayb&#305; bankan&#305;n g&#246;&#287;&#252;slemesi  mant&#305;&#287;&#305;yla sermaye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan toksik, junk varl&#305;k die kabul edilir, bu durum CET1 oran&#305;ndaki rahatlamay&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlar.</p><p>Risk bazs&#305;z sermaye yani kald&#305;ra&#231; (leverage) etkisi taraf&#305;nda, bilan&#231;oda meydana gelen k&#252;&#231;&#252;lmeye ra&#287;men elde tutulan (retained) dilimlerin bilan&#231;o i&#231;i varl&#305;k olarak kalmaya devam etmesi, exposure measure &#252;zerindeki rahatlamay&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlar. Yine de genel olarak bu metrik, CET1 metri&#287;ine g&#246;re daha az olumsuz etkilenir.</p><p>Likidite a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ise, bu dilimlerin mevcudiyeti tek ba&#351;&#305;na LCR veya NSFR rasyolar&#305;n&#305; otomatik olarak bozmasa da, s&#246;z konusu dilimleri fonlamak i&#231;in k&#305;sa vadeli kaynaklara y&#246;nelinmesi durumunda rasyolarda bozulma ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz hale gelir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla bu senaryoda likidite sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, sadece matematiksel oranlardan ziyade bankan&#305;n bu riskli par&#231;alar&#305; nas&#305;l bir fonlama davran&#305;&#351;&#305; ile finanse etti&#287;ine ba&#287;l&#305; olarak &#351;ekillenir.</p><h2>Senaryo 3: Likidite Taahh&#252;tl&#252; (Liquidity Facility) Sek&#252;ritizasyon</h2><p>Bu senaryo, reg&#252;lasyonun risk transferi kavram&#305;na en &#351;&#252;pheci yakla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; ve bankan&#305;n ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde varl&#305;klar&#305; devretmi&#351; g&#246;r&#252;nse de finansal g&#246;bek ba&#287;&#305;n&#305; kesemedi&#287;i durumu temsil eder. Bankan&#305;n SPV&#8217;ye (&#214;zel Ama&#231;l&#305; Kurulu&#351;) sundu&#287;u piyasa kapan&#305;rsa fonlama sa&#287;lama taahh&#252;d&#252;, reg&#252;latif rasyolarda ciddi bir sorun te&#351;kil eder.</p><p>Likidite a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan - LCR - Basel III &#231;er&#231;evesi, SPV ve benzeri kurulu&#351;lara sa&#287;lanan taahh&#252;tl&#252; likidite hatlar&#305;n&#305; son derece riskli kabul eder. 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k stres senaryosunda bu limitlerin %100 drawdown (tamamen &#231;ekilece&#287;i) varsay&#305;l&#305;r. Bu durum, taahh&#252;t edilen tutar&#305;n tamam&#305;n&#305;n do&#287;rudan &#8220;net nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;&#8221; hanesine yaz&#305;lmas&#305;na neden olarak LCR oran&#305;n&#305; sert bir &#351;ekilde a&#351;a&#287;&#305; &#231;eker. </p><p>NSFR taraf&#305;ndaki yakla&#351;&#305;m ise LCR&#8217;a k&#305;yasla daha zamana yay&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olsa da etkisiz de&#287;ildir. Geri d&#246;n&#252;lemez nitelikteki kredi ve likidite limitlerinin kullan&#305;lmam&#305;&#351; k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305; i&#231;in genellikle %5 RSF (Gerekli Stabil Fonlama) &#231;arpan&#305; uygulan&#305;r. Bu, bankan&#305;n bu taahh&#252;d&#252; 1 y&#305;ll&#305;k ufukta her an kar&#351;&#305;layabilecek kadar istikrarl&#305; fonu kasas&#305;nda haz&#305;r tutmas&#305; gerekti&#287;i anlam&#305;na gelir.</p><p>Risk A&#287;&#305;rl&#305;ks&#305;z Sermaye, yani kald&#305;ra&#231; oran&#305; hesaplamalar&#305;nda bilan&#231;o d&#305;&#351;&#305; sek&#252;ritizasyon riskleri i&#231;in genel kural <strong>%</strong>100 CCF (Kredi D&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rme Fakt&#246;r&#252;) olsa da,  uygun likidite tesisleri i&#231;in bu oran %50 olarak tan&#305;mlanabilir. Buradaki kritik ayr&#305;m, tesisin reg&#252;latif uygunluk kriterlerini kar&#351;&#305;lay&#305;p kar&#351;&#305;lamad&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r, zira uygun g&#246;r&#252;lmeyen her taahh&#252;t, kald&#305;ra&#231; rasyosunu do&#287;rudan ve a&#287;&#305;r bir &#351;ekilde bask&#305;lar.</p><p>Risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; sermaye taraf&#305;nda ise finansal raporlama ve muhasebe standartlar&#305; varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n bilan&#231;odan &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; (derecognition) s&#246;ylese bile, ihtiyati (prudential) bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305; bu likidite hatt&#305;n&#305; bir securitisation exposure olarak tan&#305;mlar. Muhasebe katman&#305;ndan ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z i&#351;leyen bu kural uyar&#305;nca, banka bu taahh&#252;t i&#231;in sermaye ay&#305;rmak zorundad&#305;r.</p><p>&#214;zetle yap&#305;ya bir likidite tesisi eklendi&#287;i an,  risk transferi yoluyla elde edilen rasyo rahatlamas&#305;, &#246;zellikle LCR taraf&#305;nda ciddi &#351;ekilde sekteye u&#287;rar. Bir&#231;ok finansal kurulu&#351; i&#231;in i&#351;lemin cazibesi, &#246;zellikle bu LCR cezas&#305; nedeniyle stratejik olarak ortadan kalkabilir.</p><h2>Senaryo 4: Kredi Hatt&#305; Destekli (Committed Credit Line) Sek&#252;ritizasyon</h2><p>Bu yap&#305;, bankan&#305;n SPV&#8217;ye do&#287;rudan bir likidite deste&#287;i yerine kredi hatt&#305; (credit line) tan&#305;mlad&#305;&#287;&#305; durumu ifade eder, ancak reg&#252;latif perspektiften bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351; potansiyeli mekanizmas&#305; ve likidite etkisi bir &#246;nceki senaryoyla  neredeyse ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. Piyasa fonlamas&#305; aksad&#305;&#287;&#305; anda SPV&#8217;nin do&#287;rudan bankaya y&#246;nelecek olmas&#305;, ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerindeki sat&#305;&#351;&#305; operasyonel bir ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;a d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;r.</p><p>Likidite a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan bir &#246;nceki senaryodan mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve de&#287;i&#351;mez, SPV, SPE veya conduit yap&#305;lar&#305;na sa&#287;lanan taahh&#252;tl&#252; kredi imk&#226;nlar&#305;, 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k stres ufkunda %100 drawdown varsay&#305;m&#305;yla de&#287;erlendirilir. Bu, s&#246;z konusu limitin tamam&#305;n&#305;n net nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; olarak rasyoya yans&#305;mas&#305; ve likidite tamponlar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan t&#252;ketmesi anlam&#305;na gelir.</p><p>NSFR taraf&#305;nda ise taahh&#252;t edilen ancak hen&#252;z kullan&#305;lmayan (undrawn) limitin %5 RSF (Gerekli Stabil Fonlama) y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; burada da devreye girer. Banka, SPV&#8217;nin her an kullanabilece&#287;i bu kredi imk&#226;n&#305;n&#305; fonlayabilmek i&#231;in uzun vadeli ve istikrarl&#305; kaynak bulundurmak zorunda kal&#305;r.</p><p>Risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;ks&#305;z kald&#305;ra&#231; taraf&#305;nda bilan&#231;o d&#305;&#351;&#305; kalemlerin krediye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rme fakt&#246;r&#252; (CCF) mekanizmas&#305; uyar&#305;nca, tesisin uygun olup olmamas&#305;na g&#246;re <strong>%</strong>50 ile %100 aras&#305;nda de&#287;i&#351;en bir a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kland&#305;rma yap&#305;l&#305;r. Bu durum, kald&#305;raca dayal&#305; kapasitenin daralmas&#305;na neden olur.</p><p>Risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; sermaye taraf&#305;nda tan&#305;mlanan kredi hatt&#305; ( credit line) reg&#252;latif bir exposure (risk tutar&#305;) say&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan, sek&#252;ritizasyon &#231;er&#231;evesi dahilinde sermaye ayr&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; zorunlu k&#305;lar. Burada kilit ayr&#305;m &#351;udur: Bankan&#305;n varl&#305;&#287;&#305; satm&#305;&#351; olmas&#305; onu riskten otomatik olarak ar&#305;nd&#305;rmaz, SPV&#8217;ye verilen her taahh&#252;t, belirli bir oranda ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351; gibi banka metriklerini bozar.  </p><p></p><p>Sek&#252;ritizasyon d&#252;nyas&#305; sadece varl&#305;k sat&#305;&#351;&#305; ve fonlama mekanizmalar&#305;ndan ibaret olmay&#305;p, operasyonel ve itibar odakl&#305; pek &#231;ok de&#287;i&#351;ken rasyolar &#252;zerinde belirleyici rol oynar. Buna dayal&#305; senaryolar da var, fakat bug&#252;n &#231;ok uzun bir yaz&#305; yazmak istemedi&#287;imden &#246;zet ge&#231;eyim.</p><p><strong>Reps &amp; Warranties ve Geri Al&#305;m Riski (Put-back)</strong> kapsam&#305;nda bankan&#305;n satt&#305;&#287;&#305; kredilerin kalitesine dair verdi&#287;i beyanlar, bir nevi ay&#305;pl&#305; mal iadesi riskini do&#287;urur. Krediler taahh&#252;t edilen &#351;artlar&#305; sa&#287;lamazsa bankan&#305;n bunlar&#305; geri alma veya tazmin etme zorunlulu&#287;u, muhasebe taraf&#305;nda IFRS 9 kapsam&#305;nda &#8220;continuing involvement&#8221; (devam eden ili&#351;ki) olarak yorumlan&#305;p bilan&#231;odan silme i&#351;lemini sakatlayabilir, sermaye taraf&#305;nda ise risk transferi iddias&#305;n&#305; zay&#305;flatarak CET1 &#252;zerinde ek provizyon bask&#305;s&#305; yaratabilir.</p><p><strong>&#214;rt&#252;l&#252; Destek (Implicit Support)</strong> senaryosunda bankan&#305;n hukuki bir zorunlulu&#287;u olmamas&#305;na ra&#287;men, sadece itibar&#305;n&#305; korumak veya piyasa eri&#351;imini s&#252;rd&#252;rmek i&#231;in zor durumdaki bir SPV&#8217;yi kurtarmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; Basel &#231;er&#231;evesi taraf&#305;ndan olduk&#231;a kat&#305; cezaland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. E&#287;er bir bankan&#305;n &#246;rt&#252;l&#252; destek sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; tespit edilirse, sek&#252;ritize edilen t&#252;m varl&#305;klar sanki hi&#231; elden &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmam&#305;&#351; gibi yeniden sermaye y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;ne tabi tutulur ki bu durum sermaye rahatlama hikayesini tamamen s&#305;f&#305;rlayan en riskli senaryodur.</p><p><strong>Sentetik Sek&#252;ritizasyon (Synthetic)</strong> yap&#305;lar&#305;nda ise kredilerin kendisi de&#287;il, sadece kredi riski CDS veya garantiler arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla transfer edilir. Nakit giri&#351;i sa&#287;lanmad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in LCR taraf&#305;nda bir likidite avantaj&#305; do&#287;maz, aksine teminat tamamlama y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri likiditeyi zorla&#351;t&#305;rabilir, ancak ger&#231;ek risk transferi onaylan&#305;rsa bilan&#231;o k&#252;&#231;&#252;lmese bile RWA d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252; &#252;zerinden CET1 oran&#305;nda stratejik bir rahatlama hedeflenir.</p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak sek&#252;ritizasyon, bankalar i&#231;in sadece bir fonlama arac&#305; de&#287;il, reg&#252;latif rasyolar&#305;n her bir kaleminde (CET1, LCR, NSFR ve Kald&#305;ra&#231;) ince ayar gerektiren stratejik bir denge kurma operasyonudur. Ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerindeki varl&#305;k sat&#305;&#351;&#305; her zaman ger&#231;ek bir risk transferi anlam&#305;na gelmez,  yap&#305;ya eklenen her likidite taahh&#252;d&#252;, kredi hatt&#305; veya geri al&#305;m garantisi, sa&#287;lanan rasyo avantajlar&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zla eritebilir. Bu nedenle i&#351;lemin ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;, muhasebe prensipleri ile denetleyici otoritenin ihtiyati bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305; aras&#305;ndaki uyuma ve bankan&#305;n i&#351;lem sonras&#305; fonlama davran&#305;&#351;&#305;na ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Warsh Doktrini ve Regülatif Mühendislik Yoluyla Para Politikasının Yeniden İnşası]]></title><description><![CDATA[Giri&#351; Kevin Warsh'&#305;n Fed ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, yaln&#305;zca para politikas&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;il, k&#252;resel finansal mimarisinin de k&#246;kten bir de&#287;i&#351;ime u&#287;rayaca&#287;&#305; yeni bir d&#246;nemin habercisidir.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/warsh-doktrini-ve-regulatif-muhendislik</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/warsh-doktrini-ve-regulatif-muhendislik</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 17:40:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Giri&#351;</h2><p>Kevin Warsh'&#305;n Fed ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, yaln&#305;zca para politikas&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;il, k&#252;resel finansal mimarisinin de k&#246;kten bir de&#287;i&#351;ime u&#287;rayaca&#287;&#305; yeni bir d&#246;nemin habercisidir. Peki, bir yandan merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n devasa bilan&#231;osu agresif bir &#351;ekilde daralt&#305;l&#305;rken, di&#287;er yandan reel ekonominin can damar&#305; olan uzun vadeli tahvil faizleri nas&#305;l d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;lebilir? Bu raporda geleneksel makroekonomik ezberlerlerin &#246;tesine ge&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;arak, Fed ve Hazine'nin perde arkas&#305;nda finansal ve reg&#252;latif mimariyi (SLR muafiyetleri, LCR optimizasyonlar&#305;, AOCI kalkan&#305;, IRRBB esneklikleri ve &#304;skonto Penceresi reformlar&#305; ve benzeri y&#246;ntemlerle) nas&#305;l e&#351;i benzeri g&#246;r&#252;lmemi&#351; birer politika silah&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rebilece&#287;ini anlatmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m. Finansal bask&#305;laman&#305;n (financial repression) en modern ve sofistike hallerini, ticari bankalar&#305;n reg&#252;latif bir m&#252;hendislikle ne &#351;ekillerde tahvil almaya &#8220;te&#351;vik edilebilece&#287;ini&#8221; ve getiri e&#287;risinin nas&#305;l kal&#305;c&#305; olarak yeniden &#351;ekillendirilece&#287;ini teknik boyutlar&#305;yla ele almaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m. </p><h2>1. Makroekonomik Ba&#287;lam ve Yap&#305;sal Paradokslar</h2><p>Kevin Warsh&#8217;&#305;n 2026 y&#305;l&#305; itibar&#305;yla Federal Rezerv (Fed) Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;na aday g&#246;sterilmesi, yaln&#305;zca Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri de&#287;il global para politikas&#305;nda, finansal reg&#252;lasyon mimarisinde ve merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n piyasalarla olan etkile&#351;iminde k&#246;kl&#252; bir paradigma de&#287;i&#351;iminin habercisi olarak de&#287;erlendirilmelidir.  2006-2011 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda Fed Guvern&#246;r&#252; olarak g&#246;rev yapan ve 2008 K&#252;resel Finans Krizi&#8217;nin en &#231;alkant&#305;l&#305; d&#246;nemlerinde kurumun merkezinde yer alan Warsh&#8217;&#305;n geleneksel veri odakl&#305; (data-dependent) yakla&#351;&#305;mlara &#351;&#252;pheyle yakla&#351;an, arz y&#246;nl&#252; ekonomik modelleri savunan ve enflasyonu makroekonomik r&#252;zgarlardan ziyade kesin bir &#8220;politika tercihi&#8221; olarak g&#246;ren sert bir duru&#351;a sahip oldu&#287;u herkesin kabul etti&#287;i, bariz olgulard&#305;r. Warsh&#8217;&#305;n d&#246;nemin ruhuna uygun olarak yapay zeka entegrasyonu ve kapsaml&#305; dereg&#252;lasyon ad&#305;mlar&#305;yla desteklenen bir verimlilik patlamas&#305; (productivity boom) beklentisi ve bu durumun yap&#305;sal enflasyonist bask&#305;lar&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlayarak kal&#305;c&#305; faiz indirimlerine zemin haz&#305;rlayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmesi hi&#231; &#351;a&#351;&#305;rt&#305;c&#305; de&#287;ildir.</p><p>Ancak Warsh&#8217;&#305;n &#246;nerdi&#287;i politika &#231;er&#231;evesinde, piyasa dinamiklerini derinden etkileyecek temel bir yap&#305;sal &#231;eli&#351;ki bulunmaktad&#305;r. Bir yandan faiz oranlar&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rerek ekonomik b&#252;y&#252;meyi desteklemeyi hedeflerken, di&#287;er yandan Fed&#8217;in piyasalardaki ayak izini kal&#305;c&#305; olarak k&#252;&#231;&#252;ltmek ve Niceliksel Gev&#351;eme (QE) politikalar&#305;ndan tamamen uzakla&#351;arak bilan&#231;oyu agresif bir &#351;ekilde daraltmak (Niceliksel S&#305;k&#305;la&#351;ma - QT) istemektedir. Zirve noktas&#305;nda 9 trilyon dolar&#305; a&#351;an ve g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde yakla&#351;&#305;k 6.7 trilyon dolar seviyesinde bulunan Fed bilan&#231;osunun agresif bir bi&#231;imde k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;lmesi, uzun vadeli Hazine tahvillerinin (US Treasuries) ve &#304;pote&#287;e Dayal&#305; Menkul K&#305;ymetlerin (MBS) finansman y&#252;k&#252;n&#252;n do&#287;rudan &#246;zel sekt&#246;re devredilmesi anlam&#305;na gelmektedir. Makroekonomik mekanikler ve piyasa i&#351;leyi&#351;i gere&#287;i, Fed&#8217;in fiyat hassasiyeti olmayan devasa bir al&#305;c&#305; olarak piyasadan &#231;ekilmesi ve artan devasa arz&#305;n (duration supply) &#246;zel sekt&#246;r taraf&#305;ndan emilmek zorunda kalmas&#305;, vade primini (term premium) ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz olarak art&#305;racak, uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerinde yukar&#305; y&#246;nl&#252; bask&#305; yaratacak ve getiri e&#287;risini (yield curve) yap&#305;sal olarak dikle&#351;tirecektir.  </p><p>Mevcut y&#246;netimin en temel ekonomik hedeflerinden birinin uzun vadeli faizleri ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla hanehalk&#305; i&#231;in kritik &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;yan ipotek (mortgage) oranlar&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;k tutmak oldu&#287;u g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, Warsh&#8217;&#305;n bilan&#231;oyu daralt&#305;rken uzun vadeli faizlerin f&#305;rlamas&#305;n&#305; nas&#305;l engelleyece&#287;i sorusu b&#252;y&#252;k bir ehemmiyet ta&#351;&#305;r. Bu raporda, Warsh liderli&#287;indeki bir Federal Rezerv&#8217;in, Hazine ile stratejik koordinasyon (Treasury-Fed Accord), banka sermaye rasyolar&#305; (SLR), likidite kurallar&#305; (LCR), muhasebe standartlar&#305; (AOCI), banka hesaplar&#305;ndaki faiz oran&#305; riski (IRRBB) ve &#304;skonto Penceresi (Discount Window) gibi karma&#351;&#305;k mekanizmalar&#305; manip&#252;le ederek &#246;zel sekt&#246;r&#252;, &#246;zellikle de ticari bankalar&#305;, uzun vadeli tahvillerin &#8220;esir al&#305;c&#305;s&#305;&#8221; (captive buyer) haline getirebilecek finansal m&#252;hendislik stratejilerini incelemeyi hedefliyorum.</p><h2>2. Verimlilik Hipotezi</h2><p>Kevin Warsh art&#305;k konsensus oldu&#287;unu rahatl&#305;kla belirtebilece&#287;imiz, Amerikan ekonomisinin arz y&#246;nl&#252; bir &#351;okun e&#351;i&#287;inde oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252; savunuyor. Bu &#351;ok, yapay zekan&#305;n end&#252;striyel &#246;l&#231;ekte benimsenmesi ve finansal/reel sekt&#246;rlerdeki agresif dereg&#252;lasyon hamlelerinin birle&#351;imiyle tetiklenecek bir verimlilik art&#305;&#351;&#305;na dayal&#305;d&#305;r. Warsh, bu yap&#305;sal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n Kongre B&#252;t&#231;e Ofisi&#8217;nin (CBO) %1.8 civar&#305;nda seyreden uzun vadeli b&#252;y&#252;me tahminlerini tam 1 tam puan yukar&#305; &#231;ekebilece&#287;ini savunmaktad&#305;r. Geleneksel Phillips E&#287;risi modellerini ve istihdam-enflasyon &#246;d&#252;nle&#351;imini (trade-off) reddeden bu yakla&#351;&#305;m, verimlilik art&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n dezenflasyonist bir g&#252;&#231; olarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve ekonominin a&#351;&#305;r&#305; &#305;s&#305;nmadan y&#252;ksek b&#252;y&#252;me oranlar&#305;na ula&#351;abilece&#287;ini &#246;ng&#246;rmektedir.  </p><p>Bu makroekonomik arka plan, merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n n&#246;tr faiz oran&#305; (neutral rate - r*) alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan etkiler. Verimlilik patlamas&#305;n&#305;n enflasyonu bask&#305;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir senaryoda, Fed politika faizlerini (k&#305;sa u&#231;) &#231;ok daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k seviyelerde tutabilir. Ancak, politika faizlerinin d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olmas&#305;, uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerinin de d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olaca&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez. Uzun vadeli tahvil getirileri, beklenen k&#305;sa vadeli faizlerin ortalamas&#305; ile yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n uzun vade riskini ta&#351;&#305;mak i&#231;in talep ettikleri vade priminin (term premium) toplam&#305;ndan olu&#351;ur. E&#287;er piyasa, Fed&#8217;in devasa bilan&#231;osunu tasfiye edece&#287;i beklentisiyle gelecekteki tahvil arz&#305;n&#305;n (duration supply) alt&#305;nda ezilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;rse, vade primi h&#305;zla y&#252;kselir ve getiri e&#287;risi dikle&#351;ebilir. Warsh&#8217;&#305;n geleneksel ileriye d&#246;n&#252;k y&#246;nlendirme (forward guidance) ara&#231;lar&#305;na ve FOMC nokta grafiklerine (dot plots) duydu&#287;u &#351;&#252;phe , s&#246;zl&#252; m&#252;dahale yerine yap&#305;sal reg&#252;lasyon ad&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n at&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; zorunlu k&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. Piyasalar&#305; y&#246;nlendirmek i&#231;in s&#246;ylemden ziyade, finansal kurumlar&#305;n bilan&#231;olar&#305;n&#305; yeniden &#351;ekillendirecek reg&#252;latif te&#351;viklerin kullan&#305;lmas&#305;, Warsh d&#246;neminin ay&#305;rt edici &#246;zelli&#287;i olacakt&#305;r.  </p><h2>3. Yeni Hazine-Fed Mutabakat&#305; (The New Treasury-Fed Accord)</h2><p>Warsh&#8217;&#305;n en radikal ve kamuoyunda en s&#305;k dile getirdi&#287;i stratejik hamle, para politikas&#305; ile maliye politikas&#305; aras&#305;ndaki g&#246;r&#252;nmez s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305; yeniden &#231;izecek olan yeni bir &#8220;Hazine-Fed Mutabakat&#305;&#8221;d&#305;r (Treasury-Fed Accord). 1951 y&#305;l&#305;nda Hazine ile Fed aras&#305;nda yap&#305;lan ve Fed&#8217;e faiz oranlar&#305;n&#305; sabitleme zorunlulu&#287;undan kurtararak ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kazand&#305;ran tarihi mutabakata at&#305;fta bulunan bu yeni &#231;er&#231;eve , asl&#305;nda 1961 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki &#252;nl&#252; &#8220;Operation Twist&#8221; operasyonunun modern, kal&#305;c&#305; ve kurumsalla&#351;m&#305;&#351; bir versiyonu olarak tasarlanmaktad&#305;r.  </p><h3>3.1. Operasyonel Mekanizma ve Durasyon Arz&#305;n&#305;n K&#305;s&#305;lmas&#305;</h3><p>&#214;nerilen mutabakat&#305;n kalbinde, Fed&#8217;in bilan&#231;o kompozisyonunu ve Hazine&#8217;nin bor&#231;lanma/ihra&#231; stratejisini  senkronize etme d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesi yatmaktad&#305;r. 2025 y&#305;l&#305;nda sona ermi&#351; olan Niceliksel S&#305;k&#305;la&#351;ma (QT) s&#252;recinde Fed, bilan&#231;osunu k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;rken vade ayr&#305;m&#305; g&#246;zetmeksizin itfa olan tahvillerin yerine yenisini koymamakta, bu da piyasaya her vadede ciddi bir arz bask&#305;s&#305; yaratmaktayd&#305;. Yeni Hazine-Fed Mutabakat&#305; alt&#305;nda bu dinami&#287;in de&#287;i&#351;tirilmesi hedeflenir.</p><p>&#304;lk olarak, ABD Hazinesi, Hazine Bor&#231;lanma Dan&#305;&#351;ma Komitesi&#8217;nin (TBAC) y&#246;nlendirmeleriyle, bor&#231;lanma portf&#246;y&#252;n&#252;n ortalama vadesini agresif bir &#351;ekilde k&#305;saltacak ve kuponlu uzun vadeli tahvil (bonds and notes) ihrac&#305;n&#305; dramatik bi&#231;imde azaltarak, b&#252;t&#231;e a&#231;&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; k&#305;sa vadeli Hazine bonolar&#305; (T-bills) &#252;zerinden finanse edecektir. &#304;kinci ve e&#351;zamanl&#305; ad&#305;m olarak, Fed, bilan&#231;osunu toplam hacim olarak k&#252;&#231;&#252;ltmeye devam etse dahi, elinde kalan portf&#246;y&#252;n kompozisyonunu k&#305;sa vadeli bonolara (T-bills) kayd&#305;racakt&#305;r. Fed, bilan&#231;osundaki uzun vadeli tahvillerin itfa olmas&#305;na izin verirken, piyasadan aktif olarak k&#305;sa vadeli bono toplayacakt&#305;r.  </p><p>Bu e&#351;g&#252;d&#252;m sonras&#305;nda piyasaya sunulan uzun vadeli tahvil (duration) arz&#305; yapay ve koordineli bir &#351;ekilde daralt&#305;lacakt&#305;r. Emeklilik fonlar&#305;, hayat sigortas&#305; &#351;irketleri, yabanc&#305; merkez bankalar&#305; ve y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerini e&#351;le&#351;tirmek zorunda olan (liability-driven investment) di&#287;er kurumsal yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar, s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; say&#305;daki uzun vadeli tahvile h&#252;cum etmek zorunda kalacakt&#305;r. Arz k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; mekanizmas&#305;, basit bir arz-talep dengesi &#252;zerinden tahvil fiyatlar&#305;n&#305; yukar&#305; &#231;ekerken, getirileri (yields) ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla vade primini (term premium) mekanik olarak a&#351;a&#287;&#305; y&#246;nl&#252; s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;racakt&#305;r. Bu y&#246;ntem, Fed&#8217;in bilan&#231;osunun toplam b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; bono piyasas&#305;nda aktif olmayan bir merkez bankas&#305; g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;m&#252;yle uyumlu bir &#351;ekilde k&#252;&#231;&#252;ltmesine izin verirken, &#246;zel sekt&#246;re transfer edilen varl&#305;klar&#305;n durasyonunu k&#305;sa tutarak hanehalk&#305; ve &#351;irketler i&#231;in hayati &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;yan uzun vadeli finansman maliyetlerinin d&#252;&#351;mesini sa&#287;lar.  </p><h3>3.2. Sorunlar ve S&#305;n&#305;rlar: Likidite K&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; Riski</h3><p>Bu kusursuz g&#246;r&#252;nen plan&#305;n &#246;n&#252;nde ciddi bir operasyonel k&#305;s&#305;t bulunmaktad&#305;r. Bilan&#231;oyu daraltmak, ticari bankalar&#305;n Fed nezdinde tuttuklar&#305; rezervlerin sistemden &#231;ekilmesi anlam&#305;na gelir. E&#287;er QT s&#252;reci &#231;ok h&#305;zl&#305; i&#351;letilirse, bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemindeki &#8220;bol rezerv&#8221; (ample reserves) rejimi aniden &#8220;k&#305;t rezerv&#8221; (scarce reserves) rejimine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilir. 2019 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n sonbahar&#305;nda ya&#351;anan ve Fed&#8217;in acil olarak piyasaya m&#252;dahale etmek zorunda kald&#305;&#287;&#305; repo krizi, rezerv k&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n k&#305;sa vadeli fonlama piyasalar&#305;n&#305; nas&#305;l dondurabilece&#287;inin en net &#246;rne&#287;idir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Warsh, uzun vadeli faizleri d&#252;&#351;&#252;rmek i&#231;in duration arz&#305;n&#305; k&#305;sarken, repo piyasalar&#305;n&#305;n patlamamas&#305; i&#231;in rezerv seviyelerini &#231;ok dikkatli bir &#351;ekilde y&#246;netmek veya bankalar&#305;n reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305;n&#305; gev&#351;etmek zorunda kalacakt&#305;r.</p><h2>4. Tamamlay&#305;c&#305; Kald&#305;ra&#231; Oran&#305; (SLR) Reformu</h2><p>E&#287;er Hazine-Fed mutabakat&#305; yeterli olmazsa ve Fed uzun vadeli tahvilleri bilan&#231;osundan &#231;&#305;karmakta &#305;srar ederse, bu tahvillerin yeni bir yuva bulmas&#305; gerekir. Sistemdeki en b&#252;y&#252;k absorbe edici g&#252;&#231; ticari bankalard&#305;r. Ancak bankalar&#305;n arzu edilen miktarda Hazine tahvili almas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;nde, Basel III &#231;er&#231;evesi ve bu &#231;er&#231;evenin getirdi&#287;i kurallar vard&#305;r. Bu kurallardan en bilineni ve g&#252;ncel olarak tart&#305;&#351;&#305;lan&#305; Tamamlay&#305;c&#305; Kald&#305;ra&#231; Oran&#305;&#8217;d&#305;r (Supplementary Leverage Ratio - SLR). </p><p>Geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305;, risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; varl&#305;klar (Risk-Weighted Assets - RWA) &#252;zerinden hesaplanan sermaye yeterlilik rasyolar&#305;na dayan&#305;r. Bu sistemde, ABD Hazine tahvilleri teorik olarak risksiz (%0 risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;) kabul edildi&#287;inden, bankalar tahvil ald&#305;klar&#305;nda ekstra sermaye ay&#305;rmak zorunda kalmazlar. Ancak 2008 krizi sonras&#305;nda, risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; modellerin manip&#252;le edilebilirli&#287;i g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne al&#305;narak, kaba bir arka kap&#305; korumas&#305; olarak SLR icat edilmi&#351;tir. SLR, varl&#305;klar&#305;n risk seviyesine bakmaks&#305;z&#305;n t&#252;m varl&#305;klara e&#351;it sermaye y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; getirir. Bir ABD Hazine tahvili ile temerr&#252;t riski y&#252;ksek bir ticari kredi, SLR hesaplamas&#305;nda paydadaki toplam kald&#305;ra&#231; pozisyonunu (Total Leverage Exposure) ayn&#305; oranda b&#252;y&#252;t&#252;r.</p><p>G-SIB&#8217;ler i&#231;in bu oran minimum %5 (eSLR), mevduat kabul eden yan kurulu&#351;lar&#305; (IDI) i&#231;in ise %6 olarak belirlenmi&#351;ti .Bu durum, bankalar&#305;n Fed rezervleri ve Hazine tahvilleri gibi d&#252;&#351;&#252;k getirili ancak &#231;ok g&#252;venli varl&#305;klar&#305; bilan&#231;olar&#305;na eklemelerini son derece pahal&#305; hale getirir. Bankan&#305;n bilan&#231;osu bu g&#252;venli varl&#305;klarla &#351;i&#351;ti&#287;inde, SLR ba&#287;lay&#305;c&#305; hale gelir ve bankalar, risk a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; sermayeleri ne kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252; olursa olsun, daha fazla risksiz tahvil almay&#305; veya repo piyasalar&#305;nda arac&#305;l&#305;k etmeyi (intermediation) durdurmak zorunda kal&#305;r.</p><p>Warsh liderli&#287;indeki bir Fed&#8217;in, Hazine tahvili talebini artt&#305;rmak i&#231;in uygulayabilece&#287;i y&#246;ntemlerden birisi, halihaz&#305;rda Mart 2020&#8217;de pandemi pani&#287;i s&#305;ras&#305;nda ge&#231;ici olarak uygulanan, denenmi&#351; olan ve bankalar&#305;n piyasay&#305; fonlamas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamak i&#231;in Mart 2021&#8217;e kadar y&#252;r&#252;rl&#252;kte kalan SLR muafiyetini kal&#305;c&#305; bir reg&#252;lasyon haline getirmektir. O d&#246;nemde Fed, bankalar&#305;n Federal Rezerv&#8217;de tuttuklar&#305; rezervleri ve ABD Hazine tahvillerini SLR hesaplamas&#305;n&#305;n paydas&#305;ndan (Total Leverage Exposure) tamamen d&#252;&#351;melerine (deduction) izin vermi&#351;ti. &#214;yle ki <a href="https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/United-States-Will-easing-leverage-requirements-stimulate-demand-Treasuries-6/11/2025,51633">BNP Paribas&#8217;&#305;n hesaplamalar&#305;na</a> g&#246;re, eSLR gereksinimlerinin Basel tavsiyesi olan %3 seviyesine (art&#305; G-SIB tamponunun %50&#8217;si) indirilmesi veya Hazine tahvillerinin paydadan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmas&#305;, ABD&#8217;deki en b&#252;y&#252;k 8 G-SIB&#8217;nin bilan&#231;olar&#305;nda an&#305;nda devasa bir bo&#351;luk yaratacakt&#305;r. Ortalama olarak, bu d&#305;&#351;laman&#305;n (exclusion) SLR paydas&#305;n&#305; %13 oran&#305;nda k&#252;&#231;&#252;ltece&#287;i ve bankalar&#305;n SLR rasyolar&#305;n&#305; 100 baz puan iyile&#351;tirece&#287;i hesaplanmaktad&#305;r. </p><p>Bu hesaplamalara g&#246;re, sadece bu reg&#252;lasyon de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i ile 8 b&#252;y&#252;k bankan&#305;n risksiz varl&#305;k, yani tahvil pozisyonlar&#305;n&#305; teorik olarak 6 trilyon dolara kadar art&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252; a&#231;&#305;lacakt&#305;r. Bilan&#231;olar&#305; &#252;zerindeki bu yapay k&#305;s&#305;t&#305;n kald&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;yla bankalar, uzun vadeli tahvil ihalelerinde kal&#305;c&#305; ve doymak bilmez bir talep merkezi haline gelecek, piyasaya pompalanan bu devasa al&#305;m g&#252;c&#252; uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerini agresif bir &#351;ekilde a&#351;a&#287;&#305; &#231;ekebilecektir.</p><h2>5. Likidite Kar&#351;&#305;lama Oran&#305; (LCR) Optimizasyonu ve &#8220;Kullan&#305;labilirlik&#8221; (Usability) Paradoksu</h2><p>Sermaye rasyolar&#305;yla birlikte bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemini &#351;ekillendiren en &#246;nemli ikinci yap&#305;ta&#351;&#305; likidite reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305;d&#305;r. Basel III&#8217;&#252;n temel direklerinden biri olan Likidite Kar&#351;&#305;lama Oran&#305; (LCR), bankalar&#305;n 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k ciddi bir stres senaryosundaki (bank-run) net nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layacak kadar Y&#252;ksek Kaliteli Likit Varl&#305;k (High-Quality Liquid Assets - HQLA) tutmalar&#305;n&#305; zorunlu k&#305;lar. Temel denklem basittir, HQLA&#8217;n&#305;n 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k net nakit &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;lar&#305;na oran&#305; her zaman %100&#8217;e e&#351;it veya bu orandan b&#252;y&#252;k olmal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><h3>5.1. LCR Vergisinin (LCR Tax) Anatomisi ve &#304;stif&#231;ilik</h3><p>Mevcut d&#252;zenlemede HQLA Level 1 varl&#305;klar&#305;; nakit, merkez bankas&#305; rezervleri ve vade ayr&#305;m&#305; g&#246;zetmeksizin ABD Hazine tahvillerinden olu&#351;ur. Bu varl&#305;klara herhangi bir de&#287;er kesintisi (haircut) uygulanmaz. Ancak <a href="https://bpi.com/a-modest-change-to-the-lcr-that-could-substantially-improve-financial-stability/">BPI (Bank Policy Institute) ba&#351; ekonomisti Bill Nelson&#8217;&#305;n</a> ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda i&#351;aret etti&#287;i &#252;zere, LCR &#231;er&#231;evesinde devasa bir &#8220;kullan&#305;labilirlik paradoksu&#8221; (usability problem) bulunmaktad&#305;r. LCR kurallar&#305;n&#305;n ruhu, kriz an&#305;nda bu likidite tamponunun kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; ve oran&#305;n %100&#8217;&#252;n alt&#305;na d&#252;&#351;mesine izin verilmesini &#246;ng&#246;rse de, banka denet&#231;ileri ve piyasa kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305; LCR&#8217;&#305;n her an %100&#8217;&#252;n &#252;zerinde kalmas&#305;n&#305; zorunlu olarak de&#287;erlendirmektedir. Bu nedenle bankalar, kriz an&#305;nda bile HQLA tamponlar&#305;n&#305; kullanmaktan korkmakta ve oran&#305;n %100&#8217;&#252;n alt&#305;na d&#252;&#351;mesini  bir ihlal olarak g&#246;rmektedirler. Sonu&#231; olarak, b&#252;y&#252;k ABD bankalar&#305; %100 s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;n&#305;n alt&#305;na d&#252;&#351;memek i&#231;in fiili olarak %110-%120 LCR hedeflemekte ve sistemde 400 milyar dolar&#305;n &#252;zerinde &#8220;a&#351;&#305;r&#305;&#8221; ve ekonomik olarak at&#305;l HQLA istiflemektedirler.</p><p>Daha da &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; olan&#305;, LCR reg&#252;lasyonunun matematiksel do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i, perakende mevduatlar gibi son derece istikrarl&#305; fonlamas&#305; olan bankalar&#305; daha sert cezaland&#305;rmas&#305;d&#305;r. Finansal literat&#252;rde <a href="https://bpi.com/the-upside-down-world-of-the-liquidity-coverage-ratio-some-unpleasant-arithmetic/">&#8220;LCR vergisi&#8221; (LCR tax) </a>olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lan bu ceza a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki form&#252;l ile ifade edilebilir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png" width="1456" height="322" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:322,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:142673,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/i/188919194?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EKGN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F24ef370e-04e1-41c2-8d82-81ea06050fd4_2114x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Perakende mevduat&#305; olan ve sadece %3&#8217;l&#252;k bir &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351; oran&#305; (r=0.03) varsay&#305;lan muhafazakar bir banka, sistemde %197&#8217;lik devasa bir efektif LCR tamponu tutmak zorunda kalabilir. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k, %100 oran&#305;nda ka&#231;ma e&#287;ilimi olan toptan fonlamaya (wholesale funding) dayal&#305; riskli bir bankan&#305;n LCR vergisi %0&#8217;d&#305;r. Bu durum, g&#252;venli bankalar&#305;n reel ekonomiye kredi vermesini engelleyen ve fonlar&#305; verimsiz bir &#351;ekilde merkez bankas&#305; rezervlerine hapseden perverse (ters) bir te&#351;vik yap&#305;s&#305; yarat&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png" width="1456" height="443" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0s2q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19aae2cc-aeb7-4e9b-b2f1-ace19f892414_2430x740.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3>5.2. LCR M&#252;hendisli&#287;i</h3><p>Uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerini d&#252;&#351;&#252;rmek i&#231;in Warsh y&#246;netimi, LCR kurallar&#305;nda uzun vadeli tahviller lehine asimetrik de&#287;i&#351;iklikler yapabilir. Bu yap&#305;sal m&#252;dahaleler &#351;unlar&#305; i&#231;erebilir:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Dinamik LCR (Dynamic/Countercyclical LCR) Uygulamas&#305;na Ge&#231;i&#351;:</strong> <a href="https://bpi.com/bpi-comments-on-bank-of-england-and-prudential-regulatory-authority-discussion-paper-on-usability-of-liquid-assets/">Bill Nelson </a>taraf&#305;ndan &#351;iddetle &#246;nerilen bu yap&#305;da, LCR gereksinimleri stres an&#305;nda statik kalmaz. Bu sistemde, mevduat ka&#231;&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n ilk dalgas&#305; (flighty deposits) ger&#231;ekle&#351;tikten sonra, bankada geriye kalan mevduat havuzunun do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i daha sad&#305;k ve yap&#305;&#351;kan (sticky) oldu&#287;u matematiksel olarak kabul edilir ve ileriye d&#246;n&#252;k HQLA gereksinimi otomatik olarak a&#351;a&#287;&#305; &#231;ekilir. Bankalar&#305;n %100 s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;n&#305; ihlal etmeden HQLA havuzlar&#305;n&#305; kullanabilmelerini sa&#287;layan bu revizyon, bankalar&#305;n sadece ceza korkusuyla tuttuklar&#305; trilyonlarca dolarl&#305;k a&#351;&#305;r&#305; rezervi an&#305;nda serbest b&#305;rak&#305;r. Serbest kalan bu devasa likidite bo&#351;lu&#287;u, bankalar taraf&#305;ndan daha y&#252;ksek getiri aray&#305;&#351;&#305;yla uzun vadeli tahvillerin al&#305;m&#305;na y&#246;nlendirir.</p></li><li><p><strong>HQLA S&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;rmas&#305;nda Vadeye Dayal&#305; Agresif Te&#351;vikler:</strong> Hazine tahvilleri hali haz&#305;rda Level 1 HQLA stat&#252;s&#252;nde kesintisiz kabul edilse de , uzun vadeli Hazine tahvillerini elde tutmay&#305; daha cazip hale getirmek i&#231;in &#8220;negatif haircut&#8221; veya &#8220;HQLA &#231;arpan&#305;&#8221; (multiplier) gibi  reg&#252;latif te&#351;vikler icat edilebilir. &#214;rne&#287;in, 10 y&#305;l ve &#252;zeri vadeye sahip Hazine tahvilleri LCR hesaplamas&#305;nda 1.2x veya 1.5x a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kla &#231;arp&#305;larak numerator&#8217;a (paya) eklenebilir. Bu durumda banka, 100 birimlik nakit tutmak yerine 66 birimlik uzun vadeli tahvil tutarak LCR k&#305;s&#305;t&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layabilir. Bu  d&#252;zenleyici arbitraj f&#305;rsat&#305;, bankalar&#305; k&#305;sa vadeli varl&#305;klardan uzun vadeli varl&#305;klara kaymaya (duration extension) zorlayacakt&#305;r.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tier 2B ve Di&#287;er Varl&#305;k Kesintilerinin Daralt&#305;lmas&#305;:</strong> Bankalar&#305;n HQLA sepetinde getiri aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; (reach for yield) desteklemek ad&#305;na, devlet destekli i&#351;letmelerin (GSE) ihra&#231; etti&#287;i &#304;pote&#287;e Dayal&#305; Menkul K&#305;ymetler (MBS) veya yat&#305;r&#305;m yap&#305;labilir seviyedeki uzun vadeli belediye/kurumsal tahvillerin HQLA hesaplamas&#305;ndaki standart &#8220;haircut&#8221; (de&#287;er kesintisi) oranlar&#305; (mevcut durumda %15 veya %50) radikal bir bi&#231;imde d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;lebilir. Kesinti oranlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;mesi, bu varl&#305;klar&#305;n sermaye verimlili&#287;ini art&#305;rarak bankalar&#305;n mortgage tahvillerini bilan&#231;olar&#305;na doldurmalar&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layacak ve ipotek faizlerini do&#287;rudan a&#351;a&#287;&#305; y&#246;nl&#252; bask&#305;layacakt&#305;r.</p><p></p></li></ol><h2>6. &#304;skonto Penceresi (Discount Window) Entegrasyonu</h2><p>LCR d&#252;zenlemesinde bana kal&#305;rsa en radikal, en yenilik&#231;i ve uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerini d&#252;&#351;&#252;rmede en kesin sonu&#231; verecek reg&#252;lasyon reformu, ABD Merkez Bankas&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n &#304;skonto Penceresi&#8217;nden (Discount Window) bor&#231;lanma kapasitesinin bir &#8220;&#351;artl&#305; likidite&#8221; (contingent liquidity) olarak resmen LCR hesaplamas&#305;na (HQLA i&#231;erisine) dahil edilmesidir.  </p><p>Mevcut finansal sistemde, &#304;skonto Penceresi bankalar&#305;n sadece felaket senaryolar&#305;nda ba&#351;vurdu&#287;u, kullan&#305;m&#305; piyasada zay&#305;fl&#305;k i&#351;areti olarak alg&#305;land&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in b&#252;y&#252;k bir pani&#287;e yol a&#231;an (stigma) bir &#8220;son &#231;are&#8221; (lender of last resort) arac&#305;d&#305;r. Mart 2023 bankac&#305;l&#305;k krizinde Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) ve Signature Bank&#8217;&#305;n &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;leri, bankalar&#305;n &#304;skonto Penceresi&#8217;ni kullanmaya operasyonel olarak haz&#305;r olmad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; ac&#305; bir &#351;ekilde kan&#305;tlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Daha da ironik olan&#305;, Basel III LCR kurallar&#305;, bankalar&#305;n &#304;&#231; Likidite Stres Testleri (ILST) ve &#199;&#246;z&#252;mleme Fonlama Planlar&#305; (Resolution Funding Plans), &#304;skonto Penceresi bor&#231;lanma kapasitesini ge&#231;erli bir likidite kayna&#287;&#305; olarak <strong>kabul etmemektedir</strong>. Bir banka kriz an&#305;nda merkez bankas&#305;ndan milyarlarca dolar bor&#231; alabilecek teminata sahip olsa bile, reg&#252;lat&#246;rler bu kapasiteyi LCR hesaplamas&#305;nda s&#305;f&#305;r (&#8221;0&#8221;) olarak kabul etmektedir. Bu durum, finansal krizlerin babas&#305; Walter Bagehot&#8217;&#305;n &#8220;panik an&#305;nda merkez bankas&#305; iyi teminat kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda erken ve serbest&#231;e bor&#231; vermelidir&#8221; &#351;eklindeki klasik prensibine taban tabana z&#305;tt&#305;r.  </p><h3>6.1. Michael Hsu&#8217;nun Ultra-K&#305;sa Vadeli Likidite Kural&#305;</h3><p>Bu mant&#305;ks&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305; gidermek ve uzun vadeli tahvilleri likit hale getirmek i&#231;in, <a href="https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/speeches/2024/pub-speech-2024-4.pdf">OCC (Comptroller of the Currency) Ba&#351;kan Vekili Michael Hsu&#8217;nun </a>&#246;ne s&#252;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; &#8220;ultra-k&#305;sa vadeli likidite kural&#305;&#8221; kan&#305;mca devrim niteli&#287;inde bir &#231;er&#231;eve sunmaktad&#305;r. Hsu&#8217;nun &#246;nerisine g&#246;re, bankalar&#305;n likidite pozisyonlar&#305; de&#287;erlendirilirken sadece kasalar&#305;ndaki nakit de&#287;il, Fed&#8217;de <strong>&#246;nceden konumland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; teminatlar&#305; (pre-positioned collateral)</strong> da an&#305;nda likit varl&#305;k olarak kredilendirilmelidir.  </p><p>Bu sistemin i&#351;leyi&#351;i ve uzun vadeli faizlere etkisi &#351;u &#351;ekilde ger&#231;ekle&#351;ecektir:</p><ol><li><p>Ticari bankalar, piyasadan sat&#305;n ald&#305;klar&#305; uzun vadeli (10, 20 veya 30 y&#305;ll&#305;k) ve normal &#351;artlarda y&#252;ksek fiyat volatilitesine sahip Hazine tahvillerini veya MBS&#8217;leri &#304;skonto Penceresi&#8217;ne teminat olarak kaydederler.</p></li><li><p>Fed ve OCC, bu uzun vadeli teminatlar&#305;n yaratabilece&#287;i maksimum bor&#231;lanma kapasitesini, bankan&#305;n 30 g&#252;nl&#252;k LCR hedefini tutturmas&#305;nda yasal HQLA veya  nakit e&#351;de&#287;eri olarak birebir oran&#305;nda sayar.  </p></li><li><p>Bu sihirli dokunu&#351;la, 30 y&#305;ll&#305;k bir tahvilin likidite riski tamamen ortadan kalkar ve bir gecelik rezerv (nakit) kadar likit hale gelir. Bankalar, mevduat &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; olur da bu uzun vadeli tahvili piyasada zarar&#305;na satmak zorunda kal&#305;r&#305;m (fire sale) korkusu ya&#351;amadan, bilan&#231;olar&#305;n&#305; uzun vadeli tahvillerle doldurabilirler.  </p></li></ol><p>Uzun vadeli tahvilin likidite riski reg&#252;latif bir kalem darbesiyle Fed&#8217;in bilan&#231;osuna kayarken, &#246;zel sekt&#246;r&#252;n bu tahvillere olan yap&#305;sal talebi y&#252;kselir. &#304;skonto penceresinin aktif olarak kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n te&#351;vik edilmesi ve damgalanmaktan kurtulmas&#305; (destigmatization), bankalar&#305;n getiri e&#287;risinin uzun taraf&#305;ndaki primleri risksiz bir &#351;ekilde toplamas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layacak ve uzun vadeli faizleri kal&#305;c&#305; olarak dibe &#231;ekecektir.</p><h2>7. AOCI Filtresi ve HTM Muhasebesi</h2><p>Faiz oranlar&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;f&#305;r s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;ndan (zero lower bound) h&#305;zla y&#252;kseldi&#287;i 2022-2023 d&#246;neminde, bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin karn&#305;na yedi&#287;i en b&#252;y&#252;k darbe uzun vadeli tahvillerin durasyon riskinden geliyordu. 2023 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n ilk aylar&#305;nda Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere b&#246;lgesel bankalar&#305; iflasa s&#252;r&#252;kleyen temel mekanizma, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k faiz ortam&#305;nda al&#305;nan uzun vadeli tahvillerin piyasa de&#287;erlerindeki sert d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;lerdi.  </p><h3>7.1. AFS ve AOCI &#199;&#305;kmaz&#305;</h3><p>Muhasebe standartlar&#305;na (GAAP) g&#246;re, bankalar tahvillerini &#8220;Sat&#305;lmaya Haz&#305;r&#8221; (Available for Sale - AFS) veya &#8220;Vadeye Kadar Elde Tutulacak&#8221; (Held-to-Maturity - HTM) olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;rlar. AFS olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;lan tahviller piyasa de&#287;erine g&#246;re de&#287;erlenir (mark-to-market). Faizler y&#252;kseldi&#287;inde, AFS tahvillerinin de&#287;eri d&#252;&#351;er ve bu <em>ger&#231;ekle&#351;memi&#351;</em> kay&#305;plar (unrealized losses), AOCI (Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - Birikmi&#351; Di&#287;er Kapsaml&#305; Gelir) kalemi alt&#305;nda bankan&#305;n &#246;zkaynaklar&#305;na yans&#305;t&#305;l&#305;r.  </p><p>ABD reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305;nda, &#304;leri D&#252;zey Yakla&#351;&#305;m (Advanced Approaches) kullanan b&#252;y&#252;k bankalar i&#231;in AOCI filtresi 2014-2018 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda Basel III&#8217;&#252;n ilk uygulamas&#305; kapsam&#305;nda kald&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. AOCI filtresinin olmamas&#305; demek, AFS tahvillerindeki piyasa dalgalanmalar&#305;n&#305;n bankan&#305;n en kaliteli sermaye kalemi olan &#199;ekirdek Tier 1 (CET1) sermayesini do&#287;rudan etkilemesi demektir. Sermaye oranlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;mesi korkusu, bankalar&#305; uzun vadeli tahvil (&#246;zellikle AFS portf&#246;y&#252; i&#231;in) almaktan cayd&#305;ran en b&#252;y&#252;k reg&#252;latif bariyerdir. SVB krizi sonras&#305;nda &#351;ekillenen &#8220;Basel III Endgame&#8221; (Basel III&#8217;&#252;n Nihai Hali) tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda, reg&#252;lat&#246;rler bu kat&#305; kural&#305; (AOCI filtresinin kald&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;) sadece devlere de&#287;il, t&#252;m b&#252;y&#252;k ve orta &#246;l&#231;ekli bankalara yaymay&#305; planl&#305;yordu.  </p><h3>7.2. AOCI Filtresinin Geri D&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;</h3><p>Warsh&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;&#231;l&#252; dereg&#252;lasyon e&#287;ilimi  &#231;er&#231;evesinde, Basel III Endgame&#8217;in bu k&#305;s&#305;tlay&#305;c&#305; plan&#305; tamamen iptal edilebilir ve tam tersi bir istikamete sap&#305;larak <strong>t&#252;m bankalar i&#231;in AOCI filtresi kal&#305;c&#305; olarak geri getirilebilir</strong>. Bu senaryoda, Hazine tahvillerinin piyasa de&#287;erindeki d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;ler (ger&#231;ekle&#351;memi&#351; kay&#305;plar) bankalar&#305;n yasal reg&#252;latif sermayelerini (regulatory capital) hi&#231;bir &#351;ekilde etkilemez. AOCI kalkan&#305; arkas&#305;na saklanan bankalar, uzun vadeli tahvilleri bilan&#231;olar&#305;na doldurduklar&#305;nda ya&#351;anabilecek faiz volatilitesinin yasal sermayelerini yok etmeyece&#287;ini bilir ve tahvil piyasas&#305;nda rahatl&#305;kla durasyonu absorbe edebilirler.</p><h3>7.3. HTM Transferlerinde &#8220;Tainting&#8221; Kurallar&#305;n&#305;n Esnetilmesi</h3><p>AOCI kalkan&#305;na ek olarak, bankalar piyasa de&#287;eri dalgalanmalar&#305;ndan tamamen ka&#231;&#305;nmak i&#231;in tahvillerini amorti edilmi&#351; maliyet (amortized cost) &#252;zerinden de&#287;erlenen HTM hesaplar&#305;nda tutmay&#305; tercih ederler. Ancak kat&#305; muhasebe kurallar&#305;na g&#246;re, bir tahvilin acil likidite ihtiyac&#305; i&#231;in HTM portf&#246;y&#252;nden sat&#305;lmas&#305;, bankan&#305;n di&#287;er t&#252;m HTM tahvillerini vadeye kadar tutma &#8220;niyet ve yetene&#287;ini&#8221; (intent and ability) sorgulat&#305;r. Bu durum, t&#252;m HTM portf&#246;y&#252;n&#252;n &#8220;kirlenmesi&#8221; (tainting) riskini ta&#351;&#305;r ve trilyonlarca dolarl&#305;k portf&#246;y&#252;n zorla AFS stat&#252;s&#252;ne (mark-to-market) &#231;ekilmesine yol a&#231;arak bankay&#305; an&#305;nda iflasa s&#252;r&#252;kleyebilir.  </p><p>Reg&#252;lat&#246;rler ve FASB (Finansal Muhasebe Standartlar&#305; Kurulu), Hazine tahvilleri i&#231;in &#8220;tainting&#8221; kurallar&#305;n&#305; radikal bir &#351;ekilde esneterek, bankalar&#305;n uzun vadeli tahvilleri devasa miktarlarda HTM hesaplar&#305;na y&#305;&#287;malar&#305;n&#305; ve gerekti&#287;inde bu portf&#246;y&#252;n belli bir y&#252;zdesini ceza almadan satmalar&#305;n&#305; veya merkez bankas&#305;na repolamalar&#305;n&#305; yasal hale getirebilir. Bu muhasebe arbitraj&#305;, bankalar&#305;n tahvil al&#305;rken de&#287;erlendirmeye ald&#305;klar&#305; faiz riski endi&#351;esini ciddi bir &#351;ekilde azaltabilir.</p><h2>8. IRRBB (Banka Hesaplar&#305;ndaki Faiz Oran&#305; Riski) &#199;er&#231;evesi</h2><p>Banka bilan&#231;olar&#305;n&#305;n vade uyumsuzlu&#287;unu y&#246;netmek, merkez bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n en hassas konular&#305;ndan biridir. Basel III &#231;er&#231;evesi kapsam&#305;ndaki Pillar 2 (&#304;kinci Yap&#305;ta&#351;&#305; - Denetimsel G&#246;zden Ge&#231;irme) gerekliliklerinden olan IRRBB (Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book), bankalar&#305;n varl&#305;klar&#305; (uzun vadeli krediler ve tahviller) ile y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri (k&#305;sa vadeli mevduatlar ve toptan fonlama) aras&#305;ndaki vade uyumsuzlu&#287;undan kaynaklanan riski minimize etmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. Bankalar, k&#305;sa vadeli bor&#231;lan&#305;p uzun vadeli bor&#231; vererek likidite yarat&#305;rlar, ancak bu durum onlar&#305; faiz &#351;oklar&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; savunmas&#305;z b&#305;rak&#305;r.  </p><p>IRRBB denetimlerinde bankalar&#305;n dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; iki temel &#246;l&#231;&#252;t &#252;zerinden test edilir, <strong>EVE (Economic Value of Equity - &#214;zkayna&#287;&#305;n Ekonomik De&#287;eri)</strong> ve <strong>NII (Net Interest Income - Net Faiz Geliri)</strong> &#252;zerindeki varsay&#305;msal faiz &#351;oklar&#305;. Reg&#252;lat&#246;rler, &#246;rne&#287;in faizlerin aniden 200 baz puan (bps) artt&#305;&#287;&#305; veya paralel olarak kayd&#305;&#287;&#305; senaryolarda bankan&#305;n &#246;zkaynak de&#287;erinin ne kadar eridi&#287;ini &#246;l&#231;er. SVB krizinin temelinde tam olarak bu yat&#305;yordu, bankan&#305;n EVE&#8217;si 200 baz puanl&#305;k varsay&#305;msal bir faiz art&#305;&#351;&#305;nda %30&#8217;a yak&#305;n erimi&#351;ti ve bu durum denet&#231;iler taraf&#305;ndan zaman&#305;nda cezaland&#305;r&#305;lmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. </p><p>Ancak Warsh y&#246;netiminin temel makroekonomik hedefi bankalar&#305;n uzun vadeli tahvil (duration) almas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamaksa, vade uyumsuzlu&#287;una kesilen sermaye cezalar&#305;n&#305;n ve denetimsel uyar&#305;lar&#305;n (Supervisory Outlier Tests - SOT) gev&#351;etilmesi &#246;nemli bir opsiyondur. Fed, IRRBB stres testlerinde kullan&#305;lan faiz &#351;oku senaryolar&#305;n&#305;n &#351;iddetini yumu&#351;atabilir, faiz art&#305;r&#305;m senaryolar&#305;n&#305;n olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; modellemelerde d&#252;&#351;&#252;rebilir veya ABD Hazine tahvillerini bu EVE stres testlerinden (k&#305;smen veya tamamen) muaf tutabilir. </p><h2>9. Daimi Repo Tesisi (Standing Repo Facility - SRF) Kapsam&#305;n&#305;n Geni&#351;letilmesi</h2><p>K&#305;sa vadeli piyasa faizlerinin aniden f&#305;rlamas&#305;n&#305; ve 2019 repo krizinin tekrarlanmas&#305;n&#305; &#246;nlemek amac&#305;yla Fed, Temmuz 2021&#8217;de Daimi Repo Tesisi&#8217;ni (Standing Repo Facility - SRF) kurmu&#351;tur. Mevcut tasar&#305;m&#305;yla SRF, genellikle birincil piyasa yap&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n (primary dealers) ve belirli bankalar&#305;n ellerindeki y&#252;ksek kaliteli varl&#305;klar&#305; (a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak k&#305;sa vadeli) Fed&#8217;e vererek kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda nakit (rezerv) almas&#305;na olanak tan&#305;yan bir arka kap&#305; likidite mekanizmas&#305;d&#305;r.  </p><p>Uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerini d&#252;&#351;&#252;rmek ve getiri e&#287;risini kontrol alt&#305;nda tutmak i&#231;in Warsh y&#246;netimi, SRF&#8217;yi yap&#305;sal bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;me tabi tutarak kapasitesini muazzam &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rabilir. SRF, operasyonel olarak sadece k&#305;sa vadeli ka&#287;&#305;tlar&#305; de&#287;il, uzun vadeli (10, 20 veya 30 y&#305;l) kuponlu Hazine tahvillerini de &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k (veya s&#305;f&#305;r) teminat kesintisi (haircut) ile kabul edecek &#351;ekilde geni&#351;letilebilir veya mevcut sistemdeki kar&#351;&#305; taraf ba&#351;&#305;na i&#351;lem limitleri (per-counterparty limits) art&#305;r&#305;labilir veya tamamen kald&#305;r&#305;labilir ve SRF&#8217;den yararlanma maliyeti (penalty rate) piyasa faizlerinin alt&#305;na &#231;ekilebilir.   </p><p>Piyasada bir banka 10 y&#305;ll&#305;k tahvil ald&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bunun nakde &#231;evrilememesi veya faizler artt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda fiyat&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;mesi riskini al&#305;r. E&#287;er Fed, z&#305;mni olarak bankalara 10 y&#305;ll&#305;k tahvili istedikleri an SRF &#252;zerinden  nominal de&#287;eri (par value) &#252;zerinden verip gecelik nakit alma garantisi sunarsa, bu bankalara &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de rahatl&#305;k sa&#287;lar. Uzun vadeli tahvillerin &#252;zerindeki faiz riski ve likidite primi azal&#305;r. Bankalar, getiri e&#287;risindeki pozitif e&#287;imi (uzun tahvil faizi eksi gecelik bor&#231;lanma maliyeti - carry trade) tamamen risksiz bir &#351;ekilde toplamak i&#231;in uzun vadeli tahviller alabilir.. Bu limitsiz talep, uzun vadeli faizleri Fed&#8217;in a&#231;&#305;k bir &#8220;Getiri E&#287;risi Kontrol&#252;&#8221; (Yield Curve Control) ilan etmesine gerek kalmadan dibe &#231;eker.  </p><h2>10. Risk Aktar&#305;m&#305; ve Finansal Bask&#305;lama</h2><p>Kevin Warsh&#8217;&#305;n 2008 krizinin ard&#305;ndan kaleme ald&#305;&#287;&#305; yaz&#305;larda ve konu&#351;malar&#305;nda s&#305;kl&#305;kla savundu&#287;u &#8220;Yeni Finansal Mimari&#8221; (New Financial Architecture) kavram&#305; ,teorik olarak Fed&#8217;in piyasalarda sermayenin tahsisi s&#252;recinden &#231;ekilmesini, serbest piyasa disiplininin tesisini ve kurumlar&#305;n &#8220;kurtar&#305;lamayacak kadar b&#252;y&#252;k&#8221; (too big to fail) olmamas&#305;n&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rmektedir. Bilan&#231;onun k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;lmesi ve &#246;zel sekt&#246;r&#252;n &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmas&#305; retori&#287;i bu felsefeden beslenir.  </p><p>Ancak yukar&#305;da detayland&#305;r&#305;lan reg&#252;latif te&#351;vikler (LCR manip&#252;lasyonu, SLR muafiyeti, AOCI iptali, IRRBB gev&#351;etilmesi ve SRF/&#304;skonto Penceresi geni&#351;lemesi) bir b&#252;t&#252;n olarak uyguland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, teknik olarak serbest piyasa dinamiklerinin i&#351;lemesinden ziyade devasa bir d&#252;zenleyici arbitraj  (regulatory arbitrage) ve devlet g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; finansal m&#252;hendislik &#252;r&#252;n&#252;ne sebep olur. Bu durumun makro-finansal sistem &#252;zerindeki ikinci ve &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; derece etkileri (ripple effects) son derece derindir.</p><p>Fed bilan&#231;osunu k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;rken (QT), trilyonlarca dolarl&#305;k faiz oran&#305; riski (duration risk) merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n sterilize edilmi&#351; bilan&#231;osundan &#231;&#305;karak do&#287;rudan ticari bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin kalbine aktar&#305;l&#305;r. Reg&#252;lat&#246;rler muhasebe kurallar&#305;yla (AOCI, HTM) bu riski ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde gizlese de, faiz oranlar&#305;ndaki olas&#305; bir sek&#252;ler y&#252;kseli&#351; trendi, t&#252;m bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemini zombi bankalara d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rme potansiyeli ta&#351;&#305;r.  </p><p>Ayr&#305;ca bu reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305;n tasar&#305;m&#305;, LCR ve SLR kurallar&#305;n&#305;n y&#246;nlendirmesiyle ABD Hazine tahvillerinin do&#287;al ve mecburi al&#305;c&#305;s&#305; haline getirip, &#246;zel sekt&#246;re verilen kredileri daha bile s&#305;n&#305;rlayabilir. Bir bankan&#305;n bilan&#231;osu s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r, e&#287;er bilan&#231;osunun %40&#8217;&#305;n&#305; devlet tahvillerine ay&#305;rmak zorunda kal&#305;rsa, reel ekonomiye (KOB&#304;&#8217;lere, &#351;irketlere, inovasyon projelerine) a&#231;aca&#287;&#305; uzun vadeli ticari krediler i&#231;in yer kalmaz. Bankalar, kredi riskini (credit risk) de&#287;erlendirip reel ekonomiyi fonlamak yerine, devletin b&#252;t&#231;e a&#231;&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; finanse eden devasa tahvil fonlar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r.  </p><p>Tam da bu noktada Warsh&#8217;&#305;n &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; yapay zeka ve dereg&#252;lasyon kaynakl&#305; &#8220;verimlilik art&#305;&#351;&#305;&#8221; (productivity boom) hipotezi  sistemin &#231;&#246;kmemesi i&#231;in kritik bir dengeleyici &#246;revi &#252;stlenir. E&#287;er verimlilik ger&#231;ekten artarsa, &#351;irketler daha az d&#305;&#351; finansmanla daha &#231;ok &#252;retim yapabilir ve reel ekonominin kredi talebi bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemindenin durumundan daha az yara al&#305;r. &#350;irketler kendi nakit ak&#305;&#351;lar&#305;yla b&#252;y&#252;rken, bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi devlet tahvillerinin finansman y&#252;k&#252;n&#252; hafifletilmi&#351; reg&#252;lasyonlar sayesinde ta&#351;&#305;r. Aksi takdirde, kredi ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n dondu&#287;u ve sadece devletin fonland&#305;&#287;&#305; bir durgunluk (stagnation) riski ba&#351; g&#246;sterir.  </p><p>Ayr&#305;ca getiri e&#287;risinin uzun taraf&#305;n&#305;n reg&#252;lasyonlarla bask&#305;lanmas&#305;, uluslararas&#305; sermaye ak&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; etkiler. ABD varl&#305;klar&#305;na y&#246;nelen getirisi d&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351; portf&#246;y yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; azalabilir, bu da Trump y&#246;netiminin daha rekabet&#231;i (zay&#305;f) bir dolar arzusuyla &#246;rt&#252;&#351;en bir yan etki yaratabilir. Ancak ayn&#305; zamanda yabanc&#305; merkez bankalar&#305;n&#305;n rezerv y&#246;netim politikalar&#305;n&#305; (&#246;rne&#287;in T-bills a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; bir portf&#246;ye ge&#231;i&#351;lerini) do&#287;rudan &#351;ekillendirir.  </p><h2>11. Sonu&#231;</h2><p>Kevin Warsh&#8217;&#305;n Federal Rezerv Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, merkez bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n geleneksel mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;tesine ge&#231;en, bilan&#231;onun yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; ve reg&#252;lasyon mimarisini aktif birer politika arac&#305; olarak kullanan karma&#351;&#305;k bir d&#246;nemi ba&#351;latma potansiyeli ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r. Ancak bilan&#231;onun niceliksel olarak k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;lmesi (QT) ile uzun vadeli faizlerin  d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;lmesi hedefleri aras&#305;ndaki yap&#305;sal z&#305;tl&#305;k, sadece a&#231;&#305;k piyasa i&#351;lemleriyle veya s&#246;zl&#252; y&#246;nlendirmelerle &#231;&#246;z&#252;lemeyecek kadar b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r.</p><p>Bu raporda, uzun vadeli faizleri d&#252;&#351;&#252;rmenin ve ayn&#305; zamanda Fed bilan&#231;osunu k&#252;&#231;&#252;ltmenin farkl&#305; yollar&#305;n&#305;, bankac&#305;l&#305;k reg&#252;lasyonlar&#305;n&#305;n temel temalar&#305;n&#305; (SLR k&#305;s&#305;tlar&#305;, LCR likidite tan&#305;mlar&#305;, AOCI muhasebe standartlar&#305; ve IRRBB stres testleri) yeniden i&#351;leyerek, ABD Hazine tahvillerinin ticari bankalar i&#231;in tutulmas&#305; mecburi, sermaye t&#252;ketmeyen ve son derece k&#226;rl&#305;, sentetik varl&#305;klar haline nas&#305;l getirilebilece&#287;ini anlatmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m.</p><p>Yeni ve kurumsalla&#351;m&#305;&#351; bir Hazine-Fed Mutabakat&#305; (Treasury-Fed Accord)  ile desteklenecek bu finansal m&#252;hendislik hamleleri, Hazine&#8217;nin uzun vadeli arz&#305;n&#305; k&#305;sarken, mimarisinin do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i y&#246;nlendirdi&#287;i bankac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;n&#252;n tahvil talebini yapay olarak maksimize edecektir. B&#246;ylelikle Fed, devasa varl&#305;k al&#305;mlar&#305;na (QE) ihtiya&#231; duymadan vade primlerini (term premium) daraltacak ve uzun vadeli faizleri hedeflenen d&#252;&#351;&#252;k seviyelere &#231;ekebilecektir.  </p><p>Ancak bu yap&#305;sal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n bedeli, finansal kriz sonras&#305; kurulan s&#305;k&#305; Basel III risk mimarisinin b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de esnetilmesi, &#304;skonto Penceresi ile SRF gibi son &#231;are ara&#231;lar&#305;n z&#305;mni birer Getiri E&#287;risi Kontrol&#252; (Yield Curve Control) mekanizmas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi  ve bankac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;n&#252;n giderek devlet taraf&#305;ndan belirli ama&#231;lar do&#287;rultusunda daha fazla kontrol edilen bir  (financial repression) hale gelmesi olacakt&#305;r. Warsh liderli&#287;indeki Fed&#8217;in ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;, bu ince &#231;izgide yarataca&#287;&#305; yapay talebin, vaat edilen yapay zeka odakl&#305; verimlilik patlamas&#305;yla ne kadar h&#305;zl&#305; desteklenece&#287;ine ba&#287;l&#305; olarak &#351;ekillenecektir.  </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Gölge Bankacılık Sistemi Para Yaratır mı?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bu makalede, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n "para yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305;" sorusunu kapsaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde inceliyorum.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/golge-bankaclk-sistemi-para-yaratr</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/golge-bankaclk-sistemi-para-yaratr</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 05:52:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bu makalede, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n "para yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305;" sorusunu kapsaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde inceliyorum. Analizim boyunca okuyucuyu a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki gibi bir yolculu&#287;a &#231;&#305;karmay&#305; planl&#305;yorum:</p><ul><li><p>Temelleri Sa&#287;lamla&#351;t&#305;rma: &#304;lk olarak, tart&#305;&#351;man&#305;n temelini olu&#351;turan "para" (M1, M2 gibi parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler), "geleneksel bankalar&#305;n para yaratma s&#252;reci" ve "g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi" gibi anahtar kavramlar&#305; net bir &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m.</p></li><li><p>Mekanizmay&#305; Anlama: Ard&#305;ndan, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n kredi ve likiditeyi nas&#305;l geni&#351;letti&#287;ini somut &#246;rneklerle inceleyece&#287;im. &#214;zellikle menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme ("krediyi ver ve da&#287;&#305;t" modeli) ve repo piyasalar&#305;n&#305;n, fonlar&#305; nas&#305;l d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; ve kredi verme kapasitesini nas&#305;l art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ad&#305;m ad&#305;m g&#246;stermeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m.</p></li><li><p>"Para" m&#305;, "Para Benzeri" mi?: G&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinin "para"n&#305;n t&#252;m i&#351;levlerini ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;p ta&#351;&#305;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; tart&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m.</p></li><li><p>Kan&#305;tlar&#305; De&#287;erlendirme: Arg&#252;manlar&#305;m&#305;, ampirik verilerle ve teorik modellerle ele alan &#246;nemli akademik &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarla destekleyece&#287;im. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n para talebine duyarl&#305; "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; nas&#305;l g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini ele alaca&#287;&#305;m.</p></li><li><p>Sonu&#231; ve Etkiler: Son olarak, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n kredi geni&#351;letme potansiyelinin finansal istikrar (sistemik risk, "ko&#351;u&#351;turma" riski) ve para politikas&#305;n&#305;n etkinli&#287;i &#252;zerindeki kritik etkilerini analiz ederek genel bir sonuca varaca&#287;&#305;m.</p></li></ul><h2>1. Giri&#351;</h2><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k d&#252;zenlemelerinin ve denetim mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda faaliyet g&#246;steren kredi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; faaliyetleri ve kurulu&#351;lar&#305; b&#252;t&#252;n&#252; olarak tan&#305;mlanmaktad&#305;r.<sup>1</sup> Finansal &#304;stikrar Kurulu (FSB) gibi uluslararas&#305; kurulu&#351;lar, bu sistemi "d&#252;zenlenmi&#351; bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki kurulu&#351;lar taraf&#305;ndan ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen ve temel bankac&#305;l&#305;k i&#351;levi olan kredi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; yerine getiren t&#252;m kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ve faaliyetleri" kapsayacak &#351;ekilde geni&#351; bir tan&#305;mla ele almaktad&#305;r.<sup>1</sup> Bu tan&#305;m, genellikle banka d&#305;&#351;&#305; finansal arac&#305;l&#305;k (Non-Bank Financial Intermediation - NBFI) terimiyle de e&#351; anlaml&#305; olarak kullan&#305;lmaktad&#305;r.<sup>4</sup> G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k, 2000'li y&#305;llardan sonra, &#246;zellikle 2008 k&#252;resel finansal krizinin ard&#305;ndan finansal sistem i&#231;inde giderek artan bir &#246;neme sahip olmu&#351;tur.<sup>6</sup> 2022 y&#305;l&#305; sonunda, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n k&#252;resel gayri safi yurt i&#231;i has&#305;lan&#305;n (GSY&#304;H) %78'ine denk gelen yakla&#351;&#305;k 63 trilyon ABD dolar&#305; seviyesine ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; tahmin edilmektedir.<sup>6</sup> Finansal &#304;stikrar Kurulu'nun (FSB) 2023 y&#305;l&#305; verilerine dayanan raporuna g&#246;re, banka d&#305;&#351;&#305; finansal arac&#305;l&#305;k (NBFI) sekt&#246;r&#252; 2022'de ya&#351;anan daralman&#305;n ard&#305;ndan 2023'te %8.5 oran&#305;nda b&#252;y&#252;yerek k&#252;resel finansal varl&#305;klar&#305;n %49.1'ine ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.<sup>9</sup> Bu dikkate de&#287;er b&#252;y&#252;me, k&#305;smen geleneksel piyasa kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;ndan kredi ve sermaye teminindeki zorluklar ve finansal teknolojilerdeki ilerlemelerle desteklenmi&#351;tir.<sup>7</sup> Sistem, kredi sa&#287;lama, likidite d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; ve risk y&#246;netimi gibi temel finansal i&#351;levlerde &#246;nemli bir rol oynamaktad&#305;r.<sup>3</sup></p><p>Bu makalenin temel amac&#305;, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin "para yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305;" y&#246;n&#252;ndeki karma&#351;&#305;k ve &#231;ok boyutlu soruyu ele almakt&#305;r. Bu soru, yaln&#305;zca akademik bir merak konusu olman&#305;n &#246;tesinde, finansal istikrar&#305;n korunmas&#305;, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n etkin bir &#351;ekilde y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;lmesi ve d&#252;zenleyici &#231;er&#231;evelerin tasar&#305;m&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan derin ve pratik &#231;&#305;kar&#305;mlara sahiptir. G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n para yaratma potansiyeli, finansal sistemin denetimi, sistemik risklerin y&#246;netimi ve para politikas&#305;n&#305;n ekonomiyi etkileme g&#252;c&#252; gibi konularda &#246;nemli belirsizlikler ve zorluklar do&#287;urmaktad&#305;r.<sup>13</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; ve geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;kla artan i&#231; i&#231;e ge&#231;mi&#351;li&#287;i, "para" ve "kredi" kavramlar&#305;n&#305;n ve bu kavramlar&#305;n yarat&#305;lma s&#252;re&#231;lerinin yeniden de&#287;erlendirilmesini zorunlu k&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. Geleneksel para tan&#305;mlar&#305; (&#246;rne&#287;in M1, M2 gibi parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler), b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de merkez bankas&#305; paras&#305; ve ticari banka mevduatlar&#305;na odaklanmaktad&#305;r.<sup>16</sup> Ancak g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, para piyasas&#305; fonu (PPF) paylar&#305; ve repo y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri gibi y&#252;ksek likiditeye sahip, mevduat benzeri finansal ara&#231;lar yaratmaktad&#305;r.<sup>17</sup> Bu ara&#231;lar, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan nakit benzeri varl&#305;klar veya k&#305;sa vadeli yat&#305;r&#305;m ara&#231;lar&#305; olarak kullan&#305;lmakta <sup>18</sup>, bu durum da geleneksel para tan&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k taraf&#305;ndan yarat&#305;lan likit varl&#305;klar&#305;n "parasal&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;" ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yakalayabildi&#287;i konusunda soru i&#351;aretleri do&#287;urmaktad&#305;r. E&#287;er bu yeni ara&#231;lar ekonomik akt&#246;rler taraf&#305;ndan para gibi alg&#305;lan&#305;p kullan&#305;l&#305;yorsa, para arz&#305; ve kredi ko&#351;ullar&#305; &#252;zerindeki geleneksel merkez bankas&#305; kontrol&#252;n&#252;n zay&#305;flamas&#305; s&#246;z konusu olabilir.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n para yaratma potansiyeli, b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#252;zenleyici arbitraj ve finansal yeniliklerin bir sonucu olarak ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351; olabilir. G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k, tan&#305;m&#305; gere&#287;i geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k d&#252;zenlemelerinin d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda faaliyet g&#246;sterir.<sup>1</sup> Bu durum, daha az sermaye y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;, daha esnek likidite kurallar&#305; gibi avantajlar sunarak d&#252;zenleyici arbitraj&#305; te&#351;vik edebilir.<sup>7</sup> Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme ve karma&#351;&#305;k t&#252;rev &#252;r&#252;nler gibi finansal yenilikler ise g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n kredi ve likidite yaratma kapasitesini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.<sup>3</sup> Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n "para yaratma" tart&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, sadece bir ekonomik mekanizma meselesi olmaktan &#231;&#305;k&#305;p, ayn&#305; zamanda d&#252;zenleyici &#231;er&#231;evenin dinamik do&#287;as&#305; ve finansal sistemdeki bo&#351;luklar&#305; ele alma yetene&#287;i ile de yak&#305;ndan ili&#351;kili hale gelmektedir. D&#252;zenlemeler s&#305;k&#305;la&#351;t&#305;k&#231;a, finansal faaliyetlerin daha az d&#252;zenlenmi&#351; alanlara kayma ve yeni "para benzeri" ara&#231;lar&#305;n ortaya &#231;&#305;kma potansiyeli, d&#252;zenleyiciler i&#231;in s&#252;rekli bir meydan okuma olu&#351;turmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Yaz&#305;da g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin, M1 gibi dar tan&#305;ml&#305; paray&#305; (yani do&#287;rudan &#246;deme arac&#305; olarak kullan&#305;lan merkez bankas&#305; paras&#305; ve ticari banka vadesiz mevduatlar&#305;) geleneksel bankalarla ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde <strong>yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; savunaca&#287;&#305;m</strong>. Ancak, "para benzeri" likit varl&#305;klar ve k&#305;sa vadeli fonlama ara&#231;lar&#305; yaratarak, ekonomideki toplam kredi hacmini ve likidite ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de <strong>etkileyece&#287;ini ve geni&#351;letece&#287;ini belirtece&#287;im</strong>. Bu "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan paran&#305;n baz&#305; i&#351;levlerini (&#246;zellikle de&#287;er saklama ve likidite sa&#287;lama) yerine getiren ikameler olarak kullan&#305;l&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n "para yarat&#305;m&#305;" &#252;zerindeki etkisi, dar bir tan&#305;mdan ziyade, daha geni&#351; bir "parasal ko&#351;ullar&#305; &#351;ekillendirme" ve "kredi yarat&#305;m&#305;n&#305; kolayla&#351;t&#305;rma" perspektifinden de&#287;erlendirilmelidir. Bu sistem, geleneksel para yarat&#305;m mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305; tamamlay&#305;c&#305; ve bazen de ikame edici bir rol oynayarak, finansal sistemin i&#351;leyi&#351;ini derinden d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmektedir.</p><h2>2. Temel Kavramlar&#305;n Tan&#305;mlanmas&#305;</h2><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin para yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305; sorusunu ele almadan &#246;nce, "para", "geleneksel bankalar&#305;n para yaratma s&#252;reci" ve "g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi" gibi temel kavramlar&#305;n net bir &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlanmas&#305; gerekmektedir.</p><h3>Para Nedir? Geleneksel Tan&#305;mlar ve Parasal B&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler (M0, M1, M2)</h3><p>Ekonomi biliminde para, genellikle &#252;&#231; temel i&#351;levi yerine getiren bir ara&#231; olarak tan&#305;mlan&#305;r: bir <strong>de&#287;i&#351;im arac&#305;</strong> (medium of exchange), bir <strong>hesap birimi</strong> (unit of account) ve bir <strong>de&#287;er saklama arac&#305;</strong> (store of value).<sup>16</sup> Mal ve hizmet al&#305;&#351;veri&#351;inde genel kabul g&#246;rmesi, de&#287;erinin standart bir &#246;l&#231;&#252; birimi olmas&#305; ve sat&#305;n alma g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; zaman i&#231;inde koruyabilmesi, bir varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n para olarak kabul edilmesinin temel ko&#351;ullar&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Para arz&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in &#231;e&#351;itli parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler kullan&#305;l&#305;r. Bu b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler, i&#231;erdikleri varl&#305;klar&#305;n likidite derecelerine g&#246;re farkl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;sterir. En yayg&#305;n kullan&#305;lan parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler &#351;unlard&#305;r <sup>16</sup>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>M0 (Parasal Taban veya Merkez Bankas&#305; Paras&#305;):</strong> Bu, en dar para tan&#305;m&#305; olup, dola&#351;&#305;mdaki fiziki paray&#305; (madeni paralar ve banknotlar) ve ticari bankalar&#305;n merkez bankas&#305;ndaki zorunlu ve serbest rezervlerini i&#231;erir. M0, merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n do&#287;rudan kontrol edebildi&#287;i parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kt&#252;r.</p></li><li><p><strong>M1 (Dar Tan&#305;ml&#305; Para Arz&#305;):</strong> M0'&#305;n &#246;zel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki dola&#351;&#305;mda olan k&#305;sm&#305;na ek olarak, vadesiz mevduatlar&#305; (&#231;ekle &#246;denebilir mevduatlar), seyahat &#231;eklerini ve di&#287;er &#231;ekilebilir mevduatlar&#305; kapsar. M1, ekonomideki en likit para bi&#231;imlerini temsil eder ve do&#287;rudan i&#351;lem amac&#305;yla kullan&#305;l&#305;r.</p></li><li><p><strong>M2 (Geni&#351; Tan&#305;ml&#305; Para Arz&#305;):</strong> M1'e ek olarak, tasarruf mevduatlar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;o&#287;unu, para piyasas&#305; mevduat hesaplar&#305;n&#305;, perakende para piyasas&#305; yat&#305;r&#305;m fonlar&#305;n&#305; (MMMF) ve genellikle 100.000 ABD dolar&#305;n&#305;n alt&#305;ndaki k&#252;&#231;&#252;k vadeli mevduat sertifikalar&#305;n&#305; i&#231;erir. M2, daha geni&#351; bir likit varl&#305;k yelpazesini kapsar ve paran&#305;n de&#287;er saklama i&#351;levini daha fazla yans&#305;t&#305;r.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>M3 (En Geni&#351; Para Arz&#305;):</strong> M2'ye ek olarak, daha az likit olan ancak yine de &#246;nemli bir parasal potansiyel ta&#351;&#305;yan di&#287;er finansal varl&#305;klar&#305; kapsar. Bu kategoriye b&#252;y&#252;k tutarl&#305; vadeli mevduatlar, repo anla&#351;malar&#305; ve kurumsal para piyasas&#305; fonu paylar&#305; gibi g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;kla ili&#351;kili ara&#231;lar dahil edilebilir. M3, ekonomideki toplam likiditeyi ve potansiyel sat&#305;n alma g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; yans&#305;tmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;an en kapsaml&#305; para arz&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;s&#252;d&#252;r.<sup>11</sup></p></li></ul><p>Bu geleneksel para tan&#305;mlar&#305;, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n form&#252;lasyonu ve uygulanmas&#305; ile ekonomik analizlerde para arz&#305;n&#305;n ve likidite ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305;n izlenmesi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan kritik &#246;neme sahiptir. G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k tart&#305;&#351;mas&#305; ba&#287;lam&#305;nda, bu tan&#305;mlar&#305;n g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi taraf&#305;ndan yarat&#305;lan ve "para benzeri" &#246;zellikler ta&#351;&#305;yan &#231;e&#351;itli finansal ara&#231;lar&#305; ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de kapsad&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;nemli bir soru olarak kar&#351;&#305;m&#305;za &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r.</p><p><strong>Kredi Verme S&#252;reci ve Geleneksel Para Yarat&#305;m&#305;</strong></p><p>Bir ticari banka bir m&#252;&#351;teriye kredi verdi&#287;inde, bu i&#351;lem basit&#231;e mevcut bir mevduat&#305;n ba&#351;ka birine aktar&#305;lmas&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez. Banka, kredi verdi&#287;i bor&#231;lunun hesab&#305;na yeni bir mevduat kayd&#305; yapar. Bu i&#351;lem sonucunda, bankan&#305;n aktiflerinde yeni bir kredi alaca&#287;&#305; olu&#351;urken, pasiflerinde de yeni bir mevduat y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; meydana gelir. Bu &#351;ekilde, banka "yoktan var ederek" yeni <strong>kaydi para (bank money veya deposit money)</strong> yaratm&#305;&#351; olur.<sup>16</sup> Bu yarat&#305;lan yeni mevduat, ekonomide mal ve hizmet al&#305;m&#305;nda kullan&#305;labilir. Bor&#231;lu bu paray&#305; harcad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, para ba&#351;ka bir ekonomik birimin hesab&#305;na ge&#231;er ve potansiyel olarak ba&#351;ka bir bankaya mevduat olarak yat&#305;r&#305;labilir. Bu yeni mevduat da, o banka taraf&#305;ndan yeni krediler vermek i&#231;in kullan&#305;labilir.</p><h3>G&#246;lge Bankac&#305;l&#305;k Sistemi: Tan&#305;mlar, Kapsam ve Temel Faaliyetler</h3><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, Finansal &#304;stikrar Kurulu (FSB) taraf&#305;ndan "d&#252;zenlenmi&#351; bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki kurulu&#351;lar taraf&#305;ndan ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen ve temel bankac&#305;l&#305;k i&#351;levi olan kredi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; yerine getiren t&#252;m kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ve faaliyetleri" olarak tan&#305;mlanmaktad&#305;r.<sup>1</sup> Bu terim, genellikle banka d&#305;&#351;&#305; finansal arac&#305;l&#305;k (NBFI) ile e&#351; anlaml&#305; olarak kullan&#305;l&#305;r.<sup>4</sup> G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, para piyasas&#305; fonlar&#305; (PPF), yat&#305;r&#305;m fonlar&#305;, hedge fonlar, menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme amac&#305;yla kurulan &#246;zel ama&#231;l&#305; kurulu&#351;lar (Special Purpose Vehicles - SPV'ler) ve yap&#305;land&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; yat&#305;r&#305;m ara&#231;lar&#305; (Structured Investment Vehicles - SIV'ler), varl&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; ticari senet (Asset-Backed Commercial Paper - ABCP) kanallar&#305;, geri al&#305;m anla&#351;mas&#305; (repo) piyasalar&#305;, yat&#305;r&#305;m bankalar&#305; ve finansman &#351;irketleri gibi &#231;ok &#231;e&#351;itli kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ve piyasalar&#305; i&#231;erir.<sup>3</sup> Bu kurulu&#351;lar genellikle bankac&#305;l&#305;k lisans&#305;na sahip de&#287;ildir, geleneksel anlamda mevduat toplamazlar ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla ticari bankalarla ayn&#305; d&#252;zenleyici &#231;er&#231;eveye ve denetim mekanizmalar&#305;na tabi de&#287;ildirler.<sup>3</sup></p><p><strong>Temel Faaliyetler:</strong> G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, geleneksel bankalar&#305;n yerine getirdi&#287;i d&#246;rt temel arac&#305;l&#305;k i&#351;levini ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirir <sup>3</sup>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Vade D&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; (Maturity Transformation):</strong> K&#305;sa vadeli fonlar&#305; (&#246;rne&#287;in, MMF paylar&#305; veya repo yoluyla elde edilen fonlar) toplayarak daha uzun vadeli varl&#305;klara (&#246;rne&#287;in, menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirilmi&#351; krediler veya uzun vadeli tahviller) yat&#305;r&#305;m yapmak.<sup>2</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Likidite D&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; (Liquidity Transformation):</strong> Nakit benzeri, likit y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler (&#246;rne&#287;in, talep &#252;zerine paraya &#231;evrilebilir MMF paylar&#305;) ihra&#231; ederek, sat&#305;lmas&#305; daha zor olan, daha az likit varl&#305;klar&#305; (&#246;rne&#287;in, &#246;zel sekt&#246;r kredileri, yap&#305;land&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; finansal &#252;r&#252;nler) finanse etmek.<sup>2</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Kredi Riski Transferi (Credit Risk Transfer):</strong> Bir kredinin veya tahvilin temerr&#252;t riskini, krediyi veya tahvili ilk &#231;&#305;karan kurulu&#351;tan ba&#351;ka bir tarafa (&#246;rne&#287;in, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar veya sigorta &#351;irketleri) aktarmak. Bu genellikle menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme veya kredi t&#252;revleri yoluyla yap&#305;l&#305;r.<sup>3</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Kald&#305;ra&#231; Kullan&#305;m&#305; (Leverage):</strong> Potansiyel kazan&#231;lar&#305; (veya kay&#305;plar&#305;) b&#252;y&#252;tmek amac&#305;yla bor&#231;lanarak veya t&#252;rev ara&#231;lar kullanarak yat&#305;r&#305;m yapmak.<sup>2</sup></p></li></ul><p><strong>Anahtar Ara&#231;lar ve Mekanizmalar:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Menkul K&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme (Securitization):</strong> Bankalar&#305;n veya di&#287;er finansal kurulu&#351;lar&#305;n bilan&#231;olar&#305;ndaki likit olmayan varl&#305;klar&#305;n (&#246;rne&#287;in, konut kredileri, otomobil kredileri, kredi kart&#305; alacaklar&#305;) bir araya getirilerek havuzlanmas&#305; ve bu havuza dayal&#305; olarak yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara sat&#305;lmak &#252;zere al&#305;n&#305;p sat&#305;labilir menkul k&#305;ymetler (Varl&#305;&#287;a Dayal&#305; Menkul K&#305;ymetler - ABS, Konut &#304;pote&#287;ine Dayal&#305; Menkul K&#305;ymetler - RMBS vb.) ihra&#231; edilmesi s&#252;recidir.<sup>3</sup> Bu, riskin da&#287;&#305;t&#305;lmas&#305;na, fonlama kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;e&#351;itlendirilmesine ve likiditenin art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;na yard&#305;mc&#305; olur. Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme zinciri, kredinin olu&#351;turulmas&#305;ndan nihai yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;ya sat&#305;&#351;&#305;na kadar bir&#231;ok ad&#305;m&#305; i&#231;erebilir ve bu ad&#305;mlar&#305;n &#231;o&#287;u d&#252;zenleyicilerin do&#287;rudan g&#246;zetimi d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;ebilir.<sup>3</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Repo Piyasalar&#305; (Repurchase Agreements):</strong> Bir taraf&#305;n (bor&#231; alan) di&#287;er tarafa (bor&#231; veren) menkul k&#305;ymetleri sat&#305;p, bu menkul k&#305;ymetleri gelecekte belirli bir tarihte ve daha y&#252;ksek bir fiyattan geri alma taahh&#252;d&#252;nde bulundu&#287;u k&#305;sa vadeli fonlama i&#351;lemleridir.<sup>3</sup> Fark, bor&#231; verenin elde etti&#287;i faizdir. Repo piyasalar&#305;, finansal kurulu&#351;lar i&#231;in &#246;nemli bir k&#305;sa vadeli fonlama ve likidite y&#246;netimi arac&#305;d&#305;r.</p></li><li><p><strong>Para Piyasas&#305; Fonlar&#305; (Money Market Funds - MMFs):</strong> &#199;ok say&#305;da yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;dan toplanan fonlar&#305; bir araya getirerek, genellikle y&#252;ksek kaliteli ve k&#305;sa vadeli bor&#231;lanma ara&#231;lar&#305;na (&#246;rne&#287;in, hazine bonolar&#305;, mevduat sertifikalar&#305;, ticari senetler, repo i&#351;lemleri) yat&#305;r&#305;m yapan kolektif yat&#305;r&#305;m ara&#231;lar&#305;d&#305;r.<sup>2</sup> MMF'ler, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara genellikle d&#252;&#351;&#252;k riskli, likit ve banka mevduatlar&#305;na alternatif bir yat&#305;r&#305;m arac&#305; olarak sunulur.</p></li><li><p><strong>Varl&#305;&#287;a Dayal&#305; Ticari Senet (Asset-Backed Commercial Paper - ABCP):</strong> Genellikle bankalar veya finansman &#351;irketleri taraf&#305;ndan kurulan &#246;zel ama&#231;l&#305; kurulu&#351;lar (conduits) arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ihra&#231; edilen, &#231;e&#351;itli varl&#305;klarla (&#246;rne&#287;in, ticari alacaklar, kredi kart&#305; alacaklar&#305;) teminatland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; k&#305;sa vadeli bor&#231;lanma senetleridir.<sup>3</sup> ABCP'ler, &#351;irketlerin k&#305;sa vadeli fonlama ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;lamak i&#231;in kullan&#305;l&#305;r ve genellikle MMF'ler gibi kurumsal yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan sat&#305;n al&#305;n&#305;r.</p></li></ul><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin karma&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;ktan farkl&#305; d&#252;zenleyici muameleye tabi olmas&#305;, "para yarat&#305;m&#305;" kavram&#305;n&#305;n bu sistemdeki tezah&#252;rlerinin daha zor tespit edilmesine ve &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmesine yol a&#231;maktad&#305;r. Geleneksel bankalar&#305;n kredi yoluyla mevduat yaratmas&#305; nispeten daha &#351;effaf bir s&#252;re&#231;ken, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;ktaki kredi geni&#351;lemesi ve "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar&#305;n olu&#351;umu, genellikle uzun ve karma&#351;&#305;k arac&#305;l&#305;k zincirleri <sup>3</sup> ve bilan&#231;o d&#305;&#351;&#305; kalemler arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir. Bu durum, toplam kredi geni&#351;lemesinin ve "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar&#305;n hacminin tam olarak &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmesini zorla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r ve bu varl&#305;klar&#305;n parasal sisteme etkilerini de&#287;erlendirmeyi g&#252;&#231;le&#351;tirir. &#214;rne&#287;in, repo piyasalar&#305;ndaki teminat&#305;n yeniden kullan&#305;lmas&#305; (rehypothecation) <sup>39</sup> kredi kapasitesini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rabilir, ancak bu art&#305;&#351; standart parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;klerde hemen g&#246;r&#252;nmeyebilir.</p><h2>3. G&#246;lge Bankac&#305;l&#305;k Faaliyetleri Para Yarat&#305;r m&#305;?</h2><p>G&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler, geleneksel paran&#305;n t&#252;m i&#351;levlerini (&#246;zellikle nihai &#246;deme arac&#305; olma) yerine getirmese de, likidite ve de&#287;er saklama arac&#305; olarak paraya &#231;ok yak&#305;n &#246;zellikler sergileyebilir ve kredi sisteminin geni&#351;lemesinde &#246;nemli bir rol oynayabilir.<sup>17</sup> Bir ba&#351;ka deyi&#351;le, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k do&#287;rudan "para" (M1 anlam&#305;nda) yaratmasa bile, kredi yarat&#305;m&#305;n&#305; ve genel likiditeyi &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de etkileyerek parasal sistem &#252;zerinde dolayl&#305; bir etki yarat&#305;r. Bu durum, "para yarat&#305;m&#305;" kavram&#305;n&#305;n sadece geleneksel banka mevduatlar&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;&#351;&#305; olarak de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda genel kredi ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305;n ve likit varl&#305;klar&#305;n geni&#351;lemesi olarak da d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lmesi gerekti&#287;ini ima eder.</p><h3>Fon Ak&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n D&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;: Mevduattan Toptan Fonlamaya ve Bilan&#231;o Etkileri</h3><p>Konuyu daha iyi anlayabilmek ad&#305;na somut bir &#246;rnek &#252;zerinden ilerleyelim. Bir vatanda&#351;, bir bankadan mortgage kredisi &#231;ekip, bir ev sat&#305;n als&#305;n ve ev sahibine &#246;demeyi ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmi&#351; olsun. Daha sonras&#305;nda ev sahibi ald&#305;&#287;&#305; paray&#305;, para piyasas&#305; fonuna koymu&#351; olsun.</p><p>Konut sat&#305;&#351; geliri ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta sat&#305;c&#305;n&#305;n banka hesab&#305;na yat&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bu, banka i&#231;in bir perakende mevduat y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;d&#252;r. Sat&#305;c&#305; bu paray&#305; bir PPF'ye yat&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, sat&#305;c&#305;n&#305;n banka mevduat&#305; azal&#305;rken, PPF'nin varl&#305;klar&#305; (genellikle bir saklamac&#305; bankada tutulan nakit) ve y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri (yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;ya ihra&#231; edilen paylar) artar. Bu a&#351;amada, fonlar d&#252;zenlenmi&#351; ve sigortal&#305; bir banka mevduat&#305;ndan, farkl&#305; kurallara tabi bir PPF'ye kaym&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>PPF, toplad&#305;&#287;&#305; fonlar&#305; bir yat&#305;r&#305;m bankas&#305;yla repo i&#351;leminde kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, PPF'nin saklamac&#305; bankas&#305;ndaki nakdi azal&#305;r ve repo alaca&#287;&#305; (bir varl&#305;k) olu&#351;ur. Yat&#305;r&#305;m bankas&#305;n&#305;n ise nakdi artar ve bir repo y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; (toptan fonlama) olu&#351;ur. Yat&#305;r&#305;m bankas&#305; bu fonlar&#305; bir ipotek bankas&#305;yla ba&#351;ka bir repo i&#351;leminde kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, benzer bir bilan&#231;o hareketi ipotek bankas&#305; i&#231;in de ge&#231;erli olur; ipotek bankas&#305; nakit elde eder ve repo y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; alt&#305;na girer.</p><p>Bu zincir sonucunda, ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta bir bankada perakende mevduat olan fonlar, repo piyasas&#305; arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ba&#351;ka bankalar&#305;n (yat&#305;r&#305;m bankas&#305;, ipotek bankas&#305;) bilan&#231;olar&#305;nda k&#305;sa vadeli, piyasa bazl&#305; toptan fonlama y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin toplam rezerv seviyesi ayn&#305; kalabilir (e&#287;er para sadece bankalar aras&#305;nda hareket ettiyse), ancak repo zincirine dahil olan bankalar i&#231;in y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;n <em>niteli&#287;i</em> ve risk profili de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;tir.</p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki infografik, bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; ve bilan&#231;o etkilerini &#246;zetlemektedir:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K3ay!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba18521-06ab-4d79-a68b-f9c500c5187d_1285x497.png" width="1285" height="497" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zJ3w!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89123c35-c438-44bf-b5d3-8bb019593080_1120x523.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zJ3w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89123c35-c438-44bf-b5d3-8bb019593080_1120x523.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zJ3w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89123c35-c438-44bf-b5d3-8bb019593080_1120x523.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zJ3w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89123c35-c438-44bf-b5d3-8bb019593080_1120x523.png" width="1120" height="523" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;taki 100 TL'lik perakende mevduat, sistemin sonunda bir ipotek bankas&#305;n&#305; fonlayan bir dizi toptan y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;e d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</p><p>Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, bankalar&#305;n fonlama yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; ve risklerini etkiler. Toptan fonlama, perakende mevduatlara g&#246;re genellikle daha maliyetli, faiz oranlar&#305;na daha duyarl&#305; ve stres zamanlar&#305;nda daha az istikrarl&#305;d&#305;r.<sup>14</sup></p><h3>Mevduatlar&#305;n Toptan Fonlamaya D&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; ve Kredi Arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda De&#287;i&#351;im (Menkul K&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme)</h3><p>Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k faaliyetlerinin merkezinde yer alan ve kredi piyasalar&#305;n&#305;n i&#351;leyi&#351;ini temelden d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;ren bir s&#252;re&#231;tir. Bu s&#252;re&#231;, geleneksel mevduat tabanl&#305; fonlamadan piyasa tabanl&#305; toptan fonlamaya ge&#231;i&#351;i h&#305;zland&#305;rm&#305;&#351; ve kredi geni&#351;lemesi &#252;zerinde &#246;nemli etkiler yaratm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme, bankalar&#305;n veya di&#287;er kredi veren kurulu&#351;lar&#305;n (&#246;rne&#287;in, finansman &#351;irketleri) bilan&#231;olar&#305;nda bulunan ve genellikle d&#252;zenli nakit ak&#305;&#351;&#305; sa&#287;layan alacaklar&#305;n (&#246;rne&#287;in, konut kredileri, t&#252;ketici kredileri, kredi kart&#305; alacaklar&#305;, otomobil kredileri, ticari krediler) bir havuzda toplanmas&#305;, bu alacak havuzuna dayal&#305; olarak yeni menkul k&#305;ymetlerin (varl&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; menkul k&#305;ymetler - VDMK veya borca dayal&#305; menkul k&#305;ymetler - CDO gibi) ihra&#231; edilmesi ve bu menkul k&#305;ymetlerin sermaye piyasalar&#305;ndaki yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara sat&#305;lmas&#305; s&#252;recidir.<sup>3</sup> Bu s&#252;re&#231; genellikle, kredileri bilan&#231;osundan &#231;&#305;karan kredi vericiden (originator) ayr&#305; bir hukuki varl&#305;k olan &#214;zel Ama&#231;l&#305; Kurulu&#351;lar (Special Purpose Vehicles - SPV veya Special Purpose Entities - SPE) arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilir. ABD Para Birimi Denetleme Ofisi (Office of the Comptroller of the Currency - OCC), menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirmenin bankalar&#305;n kredi portf&#246;ylerinin bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; finanse etmek i&#231;in menkul k&#305;ymet piyasalar&#305;n&#305; kullanmalar&#305;na, bu sayede sermayeyi daha verimli bir &#351;ekilde tahsis etmelerine, &#231;e&#351;itli ve genellikle daha uygun maliyetli fonlama kaynaklar&#305;na eri&#351;melerine ve faiz oran&#305; riski, likidite riski ve kredi riski gibi i&#351; risklerini daha etkin bir &#351;ekilde y&#246;netmelerine olanak tan&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtmektedir.<sup>19</sup></p><p>Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirmenin en &#246;nemli sonu&#231;lar&#305;ndan biri, kredi arz&#305; &#252;zerindeki potansiyel geni&#351;letici etkisidir. Kredi veren kurulu&#351;lar, menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme yoluyla bilan&#231;olar&#305;ndaki mevcut kredi alacaklar&#305;n&#305; yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara devrederek, bu krediler i&#231;in ay&#305;rd&#305;klar&#305; sermayeyi serbest b&#305;rak&#305;rlar.<sup>8</sup> Serbest kalan bu sermaye, yeni krediler vermek i&#231;in kullan&#305;labilir. Bu durum, "krediyi ver ve da&#287;&#305;t" (originate-to-distribute) olarak bilinen bir i&#351; modelini te&#351;vik eder. Bu modelde, krediler bilan&#231;oda uzun s&#252;re tutulmak yerine, menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirilerek h&#305;zla yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara aktar&#305;l&#305;r. Bu s&#252;re&#231;, kredi verme kapasitesini ve h&#305;z&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rabilir ve b&#246;ylece ekonomideki toplam kredi hacminin b&#252;y&#252;mesine katk&#305;da bulunabilir.<sup>10</sup> Wharton Finans b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nden bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, varl&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirmenin kredi arz&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nemli bir itici g&#252;c&#252; oldu&#287;unu ve 2008 krizi &#246;ncesinde ABD'deki bir&#231;ok t&#252;ketici kredisi piyasas&#305;nda (konut, otomobil, kredi kart&#305;, &#246;&#287;renci kredileri) toplam kredi tutarlar&#305;n&#305;n %30 ila %75 gibi &#246;nemli bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n bu yolla finanse edildi&#287;ini, bunun da hanehalklar&#305;n&#305;n krediye eri&#351;imini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtmektedir. Ancak ayn&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, kredi derecelendirme kurulu&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n bu s&#252;re&#231;teki rol&#252;n&#252;n ve kredi derecelendirmelerinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n, kredi standartlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;mesine ve potansiyel olarak a&#351;&#305;r&#305; kredi arz&#305;na yol a&#231;abilece&#287;i konusunda &#246;nemli uyar&#305;larda bulunmaktad&#305;r.<sup>20</sup></p><p>Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme ve ilgili toptan fonlama teknikleri, bankalar&#305;n ve genel olarak finansal sistemin fonlama yap&#305;s&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;me yol a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Geleneksel olarak bankalar, kredi faaliyetlerini b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de toplad&#305;klar&#305; mevduatlarla finanse ederken, menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme ile birlikte sermaye piyasalar&#305; ve di&#287;er piyasa tabanl&#305; toptan fonlama kaynaklar&#305; (&#246;rne&#287;in, varl&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; ticari senetler, repo piyasalar&#305;) giderek daha fazla &#246;nem kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.<sup>6</sup> Bu de&#287;i&#351;im, bir yandan fonlama kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;e&#351;itlenmesine ve potansiyel olarak maliyetlerin d&#252;&#351;mesine olanak tan&#305;rken, di&#287;er yandan finansal sistemi piyasa likiditesindeki dalgalanmalara ve yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305; g&#252;venindeki de&#287;i&#351;imlere kar&#351;&#305; daha hassas ve k&#305;r&#305;lgan hale getirmi&#351;tir. St. Louis Fed, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminde kredilerin geleneksel banka mevduatlar&#305;yla de&#287;il, genellikle repo anla&#351;malar&#305; ve para piyasas&#305; fonu yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; gibi k&#305;sa vadeli piyasa fonlamas&#305;yla finanse edildi&#287;ini ve bu s&#252;recin merkezinde menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirmenin yer ald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a ortaya koymaktad&#305;r.<sup>6</sup> Bu, fonlama yap&#305;s&#305;ndaki temel bir de&#287;i&#351;imi ve g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;ktan ayr&#305;&#351;an temel &#246;zelliklerinden birini g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p>Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme, do&#287;rudan "yeni para basmak" anlam&#305;na gelmese de, kredi yaratma s&#252;recini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de h&#305;zland&#305;rarak ve kredi hacmini geni&#351;leterek ekonomideki toplam sat&#305;n alma g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; ve likiditeyi art&#305;rma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bankalar&#305;n bilan&#231;olar&#305;ndan kredi riskini &#231;&#305;kararak yeni kredi vermek i&#231;in sermaye serbest b&#305;rakmas&#305; <sup>8</sup> ve "krediyi ver ve da&#287;&#305;t" modelinin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305; <sup>10</sup>, kredi verme kapasitesinde &#246;nemli bir art&#305;&#351;a yol a&#231;ar. Artan kredi arz&#305;, daha fazla bor&#231;lanma, yat&#305;r&#305;m ve harcama anlam&#305;na gelir. Bu durum, ekonomideki toplam talep ve likidite &#252;zerinde geni&#351;letici bir etki yaratarak, parasal geni&#351;lemeye benzer sonu&#231;lar do&#287;urabilir. E&#287;er bu kredi geni&#351;lemesi, merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n para politikas&#305; hedefleriyle uyumlu de&#287;ilse veya b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#252;zenlenmemi&#351; ya da gev&#351;ek d&#252;zenlenmi&#351; kanallardan ak&#305;yorsa, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n etkinli&#287;ini zay&#305;flatabilir ve finansal sistemde kontrols&#252;z risk birikimine yol a&#231;abilir.</p><p>"Krediyi ver ve da&#287;&#305;t" modelinin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305;, kredi veren kurulu&#351;lar&#305;n kredi kalitesini titizlikle izleme ve de&#287;erlendirme te&#351;viklerini azaltabilir. Krediler, verildikten k&#305;sa bir s&#252;re sonra menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirilerek bilan&#231;odan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; ve risk yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara aktar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in <sup>19</sup>, krediyi veren kurulu&#351;un kredinin uzun vadeli performans&#305;ndan daha az sorumlu hissetmesi s&#246;z konusu olabilir. Bu durum, kredi riskinin nihai ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;c&#305;s&#305; (yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar) ile kredi verme karar&#305;n&#305; veren (kredi kurulu&#351;u) aras&#305;nda bir bilgi asimetrisi ve te&#351;vik uyumsuzlu&#287;u yarat&#305;r. Sonu&#231; olarak, &#246;zellikle kredi geni&#351;lemesinin h&#305;zl&#305; oldu&#287;u d&#246;nemlerde, kredi standartlar&#305;nda bir gev&#351;eme ve daha riskli, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k kaliteli kredilerin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305; riski artar. Nitekim, 2008 k&#252;resel finansal krizinin temel nedenlerinden biri olarak, ABD konut piyasas&#305;nda bu t&#252;r d&#252;&#351;&#252;k kaliteli (subprime) kredilerin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305; ve bunlar&#305;n karma&#351;&#305;k menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme ara&#231;lar&#305;yla k&#252;resel finans sistemine da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305; g&#246;sterilmektedir.<sup>8</sup> Bu durum, d&#252;zenleyici arbitraj&#305;n dolayl&#305; bir sonucu olarak da g&#246;r&#252;lebilir; yani, bankalar sermaye yeterlili&#287;i kurallar&#305;ndan ka&#231;&#305;nmak ve daha fazla kredi vermek i&#231;in kredileri bilan&#231;o d&#305;&#351;&#305;na ta&#351;&#305;rken, kredi kalitesi &#252;zerindeki kontrol ve sorumluluk da zay&#305;flamaktad&#305;r.</p><h2>&#214;rnek: Otomobil Kredilerinin Menkul K&#305;ymetle&#351;tirilmesi Zinciri</h2><p>Bu &#246;rnekte, bir bankan&#305;n bilan&#231;osundaki otomobil kredilerini menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirerek nas&#305;l sermaye serbest b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve yeni kredi verme kapasitesi yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ad&#305;m ad&#305;m g&#246;relim.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4el!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc76f372a-41a1-44e8-addb-2a14d08aac75_1322x608.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4el!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc76f372a-41a1-44e8-addb-2a14d08aac75_1322x608.png 424w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png" width="1241" height="726" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6lnw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e820528-b4d2-46c4-8504-31d16a135692_1241x726.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Bankac&#305;l&#305;k d&#252;zenlemeleri gere&#287;i bankalar, verdikleri krediler i&#231;in belirli bir miktarda sermaye ay&#305;rmak zorundad&#305;r. Krediler bilan&#231;odan &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in bankan&#305;n bu 1.000 TL'lik kredi i&#231;in ay&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; sermaye serbest kal&#305;r.</p><p>Banka, elde etti&#287;i 1.000 TL'lik nakit ve serbest kalan sermaye ile art&#305;k <strong>yeni krediler verebilecek</strong> duruma gelmi&#351;tir. Bu yeni kredileri de gelecekte tekrar menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirebilir. Bu d&#246;ng&#252;, bankan&#305;n kredi verme kapasitesini, geleneksel mevduat toplama modelinin &#231;ok &#246;tesine ta&#351;&#305;yarak kredi arz&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;r&#305;r.</p><p>Banka, kredi vermek i&#231;in sadece geleneksel mevduatlara ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; kalmak yerine, sermaye piyasalar&#305;n&#305; (yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;) bir <strong>fonlama kayna&#287;&#305;</strong> olarak kullanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu, metinde bahsedilen "piyasa tabanl&#305; fonlamaya" ge&#231;i&#351;in tipik bir &#246;rne&#287;idir.</p><p>Ancak bu modelin en b&#252;y&#252;k riski, krediyi veren bankan&#305;n, riski yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;ya aktard&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in kredi kalitesini denetleme te&#351;vikinin azalmas&#305;d&#305;r. Bu durum, kredi standartlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;mesine ve finansal sistemde risk birikimine yol a&#231;abilir.</p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar yaratma kapasitesi, b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de bu varl&#305;klar&#305;n yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan "g&#252;venli" ve "likit" olarak alg&#305;lanmas&#305;na ve bu y&#246;nde bir talep g&#246;rmesine ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. Bu alg&#305;, kredi derecelendirme kurulu&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n verdi&#287;i notlar, sponsor bankalardan veya di&#287;er kurulu&#351;lardan gelen &#246;rt&#252;k ya da a&#231;&#305;k garantiler ve genel piyasa likiditesi gibi fakt&#246;rlere dayan&#305;r.<sup>17</sup> &#214;rne&#287;in, ABCP'nin g&#252;venli&#287;i genellikle AAA gibi y&#252;ksek kredi notlar&#305;na sahip menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirilmi&#351; tahvillere dayanmas&#305; ve sponsor kurulu&#351;lardan gelen likidite veya kredi destekleriyle sa&#287;lan&#305;r.<sup>18</sup> Repo i&#351;lemleri, kullan&#305;lan teminat&#305;n kalitesiyle g&#252;vence alt&#305;na al&#305;n&#305;rken <sup>11</sup>, para piyasas&#305; fonlar&#305; da genellikle y&#252;ksek kaliteli ve k&#305;sa vadeli bor&#231;lanma ara&#231;lar&#305;na yat&#305;r&#305;m yaparak sermayeyi koruma ve likidite sa&#287;lama amac&#305; g&#252;der.<sup>21</sup></p><p>Ancak, 2008 k&#252;resel finansal krizi, bu "g&#252;venlik" alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n ne kadar k&#305;r&#305;lgan olabilece&#287;ini ac&#305; bir &#351;ekilde g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. Altta yatan varl&#305;klar&#305;n de&#287;eri d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;nde (&#246;rne&#287;in, ABD'deki subprime mortgage krizi s&#305;ras&#305;nda konut ipote&#287;ine dayal&#305; menkul k&#305;ymetlerin de&#287;er kaybetmesi gibi <sup>3</sup>) veya teminat kalitesi sorguland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bu "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar h&#305;zla likiditelerini yitirebilir ve &#246;nemli de&#287;er kay&#305;plar&#305;na u&#287;rayabilirler. Finansal &#304;stikrar Kurulu (FSB) ve Uluslararas&#305; Para Fonu (IMF) gibi kurumlar, &#246;zellikle para piyasas&#305; fonlar&#305;ndaki "ko&#351;u&#351;turma riski" (run risk) gibi &#246;nemli risklere dikkat &#231;ekmektedir.<sup>2</sup> Bu risk, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n fonun g&#252;venli&#287;i konusunda endi&#351;eye kap&#305;larak ayn&#305; anda b&#252;y&#252;k miktarlarda paralar&#305;n&#305; &#231;ekmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; durumunda ortaya &#231;&#305;kar ve fonu, varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zla ve potansiyel olarak b&#252;y&#252;k zararlarla satmak zorunda b&#305;rakabilir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n "para benzeri" varl&#305;k yaratma kapasitesi, piyasa ko&#351;ullar&#305;na ve yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305; g&#252;venine son derece ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;d&#305;r. Bu g&#252;ven sars&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bu varl&#305;klar&#305;n "parasal&#305;&#287;&#305;" h&#305;zla buharla&#351;abilir. Bu durum, "para yarat&#305;m&#305;"n&#305;n sadece bir ihra&#231; meselesi olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, ayn&#305; zamanda s&#252;rekli bir g&#252;ven, kabul edilebilirlik ve en &#246;nemlisi kriz anlar&#305;nda likiditeye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lebilirlik meselesi oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p>"Teminat &#231;arpan&#305;" ve teminat&#305;n yeniden kullan&#305;lmas&#305; (rehypothecation) gibi mekanizmalar, finansal sistemde g&#246;r&#252;nenden daha fazla kald&#305;ra&#231; ve kurumlar aras&#305; ba&#287;lant&#305; yarat&#305;r. Bu durum, bir yandan kredi geni&#351;lemesini ve piyasa likiditesini desteklerken, di&#287;er yandan &#351;oklar&#305;n h&#305;zla yay&#305;lmas&#305;na ve sistemik krizlere yol a&#231;abilecek gizli k&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;klar olu&#351;turur. Repo piyasalar&#305;nda teminat&#305;n yeniden kullan&#305;lmas&#305;, ayn&#305; teminat&#305;n birden fazla bor&#231;lanma i&#351;lemini desteklemesine olanak tan&#305;r.<sup>39</sup> Bu, "teminat &#231;arpan&#305;" etkisiyle, s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; miktarda y&#252;ksek kaliteli teminatla b&#252;y&#252;k bir kredi hacminin desteklenmesini m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;lar ve bu da bir t&#252;r "g&#246;lge para" yarat&#305;m&#305; olarak g&#246;r&#252;lebilir. Ancak bu s&#252;re&#231;, ayn&#305; zamanda karma&#351;&#305;k ve &#351;effaf olmayan teminat zincirleri yarat&#305;r.<sup>37</sup> Bu zincirdeki bir halkan&#305;n kopmas&#305; &#8211; &#246;rne&#287;in bir teminat&#305;n de&#287;er kaybetmesi veya bir kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n temerr&#252;de d&#252;&#351;mesi &#8211; zincirleme reaksiyonlara ve t&#252;m sisteme yay&#305;lan likidite s&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;klar&#305;na yol a&#231;abilir. Bu durum, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n kredi geni&#351;letme kapasitesinin, ayn&#305; zamanda sistemik riski de art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. "Para benzeri" varl&#305;klar&#305;n yarat&#305;lmas&#305;, finansal istikrar i&#231;in &#246;nemli maliyetler getirebilir ve bu da para yarat&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n sadece miktar&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda kalitesinin, s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;inin ve alt&#305;nda yatan risklerin de &#246;nemli oldu&#287;unu vurgular.</p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki tablo, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n temel &#246;zelliklerini geleneksel para formlar&#305;yla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QYxj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F22a102bf-f6d0-4135-9794-1fa61eedc4cf_1652x877.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2>4. "G&#246;lge Para" Miti? G&#246;lge Bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n Parasall&#305;&#287;&#305;</h2><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin M1 para arz&#305;n&#305; artt&#305;rmamas&#305;na kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k sistem likiditesini artt&#305;r&#305;c&#305; etkilerini inceledik. Bu incelemeler do&#287;rultusunda g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinin "para"n&#305;n temel &#246;zelliklerini ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;na, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemine olan ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;na ve kredi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ile para yarat&#305;m&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ayr&#305;m&#305; bu b&#246;l&#252;mde netle&#351;tirelim.</p><h3>G&#246;lge Banka Y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinin Nihai &#214;deme Arac&#305; Olmaktan Ziyade "Neredeyse Para" Olmas&#305;</h3><p>G&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerin (&#246;rne&#287;in, para piyasas&#305; fonu paylar&#305;, varl&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; ticari senetler) mal ve hizmet al&#305;m&#305;nda veya finansal s&#246;zle&#351;melerin nihai olarak kapat&#305;lmas&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir <strong>&#246;deme arac&#305; (means of payment)</strong> olarak kullan&#305;lamaz.<sup>34</sup> Post-Keynesyen iktisat&#231;&#305;lar ve devre teorisi (circuit theory) savunucular&#305;, paran&#305;n en temel i&#351;levlerinden birinin nihai &#246;deme arac&#305; olmas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini vurgularlar. Bu perspektife g&#246;re, g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri "para" olmaktan ziyade, talep &#252;zerine ve genellikle nominal de&#287;erinden "ger&#231;ek para"ya (yani merkez bankas&#305; paras&#305;na veya ticari banka mevduatlar&#305;na) d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lebilen, y&#252;ksek likiditeye sahip k&#305;sa vadeli servet saklama ara&#231;lar&#305; olan <strong>"neredeyse para" (near-monies)</strong> olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r.<sup>34</sup></p><p>Bu ara&#231;lar, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lara likidite ve de&#287;er saklama imkan&#305; sunsa da, bir mal veya hizmet sat&#305;n almak ya da bir borcu nihai olarak &#246;demek i&#231;in &#246;ncelikle geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemindeki &#246;deme ara&#231;lar&#305;na (genellikle vadesiz mevduatlara) d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmeleri gerekmektedir.<sup>34</sup> Bu durum, g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinin parasall&#305;k derecesinin, geleneksel banka mevduatlar&#305;na g&#246;re daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;unu ve paran&#305;n t&#252;m i&#351;levlerini tam olarak yerine getiremedi&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir.</p><h3>Takas ve Nihai Likidite i&#231;in Geleneksel Bankac&#305;l&#305;k Sistemine Ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k</h3><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemindeki kredi zincirleri ve bu sistem taraf&#305;ndan ihra&#231; edilen y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler, nihai takas (settlement) ve likidite sa&#287;lama a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemine ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla merkez bankas&#305; paras&#305;na &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;d&#305;r.<sup>34</sup> &#214;rne&#287;in, bir para piyasas&#305; fonu pay sahibi fonunu &#231;ekmek istedi&#287;inde, MMF bu &#246;demeyi genellikle bir ticari bankadaki hesab&#305; arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirir. Benzer &#351;ekilde, repo i&#351;lemlerinin veya ABCP'lerin vadesi geldi&#287;inde yap&#305;lacak &#246;demeler de bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi &#252;zerinden ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir.</p><p>Bu ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k, g&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n geleneksel bankalar gibi otonom bir &#351;ekilde, yani kendi ba&#351;lar&#305;na ve sistemin di&#287;er unsurlar&#305;ndan ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak "para" yaratma kapasitesine sahip olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ima eder. G&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; "neredeyse paralar&#305;n" geni&#351;lemesi ve dola&#351;&#305;m&#305;, en nihayetinde geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin endojen olarak yeni kredi paras&#305; (banka mevduatlar&#305;) yaratma ve &#246;deme sistemlerini i&#351;letme yetene&#287;ine dayan&#305;r.<sup>34</sup> Graziani'nin parasal &#252;retim teorisi perspektifinden bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri "nihai finansman" (final finance) olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. Bu, tasarruf sahiplerinin mevcut banka paras&#305;n&#305; (mevduatlar&#305;n&#305;) g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleriyle de&#287;i&#351;tirmesiyle, ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta yarat&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olan banka paras&#305;n&#305;n bir anlamda yok edildi&#287;i veya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; anlam&#305;na gelir.<sup>34</sup> Bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;e g&#246;re, "ilk finansman" (initial finance), yani yeni paran&#305;n banka kredileri yoluyla yarat&#305;lmas&#305;, mant&#305;ksal olarak nihai finansmandan &#246;nce gelmelidir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n kredi geni&#351;lemesi, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n para yaratma s&#252;recine ikincil ve ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; bir olgudur.</p><h3>Kredi Arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n Para Yarat&#305;m&#305;ndan Ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;</h3><p>Hakim olan bir ba&#351;ka g&#246;r&#252;&#351; ise g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k faaliyetlerinin esasen <strong>kredi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; (credit intermediation)</strong> oldu&#287;unu, yani fonlar&#305;n tasarruf sahiplerinden bor&#231;lulara aktar&#305;lmas&#305; s&#252;reci oldu&#287;unu ve bunun zorunlu olarak yeni "para" yaratmaktan farkl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne plana &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r.<sup>12</sup> Bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;e g&#246;re, g&#246;lge bankalar mevcut paray&#305; daha verimli bir &#351;ekilde tahsis edebilir, kredi riskini da&#287;&#305;tabilir ve piyasa likiditesini art&#305;rabilirler; ancak bu faaliyetler, M1 veya M2 gibi geleneksel parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kler anlam&#305;nda yeni para yarat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmeyebilir.</p><p>New York Federal Rezerv Bankas&#305; taraf&#305;ndan yay&#305;nlanan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma (Pozsar vd.), g&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n kredi, vade ve likidite d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; gibi banka benzeri i&#351;levleri yerine getirdi&#287;ini, ancak bunu kamu likidite kaynaklar&#305;na (&#246;rne&#287;in merkez bankas&#305; iskonto penceresi) veya kredi desteklerine (&#246;rne&#287;in mevduat sigortas&#305;) do&#287;rudan ve a&#231;&#305;k eri&#351;imleri olmadan yapt&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; belirtmektedir.<sup>31</sup> Bu durum, g&#246;lge bankalar&#305; geleneksel bankalardan ay&#305;ran temel bir &#246;zelliktir ve para yaratma mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n da farkl&#305; olabilece&#287;ini veya en az&#305;ndan farkl&#305; k&#305;s&#305;tlamalara tabi olabilece&#287;ini ima eder. Geleneksel bankalar&#305;n para yaratma g&#252;c&#252;, k&#305;smen devlet taraf&#305;ndan sa&#287;lanan bu destek mekanizmalar&#305;na ve d&#252;zenleyici &#231;er&#231;eveye dayan&#305;rken, g&#246;lge bankalar bu t&#252;r resmi desteklerden yoksundur. Bu nedenle, onlar&#305;n "para benzeri" y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler ihra&#231; etme kapasitesi daha &#231;ok piyasa alg&#305;lar&#305;na, &#246;zel sekt&#246;r garantilerine ve kendi risk y&#246;netimi pratiklerine ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Bu analizler "para yarat&#305;m&#305;" tan&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n kendisinin tart&#305;&#351;man&#305;n merkezinde yer ald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. E&#287;er para, sadece nihai &#246;deme arac&#305; olarak (&#246;rne&#287;in M1 gibi dar tan&#305;mlarla) tan&#305;mlan&#305;rsa, g&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n bu anlamda para yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;ylemek zordur. Ancak, e&#287;er para daha geni&#351; bir perspektifle, ekonomideki likit varl&#305;klar&#305;n ve kredi hacminin bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;s&#252; olarak kabul edilirse, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin bu geni&#351; anlamda "parasal" ko&#351;ullar&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de etkiledi&#287;i ve kredi geni&#351;lemesine katk&#305;da bulundu&#287;u a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemine olan operasyonel ve finansal ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, iki sistem aras&#305;nda karma&#351;&#305;k bir simbiyotik ili&#351;ki oldu&#287;unu ve risklerin bu iki sistem aras&#305;nda kolayca yay&#305;labilece&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir.<sup>34</sup> Geleneksel bankalar, kredi taleplerini kar&#351;&#305;lamak veya bilan&#231;o k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305;n&#305; a&#351;mak i&#231;in g&#246;lge bankalar&#305; bir "depolama tesisi" veya bir fonlama kayna&#287;&#305; olarak kullanabilirken <sup>34</sup>, g&#246;lge bankalar da likidite ve takas i&#351;lemleri i&#231;in geleneksel bankalara g&#252;venirler. Bu kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k, bir sistemdeki &#351;oklar&#305;n (&#246;rne&#287;in, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;kta bir likidite krizi veya "ko&#351;u&#351;turma") di&#287;erine h&#305;zla yay&#305;lmas&#305;na (&#246;rne&#287;in, geleneksel bankalar&#305;n fonlama maliyetlerinin artmas&#305;, kredi zararlar&#305;na maruz kalmas&#305; veya likidite s&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ya&#351;amas&#305;) neden olabilir.<sup>2</sup> Bu durum, d&#252;zenleyici &#231;er&#231;evenin sadece bireysel kurumlar&#305; de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda bu sistemler aras&#305;ndaki karma&#351;&#305;k etkile&#351;imleri ve potansiyel yay&#305;lma kanallar&#305;n&#305; da dikkate almas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir &#351;ekilde ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. "Ayn&#305; risk, ayn&#305; d&#252;zenleme" ilkesi bu ba&#287;lamda &#246;nem kazanmakta, ancak g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n &#231;e&#351;itlili&#287;i ve karma&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; nedeniyle uygulanmas&#305; zorluklar i&#231;ermektedir.</p><h2>5. Akademik Perspektifler ve Ampirik Kan&#305;tlar</h2><p>Bu b&#246;l&#252;mde g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin para yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305; ve yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar&#305;n niteli&#287;i, akademik d&#252;nyada &#231;e&#351;itli teorik modeller ve ampirik &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarla incelenmi&#351;tir. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, konuya farkl&#305; a&#231;&#305;lardan yakla&#351;makta ve &#231;e&#351;itli bulgular sunmaktad&#305;r.</p><h3>G&#246;lge Bankalar&#305;n Para Benzeri Varl&#305;klar Yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;na Dair Teorik Modeller ve Ampirik &#199;al&#305;&#351;malar</h3><p>Adi Sunderam, Arvind Krishnamurthy ve Annette Vissing-Jorgensen gibi ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin, &#246;zellikle Varl&#305;&#287;a Dayal&#305; Ticari Senet (ABCP) ve repo piyasalar&#305; arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n "para benzeri" (money-like) taleplerini kar&#351;&#305;lamak &#252;zere b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; &#246;ne s&#252;rmektedir. Onlar&#305;n &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda, ABCP ve repo gibi k&#305;sa vadeli g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinin, &#246;zellikle kurumsal yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar ve finansal olmayan b&#252;y&#252;k firmalar taraf&#305;ndan g&#252;venli, likit ve k&#305;sa vadeli yat&#305;r&#305;m ara&#231;lar&#305; olarak alg&#305;land&#305;&#287;&#305; ve bu talebe yan&#305;t olarak g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi taraf&#305;ndan ihra&#231; edildi&#287;i savunulmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Bu teorik &#231;er&#231;eveyi destekleyen ampirik kan&#305;tlar da sunulmu&#351;tur. &#214;rne&#287;in, Sunderam (2013, 2015) ve Krishnamurthy, Nagel ve Orlov (2011, 2013) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, kriz &#246;ncesi d&#246;nemde (&#246;rne&#287;in, 2001-2007 aras&#305;) haftal&#305;k verileri kullanarak &#351;u bulgulara ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r <sup>17</sup>:</p><ul><li><p>ABCP getirileri ile Hazine bonosu getirileri aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305;n (spread), para talebindeki &#351;oklarla artt&#305;&#287;&#305; ve finans sekt&#246;r&#252;n&#252;n bu &#351;oklara ABCP arz&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rarak yan&#305;t verdi&#287;i tespit edilmi&#351;tir. Bu, ABCP'nin para talebine duyarl&#305; bir ara&#231; oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir.</p></li><li><p>ABD Merkez Bankas&#305;'n&#305;n (Fed) a&#231;&#305;k piyasa i&#351;lemleriyle bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemine rezerv enjekte etmesinin, ABCP-Hazine bonosu spreadlerini d&#252;&#351;&#252;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; ve Fed'in para talebi &#351;oklar&#305;na rezerv arz&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rarak (Federal Fonlama Oran&#305; hedefini korumak amac&#305;yla) yan&#305;t verdi&#287;i g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir.</p></li><li><p>ABCP arz&#305; ile merkez bankas&#305; rezervleri ve ticari banka mevduatlar&#305;n&#305;n arz&#305;n&#305;n pozitif bir korelasyon g&#246;sterdi&#287;i bulunmu&#351;tur; bu durum, her &#252;&#231;&#252;n&#252;n de ortak para talebi &#351;oklar&#305;na yan&#305;t verdi&#287;ini ima etmektedir.</p></li></ul><p>Bu bulgular, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin para talebine duyarl&#305; oldu&#287;unu ve bu talebi kar&#351;&#305;lamak &#252;zere "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir &#351;ekilde desteklemektedir. Sunderam (2013), yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#252;ksek frekansl&#305; tahminlerin, 2008 krizi &#246;ncesindeki y&#305;llarda (&#246;rne&#287;in 2004 ortas&#305;ndan 2007 ortas&#305;na kadar) ABCP'deki toplam b&#252;y&#252;menin yakla&#351;&#305;k yar&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n, s&#252;rekli bir para talebi art&#305;&#351;&#305;yla a&#231;&#305;klanabilece&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;rmektedir.<sup>18</sup> Benzer &#351;ekilde, Moreira ve Savov (2017), g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar i&#231;in para benzeri talepler yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; ve teminat kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305; ekonomikle&#351;tirdi&#287;i, ancak bu durumun finansal s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305; zamanlar&#305;nda sistemik k&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;&#287;a yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bir makro-finans modeli geli&#351;tirmi&#351;tir.<sup>44</sup></p><p>Kairong Xiao (2019) ise Para Piyasas&#305; Fonlar&#305;'n&#305;n (MMF) rol&#252;ne odaklanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Xiao'ya g&#246;re, MMF'ler g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k arac&#305;l&#305;k s&#252;recinin ilk ad&#305;m&#305;nda yer alarak hanehalklar&#305; ve i&#351;letmeler i&#231;in "para benzeri mevduatlar" yaratmakta ve bu fonlar&#305; daha sonra kredi olu&#351;turma konusunda uzmanla&#351;m&#305;&#351; di&#287;er g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k kurulu&#351;lar&#305;na aktarmaktad&#305;r. &#199;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ilgin&#231; bir bulgusu, Fed'in faiz oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;nemlerde, g&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n (&#246;zellikle MMF'ler arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla) daha fazla para benzeri y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;k yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r; bu durum "g&#246;lge para kanal&#305;" olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lmaktad&#305;r.<sup>13</sup> Bu, geleneksel bankalar&#305;n para yarat&#305;m&#305;ndaki azalmay&#305; k&#305;smen dengeleyerek para politikas&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;k&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; etkisini zay&#305;flatabilmektedir.</p><h3>Para Talebi ve G&#246;lge Bankac&#305;l&#305;k B&#252;y&#252;mesi &#304;li&#351;kisi</h3><p>Yukar&#305;da bahsedilen &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarla yak&#305;ndan ili&#351;kili olarak, bir&#231;ok akademik a&#231;&#305;klama, 2000'li y&#305;llar&#305;n ortalar&#305;nda g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin g&#246;zlenen h&#305;zl&#305; b&#252;y&#252;mesini, artan <strong>para talebine</strong> ba&#287;lamaktad&#305;r.<sup>17</sup> Bu talep, &#246;zellikle kurumsal yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lardan ve finansal olmayan b&#252;y&#252;k firmalardan gelen, "para benzeri" niteliklere sahip &#8211; yani g&#252;venli, likit ve k&#305;sa vadeli &#8211; yat&#305;r&#305;m ara&#231;lar&#305;na y&#246;nelik bir taleptir. Bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;e g&#246;re, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin bu t&#252;r likit varl&#305;k talebini kar&#351;&#305;lamada yetersiz kald&#305;&#287;&#305; veya daha az verimli oldu&#287;u durumlarda bir finansal yenilik olarak ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351; ve bu talebi kar&#351;&#305;lamak &#252;zere geni&#351;lemi&#351;tir. Geleneksel bankalar&#305;n mevduat sigortas&#305; ve merkez bankas&#305; likiditesine eri&#351;imi gibi avantajlar&#305; olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men, bilan&#231;o k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305;, sermaye yeterlilik rasyolar&#305; veya d&#252;zenleyici maliyetler nedeniyle bu t&#252;r k&#305;sa vadeli, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k getirili ancak y&#252;ksek likiditeli fonlar&#305; &#231;ekme ve y&#246;netme konusunda g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k kurulu&#351;lar&#305;na k&#305;yasla daha az esnek olabildikleri d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lmektedir.</p><h3>Post-Keynesyen ve Devre Teorisi Perspektifleri</h3><p>D&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252; b&#246;l&#252;mde Post &#8211; Keynesyen ve Devre Teorisyenlerinin perspektiflerine k&#305;saca de&#287;inmi&#351;tik. G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n para yaratma potansiyeline farkl&#305; bir bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305; sunan &#246;nemli bir literat&#252;r de Post-Keynesyen iktisat&#231;&#305;lar ve devre teorisi (circuit theory) savunucular&#305; taraf&#305;ndan geli&#351;tirilmi&#351;tir. Jo Michell (2016, 2017) gibi ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, Augusto Graziani'nin Parasal &#220;retim Teorisi'ni (Monetary Theory of Production) kullanarak g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k olgusunu analiz etmi&#351;lerdir.<sup>34</sup></p><p>Bu perspektife g&#246;re, g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri, paran&#305;n en temel i&#351;levlerinden biri olan <strong>nihai &#246;deme arac&#305; (final means of payment)</strong> olma &#246;zelli&#287;ini ta&#351;&#305;mad&#305;klar&#305; i&#231;in do&#287;rudan "para" olarak kabul edilmezler. Bunun yerine, bu y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler, talep &#252;zerine ve genellikle nominal de&#287;erinden "ger&#231;ek para"ya (yani merkez bankas&#305; paras&#305;na veya ticari banka mevduatlar&#305;na) d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lebilen, y&#252;ksek likiditeye sahip k&#305;sa vadeli servet saklama ara&#231;lar&#305; olan <strong>"neredeyse para" (near-monies)</strong> olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r.</p><p>Bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;e g&#246;re, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemindeki kald&#305;ra&#231; birikimi ile geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;ndeki kredi paras&#305; (credit money) yarat&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n birbiriyle simbiyotik, yani kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; faydaya dayal&#305; s&#252;re&#231;ler oldu&#287;u savunulur. G&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n "neredeyse para" formundaki y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerinin geni&#351;lemesi, temel olarak geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin endojen bir &#351;ekilde (yani kendi i&#231;sel dinamikleriyle) yeni kredi paras&#305; yaratma yetene&#287;ine ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r.<sup>34</sup> Geleneksel bankalar kredi verdiklerinde mevduat yarat&#305;rlar; bu mevduatlar harcand&#305;ktan sonra bir k&#305;sm&#305; tasarruf sahiplerine ula&#351;&#305;r ve bu tasarruf sahipleri, banka mevduatlar&#305;n&#305; daha y&#252;ksek getiri veya farkl&#305; likidite &#246;zellikleri sunan g&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleriyle (&#246;rne&#287;in MMF paylar&#305;) de&#287;i&#351;tirebilirler. Bu s&#252;re&#231;te, ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta yarat&#305;lan banka mevduat&#305; bir anlamda "yok olur" veya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;rken, kredi talebi g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin bilan&#231;olar&#305;na aktar&#305;l&#305;r.</p><p>Bu ba&#287;lamda, g&#246;lge bankalar, geleneksel bankalar&#305;n bilan&#231;o kapasitelerini veya d&#252;zenleyici k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305;n&#305; a&#351;an kredi talepleri i&#231;in bir nevi <strong>"kredi depolama tesisi" (loan storage facility)</strong> i&#351;levi g&#246;r&#252;rler.<sup>34</sup> Bu, geleneksel bankalar&#305;n yeni krediler yaratmaya devam etmelerine olanak tan&#305;rken, ayn&#305; zamanda g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin b&#252;y&#252;mesini de besler. Ancak bu, g&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n otonom olarak para yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez; daha ziyade, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi taraf&#305;ndan ba&#351;lat&#305;lan parasal devrenin bir uzant&#305;s&#305; veya bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; olarak g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r.</p><h2>6. G&#246;lge Bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n Para Yaratma Potansiyelinin Etkileri</h2><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin do&#287;rudan veya dolayl&#305; olarak "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar yaratma ve kredi geni&#351;lemesine katk&#305;da bulunma potansiyeli, finansal sistemin b&#252;t&#252;n&#252; &#252;zerinde &#246;nemli etkilere sahiptir. Bu etkiler ba&#351;l&#305;ca finansal istikrar ve sistemik risk, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n etkinli&#287;i ve finansal d&#252;zenleme ile g&#246;zetim alanlar&#305;nda kendini g&#246;stermektedir.</p><h3>Finansal &#304;stikrar ve Sistemik Risk &#220;zerindeki Etkileri</h3><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;mesi ve faaliyetleri, &#231;e&#351;itli kanallarla finansal istikrars&#305;zl&#305;&#287;a ve sistemik risklerin artmas&#305;na katk&#305;da bulunabilir:</p><p>Para piyasas&#305; fonlar&#305; (MMF'ler) ve benzeri "para benzeri" y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler ihra&#231; eden g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k kurulu&#351;lar&#305;, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n ayn&#305; anda fonlar&#305;n&#305; &#231;ekmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; durumunda "ko&#351;u&#351;turma" riskine (run risk) maruz kalabilirler.<sup>2</sup> Bu kurulu&#351;lar genellikle k&#305;sa vadeli, likit y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerle daha az likit veya daha uzun vadeli varl&#305;klar&#305; finanse ettikleri i&#231;in (likidite ve vade d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;), ani ve b&#252;y&#252;k fon &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;lar&#305; kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zla ve potansiyel olarak zarar&#305;na satmak zorunda kalabilirler. Bu durum, piyasalarda "yang&#305;n sat&#305;&#351;&#305;" (fire sale) dinamiklerini tetikleyebilir, varl&#305;k fiyatlar&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rebilir ve stresi di&#287;er finansal kurumlara yayabilir.<sup>12</sup> FSB, MMF'ler gibi ko&#351;u&#351;turmaya e&#287;ilimli kolektif yat&#305;r&#305;m ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nemli bir b&#252;y&#252;me g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini ve kredi &#252;r&#252;nlerine y&#252;ksek derecede yat&#305;r&#305;m yapt&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; belirtmi&#351;tir.<sup>2</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, genellikle geleneksel bankalara k&#305;yasla daha y&#252;ksek kald&#305;ra&#231; oranlar&#305;yla &#231;al&#305;&#351;abilir. Repo piyasalar&#305;ndaki teminat&#305;n yeniden kullan&#305;lmas&#305; (rehypothecation) ve karma&#351;&#305;k t&#252;rev &#252;r&#252;nler gibi mekanizmalar, sistemdeki kald&#305;ra&#231; seviyelerini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rabilir.<sup>2</sup> Y&#252;ksek kald&#305;ra&#231;, potansiyel getirileri art&#305;rsa da, kay&#305;plar&#305; da b&#252;y&#252;terek k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir olumsuz &#351;okun bile b&#252;y&#252;k finansal s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305;lara yol a&#231;mas&#305;na neden olabilir. FSB, NBFI'lardaki kald&#305;ra&#231; seviyelerini ve bunun finansal istikrar &#252;zerindeki etkilerini yak&#305;ndan izlemektedir.<sup>29</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi ve di&#287;er finansal piyasa kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;yla karma&#351;&#305;k ve genellikle &#351;effaf olmayan ba&#287;lant&#305;lara sahiptir.<sup>3</sup> Bu i&#231;sel ba&#287;lant&#305;lar, bir kurumdaki veya piyasadaki bir sorunun h&#305;zla di&#287;erlerine yay&#305;lmas&#305;na (bula&#351;ma veya contagion etkisi) ve sistemik bir krize d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesine yol a&#231;abilir. &#214;rne&#287;in, bankalar g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k kurulu&#351;lar&#305;na fon sa&#287;layabilir, onlarla t&#252;rev i&#351;lem yapabilir veya onlar&#305;n ihra&#231; etti&#287;i menkul k&#305;ymetlere yat&#305;r&#305;m yapabilirler. &#199;in'deki varl&#305;k y&#246;netimi &#252;r&#252;nleri (WMP'ler) &#252;zerine yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;kla ili&#351;kili risklerin ve k&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;klar&#305;n bankalararas&#305; a&#287; &#252;zerinden yay&#305;larak sistemik riski art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.<sup>15</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k faaliyetleri, ekonomik d&#246;ng&#252;leri &#351;iddetlendirme e&#287;iliminde olabilir. &#304;yi zamanlarda, varl&#305;k fiyatlar&#305; y&#252;kselirken ve risk i&#351;tah&#305; artarken, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi krediyi ve kald&#305;rac&#305; h&#305;zla geni&#351;letebilir. Ancak, ekonomik ko&#351;ullar k&#246;t&#252;le&#351;ti&#287;inde veya piyasa duyarl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; tersine d&#246;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, bu kurulu&#351;lar h&#305;zla pozisyonlar&#305;n&#305; azaltmak, krediyi k&#305;smak ve varl&#305;k satmak zorunda kalabilirler, bu da a&#351;a&#287;&#305; y&#246;nl&#252; sarmallar&#305; derinle&#351;tirebilir.<sup>38</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi, geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k d&#252;zenlemelerinin d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda veya daha az s&#305;k&#305; d&#252;zenlemelere tabi alanlarda faaliyet g&#246;sterdi&#287;i i&#231;in d&#252;zenleyici arbitraj f&#305;rsatlar&#305; sunabilir.<sup>7</sup> Bu durum, risklerin d&#252;zenleyici radar&#305;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;na kaymas&#305;na ve sistemde gizli k&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;klar&#305;n birikmesine yol a&#231;abilir. Ayr&#305;ca, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k faaliyetlerinin karma&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve &#351;effafl&#305;k eksikli&#287;i, risklerin do&#287;ru bir &#351;ekilde de&#287;erlendirilmesini ve y&#246;netilmesini zorla&#351;t&#305;rabilir.<sup>15</sup></p><h3>Para Politikas&#305;n&#305;n Etkinli&#287;i &#220;zerindeki Etkileri</h3><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n para yaratma potansiyeli ve kredi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;ndaki artan rol&#252;, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n etkinli&#287;ini ve aktar&#305;m mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305; &#231;e&#351;itli &#351;ekillerde etkileyebilir:</p><p>Geleneksel para politikas&#305;, genellikle faiz oranlar&#305; kanal&#305;, kredi kanal&#305; ve risk alma kanal&#305; gibi mekanizmalarla ekonomiyi etkiler. G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;mesi, bu kanallar&#305;n etkinli&#287;ini azaltabilir.</p><p>Merkez bankalar&#305; faiz oranlar&#305;n&#305; y&#252;kseltti&#287;inde, geleneksel bankalar kredi verme maliyetlerinin artmas&#305; ve fonlama kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n daralmas&#305; nedeniyle kredi arz&#305;n&#305; k&#305;sabilirler. Ancak, e&#287;er i&#351;letmeler ve hanehalklar&#305; g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminden alternatif fonlama bulabiliyorlarsa, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n kredi arz&#305; &#252;zerindeki s&#305;k&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; etkisi zay&#305;flayabilir.<sup>13</sup> IMF taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, NBFI'lar&#305;n para politikas&#305; s&#305;k&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda firmalara y&#246;nelik kredi arz&#305;nda bir "&#351;ok emici" rol oynad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, ancak bu durumun kredinin daha zay&#305;f bankalardan NBFI'lara kaymas&#305;na ve kredi kalitesi endi&#351;elerine yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.<sup>66</sup> &#199;in'deki g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k &#252;zerine yap&#305;lan bir ba&#351;ka &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, bilan&#231;o d&#305;&#351;&#305; varl&#305;k y&#246;netimi &#252;r&#252;nlerinin (WMP) agresif ihrac&#305;n&#305;n, para politikas&#305;n&#305;n geleneksel banka kredileri &#252;zerindeki etkinli&#287;ini do&#287;rudan engelledi&#287;ini bulmu&#351;tur.<sup>14</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k kurulu&#351;lar&#305;, geleneksel bankalara k&#305;yasla farkl&#305; fonlama maliyetlerine ve risk i&#351;tahlar&#305;na sahip olabilirler. Bu durum, merkez bankas&#305;n&#305;n politika faiz oranlar&#305;ndaki de&#287;i&#351;ikliklerin, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla verilen kredilerin faiz oranlar&#305;na ve miktar&#305;na tam olarak veya ayn&#305; h&#305;zda yans&#305;mamas&#305;na neden olabilir. Kairong Xiao'nun &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, Fed faiz oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda g&#246;lge bankalar&#305;n (&#246;zellikle MMF'lerin) daha fazla "para benzeri" y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;k yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, bunun da ticari bankalar&#305;n mevduat faiz oranlar&#305;yla g&#246;lge banka faiz oranlar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305; a&#231;arak fonlar&#305;n g&#246;lge bankalara kaymas&#305;na neden oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir ("g&#246;lge para kanal&#305;").<sup>13</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sistemi taraf&#305;ndan yarat&#305;lan "para benzeri" varl&#305;klar, geleneksel parasal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;klerin (M1, M2) d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda kalabilir veya bu b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;klerle ili&#351;kileri istikrars&#305;z olabilir. Bu durum, merkez bankalar&#305;n&#305;n para arz&#305;n&#305; ve likidite ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;ru bir &#351;ekilde &#246;l&#231;mesini ve hedeflemesini zorla&#351;t&#305;rabilir.<sup>74</sup></p><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n karma&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve &#351;effafl&#305;k eksikli&#287;i, merkez bankalar&#305;n&#305;n genel finansal ko&#351;ullar&#305; ve sistemdeki risk birikimini de&#287;erlendirmesini g&#252;&#231;le&#351;tirebilir. Bu da, uygun para politikas&#305; duru&#351;unun belirlenmesinde belirsizliklere yol a&#231;abilir.</p><p>Bankalara y&#246;nelik s&#305;k&#305; makroihtiyati d&#252;zenlemeler (&#246;rne&#287;in, daha y&#252;ksek sermaye gereksinimleri), kredi faaliyetlerinin daha az d&#252;zenlenmi&#351; olan g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;ne kaymas&#305;na (s&#305;zma etkisi veya leakage) neden olabilir.<sup>23</sup> Bu durum, makroihtiyati politikalar&#305;n etkinli&#287;ini azaltabilir ve risklerin sistemin daha az &#351;effaf ve daha az denetlenen k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305;nda yo&#287;unla&#351;mas&#305;na yol a&#231;abilir. Bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, bor&#231;lu tabanl&#305; ara&#231;lardan kaynaklanan s&#305;k&#305; d&#252;zenlemelerin, kredi ak&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k d&#252;zenleyici seviyelere sahip bankalara kaymas&#305;na neden olabilece&#287;ini g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.<sup>23</sup></p><h2>7. Sonu&#231;</h2><p>G&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin para yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305; sorusu, finansal ekonomi alan&#305;ndaki en karma&#351;&#305;k ve g&#252;ncel tart&#305;&#351;malardan biridir. Bu makale boyunca sunulan analizler, g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin, geleneksel banka mevduatlar&#305;na benzeyen, y&#252;ksek likiditeye sahip ve k&#305;sa vadeli yat&#305;r&#305;m arac&#305; olarak kullan&#305;lan "para benzeri" veya "neredeyse para" niteli&#287;inde &#231;e&#351;itli y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler (&#246;rne&#287;in, para piyasas&#305; fonu paylar&#305;, varl&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; ticari senetler, repo y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri) yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. Bu varl&#305;klar, yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan nakit ikamesi olarak alg&#305;lanmakta ve kullan&#305;lmaktad&#305;r.<sup>13</sup></p><p>Menkul k&#305;ymetle&#351;tirme, repo piyasalar&#305; ve para piyasas&#305; fonlar&#305; gibi mekanizmalar arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla g&#246;lge bankac&#305;l&#305;k, kredi arz&#305;n&#305; geni&#351;letmekte ve finansal sistemdeki likiditeyi art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle teminat&#305;n yeniden kullan&#305;lmas&#305; (rehypothecation) ve "teminat &#231;arpan&#305;" gibi kavramlar, s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; teminatla nas&#305;l b&#252;y&#252;k bir kredi hacminin desteklenebilece&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir.<sup>39</sup>G&#246;lge banka y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri, genellikle nihai &#246;deme arac&#305; olarak do&#287;rudan kullan&#305;lamazlar ve geleneksel banka mevduatlar&#305; gibi mevduat sigortas&#305; veya merkez bankas&#305; likidite eri&#351;imi gibi resmi destek mekanizmalar&#305;ndan yoksundurlar.<sup>19</sup> Bu y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerin yarat&#305;lmas&#305; ve dola&#351;&#305;m&#305;, b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de geleneksel bankac&#305;l&#305;k sisteminin &#246;deme ve takas altyap&#305;s&#305;na ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p><strong>Kaynaklar</strong></p><h3><strong>Uluslararas&#305; Finans Kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ve Standart Belirleyici Kurumlar</strong></h3><ul><li><p><strong>Avrupa Merkez Bankas&#305; (ECB)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Financial Stability Review, May&#305;s 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p>Doyle, N., Hermans, L., Molitor, P., &amp; Weistroffer, C. <em>Shadow banking in the euro area: risks and vulnerabilities in the investment fund sector</em>. ECB Occasional Paper.</p></li><li><p>Lagarde, C. (2025, Nisan). <em>IMFC statement</em>.</p></li><li><p>Eurosystem. (2024, Kas&#305;m). <em>Eurosystem response to the European Commission&#8217;s targeted consultation on the review of the EU macroprudential framework for the banking sector and the ESRB Recommendation on macroprudential policy for non-bank financial intermediation</em>.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Finansal &#304;stikrar Kurulu (FSB)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Global Monitoring Report on Non-Bank Financial Intermediation 2024</em> (Aral&#305;k 2024, 2023 verilerini kapsayan).</p></li><li><p><em>Global Monitoring Report on Non-Bank Financial Intermediation 2023</em> (Aral&#305;k 2023, 2022 verilerini kapsayan).</p></li><li><p><em>Global Shadow Banking Monitoring Report 2017</em> (Mart 2018).</p></li><li><p><em>Assessment of shadow banking activities, risks and the adequacy of post-crisis policy tools to address financial stability concerns</em> (Haziran 2017).</p></li><li><p><em>Enhancing the Resilience of Non-Bank Financial Intermediation: Progress report</em> (&#199;e&#351;itli tarihler, &#246;r. Eyl&#252;l 2023, Temmuz 2024).</p></li><li><p><em>The Financial Stability Implications of Leverage in Non-Bank Financial Intermediation</em> (Eyl&#252;l 2023).</p></li><li><p><em>Consultation Report: Leverage in Non-bank Financial Intermediation</em> (Aral&#305;k 2024).</p></li><li><p><em>FSB Chair's letter to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors: April 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>Liquidity Preparedness for Margin and Collateral Calls: Final report</em> (Aral&#305;k 2024).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Uluslararas&#305; Para Fonu (IMF)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Global Financial Stability Report, Nisan 2025</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>Global Financial Stability Report, Ekim 2024 &amp; Nisan 2024</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>Global Financial Stability Report, Nisan 2023</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>Shadow Banking Around the Globe: How Large, and How Risky?</em> (GFSR, Ekim 2014).</p></li><li><p><em>From Banks to Nonbanks: Macroprudential and Monetary Policy Effects on Corporate Lending</em>. IMF Working Paper. (May&#305;s 2025).</p></li><li><p><em>Shadow Banks: Out of the Eyes of Regulators</em>. Finance &amp; Development (F&amp;D) Back to Basics Series.</p></li><li><p><em>Banks: At the Heart of the Matter</em>. Finance &amp; Development (F&amp;D) Back to Basics Series.</p></li><li><p><em>Staff Discussion Note: Shadow Banking and Market-Based Finance</em> (Eyl&#252;l 2017).</p></li><li><p><em>The Financial Stability Implications of Digital Assets and Decentralized Finance</em>. (Ekim 2023).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Uluslararas&#305; &#214;demeler Bankas&#305; (BIS)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Annual Economic Report, Haziran 2023</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>BIS Quarterly Review, Mart 2024</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>BIS Quarterly Review, Aral&#305;k 2023</em>. ("Who borrows from MMFs? A new global perspective").</p></li><li><p><em>BIS Quarterly Review, Mart 2025</em>. ("When NBFIs retrench: evidence from investment funds").</p></li><li><p>Boissay, F., &amp; Cooper, R. (2016, May&#305;s). <em>The Collateral Trap</em>. BIS Working Papers No 565.</p></li><li><p><em>Global liquidity: drivers, implications and policy challenges</em>. BIS Working Papers No 1091 (Staff Report, New York Fed).</p></li><li><p><em>The global dollar and corporate bond markets: the role of non-bank financial intermediaries</em>. BIS Working Papers No 1254. (Aral&#305;k 2024).</p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><strong>Merkez Bankalar&#305; ve Di&#287;er Resmi Kurumlar</strong></h3><ul><li><p><strong>ABD Merkez Bankas&#305; (Federal Reserve)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Insights from MMF Portfolio Allocations amid Balance Sheet Normalization</em>. FEDS Notes. (Mart 2025).</p></li><li><p>Pozsar, Z., Adrian, T., Ashcraft, A., &amp; Boesky, H. (2012, &#350;ubat). <em>Shadow Banking</em>. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, No. 458. (G&#252;ncellenmi&#351; versiyonlar&#305; da mevcuttur).</p></li><li><p><em>Exploratory Analysis of Risks to the Banking System</em>. Federal Reserve Board. (&#350;ubat 2025).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>&#304;spanya Merkez Bankas&#305; (Banco de Espa&#241;a)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Monetary Policy, Bank Leverage and Systemic Risk</em>. Documentos de Trabajo N.&#186; 2517. (Mart 2025).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Hong Kong Para Otoritesi (HKMA)</strong></p><ul><li><p>Cheng, A., &amp; Wang, Y. (2020, Aral&#305;k). <em>Effects of Shadow Banking on the Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission in Mainland China</em>. HKMA Research Memorandum 07-2020.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>&#304;ngiltere Merkez Bankas&#305; (Bank of England)</strong></p><ul><li><p>Becard, Y., &amp; Gauthier, D. (2021). <em>Banks, shadow banks, and business cycles</em>. Staff Working Paper No. 907.</p></li><li><p><em>The Bank of England's System-wide Exploratory Scenario Exercise Final Report</em>. (Kas&#305;m 2024).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>ABD Kongre Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Servisi (CRS)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Nonbank Financial Intermediation (NBFI or &#8220;Shadow Banking&#8221;) and Capital Markets Policy</em>. CRS Report R48512. (Nisan 2025).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Avrupa Sistemik Risk Kurulu (ESRB)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Shadow banking and financial stability</em>. ESRB Working Paper Series No 105.</p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><strong>Akademik Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar ve Konferans Bildirileri</strong></h3><ul><li><p><strong>American Economic Association (AEA) Annual Meeting, Ocak 2025 (Konferans Bildirisi)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Transformation of Risks across Banks and NBFIs</em>.</p></li><li><p><em>What Are the Comparative Advantages of Shadow Banks? Evidence from India</em>.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Harvard Business School</strong></p><ul><li><p>Sunderam, A. (2013, Eyl&#252;l). <em>Money Creation and the Shadow Banking System</em>. (New York Fed Konferans Bildirisi ve HBS &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma Makalesi).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Post-Keynesian Economics Society &amp; &#304;lgili Yay&#305;nlar</strong></p><ul><li><p>Michell, J. (2016). <em>Do shadow banks create money? &#8217;Financialisation&#8217; and the monetary circuit</em>. PKES Working Paper No. 1605. (Ayr&#305;ca Metroeconomica, 2017'de yay&#305;nlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r).</p></li><li><p><em>Modern Monetary Theory and Positive Money, Part 3: Shadow Banking</em>. Positive Money. (Mart 2019).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Di&#287;er Akademik Yay&#305;nlar ve &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma Makaleleri</strong></p><ul><li><p>Xiao, K. (2019). <em>Monetary Policy and Shadow Bank Money Creation</em>. CSI Research Foundation.</p></li><li><p>Singh, M., &amp; Pozsar, Z. (&#199;e&#351;itli yay&#305;nlar). (Teminat &#231;arpan&#305; ve repo piyasalar&#305; &#252;zerine). (Not: Spesifik bir makale yerine genel at&#305;f yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.)</p></li><li><p>Krishnamurthy, A., Nagel, S., &amp; Orlov, D. (&#199;e&#351;itli yay&#305;nlar). (ABCP ve para benzeri varl&#305;klar &#252;zerine). (Not: Spesifik bir makale yerine genel at&#305;f yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.)</p></li><li><p>Moreira, A., &amp; Savov, A. (2017). <em>The Macroeconomics of Shadow Banking</em>. Journal of Finance.</p></li><li><p>Rubio, M. (2024, Ekim). <em>Shadow banking, macroprudential regulation and redistributional effects</em>. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control.</p></li><li><p><em>A credit theory of anti-credit money: How the cryptocurrency sphere turned into a shadow banking system</em>. (2025). Review of International Political Economy.</p></li><li><p><em>Systemic Risk Arising from Shadow Banking and Sustainable Development: A Study of Wealth Management Products in China</em>. (2024). Sustainability.</p></li><li><p><em>Money Creation</em>. (2022). Cambridge Open Engage.</p></li><li><p><em>Shadow Banking and Financial Contagion: A Bibliometric Review</em>. (2024). Journal of Risk and Financial Management.</p></li><li><p><em>Liquidity requirements, shadow banking, and regulatory arbitrage</em>. (2025). Theoretical Economics.</p></li><li><p><em>Shadow Banking in China: Credit Creation and Impact upon Monetary Policy Effectiveness</em>. (2020). International Journal of Financial Studies.</p></li><li><p><em>Shadow Banking: Growth Dynamics and Implications for Financial Stability in Transitional and Developing Economies</em>. (2024). Technological and Economic Development of Economy.</p></li><li><p><em>Money Creation and the Shadow Banking System</em>. (2015). Journal of Financial Economics. (Sunderam, A. &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;na at&#305;f yapan bir ba&#351;ka makale).</p></li><li><p><em>The Limits of Central Bank Liquidity Support: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding the Growth of the Shadow Banking System</em>. (2024, &#350;ubat). Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 712.</p></li></ul></li></ul><h3><strong>Sekt&#246;rel Raporlar ve Di&#287;er Yay&#305;nlar</strong></h3><ul><li><p><strong>Ernst &amp; Young (EY)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Regulatory focus on non-bank finance: considerations for financial services providers</em>. (May&#305;s 2025).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>SIFMA (Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association) Asset Management Group</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Response to FSB Consultation Report on Leverage in Non-bank Financial Intermediation</em>. (&#350;ubat 2025).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>UK Finance</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Response to the Financial Stability Board&#8217;s Leverage in NBFI consultation</em>. (Mart 2025).</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>CFA Institute</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>Shadow Banking: Policy Frameworks and Investor Perspectives on Markets-Based Finance</em>. (2015).</p></li></ul></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The International Role of the US Dollar and Current Account Deficits: A Reassessment of an Alleged Imperative]]></title><description><![CDATA[I.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-international-role-of-the-us</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-international-role-of-the-us</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 08 May 2025 14:15:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>I. Introduction: The Dollar's Dominance and the Deficit Conundrum</strong></h2><p>The US dollar has, for a number of decades, occupied a uniquely dominant position in the world monetary and financial system. Its extensive use across several dimensions of international economic activity is supported by the underlying strength, size, and stability of the U.S. economy, its openness to trade and capital flows, and a strong system of property rights and the rule of law.1 Its functions are many, including serving as the primary global reserve currency, the primary medium of international trade invoicing and settlement, a key unit of account in international finance, and a safe-haven asset during times of international financial stress.1 Despite sporadic speculation regarding its possible decline, particularly in an increasingly multipolar world, the dollar remains the preeminent international currency. While its share in officially reported international foreign exchange reserves has seen a gradual erosion, with non-traditional currencies like the Canadian and Australian dollars making some inroads, its predominance in private international transactions, including foreign exchange markets (used in approximately 87% of all transactions) and trade invoicing (over 50% of world goods trade), remains largely unrivaled.2 This longevity suggests that the dollar's deep entrenchment in the global financial architecture is the result of a complex interplay of forces, including powerful network effects, the unparalleled depth and liquidity of US financial markets, and its acquired utility in private commerce, rather than simply due to its position as an official reserve asset.1 Thus, speculation about the dollar's future trajectory must take account of these broader transactional and structural underpinnings since policies aimed at altering its international role would have to overcome more than central bank reserve management preferences.</p><p>In addition to this international monetary dominance, the United States has incurred persistent current account deficits throughout most of the post-Bretton Woods era. The U.S. has recorded a net foreign trade deficit in goods and services in almost every quarter since the second quarter of 1976, with the deficit averaging 3.1% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annually since the global financial crisis year of 2008.6 More recent data cite a current account deficit of $1.13 trillion in 2024, equivalent to 3.9% of U.S. GDP.7 The fact that these deficits have persisted has provoked heated debates among policymakers and economists regarding their sustainability, their determinants, and their potential consequences for the U.S. and world economy.</p><p>A central and contentious issue in these debates is the extent to which the dollar's international position compels the United States to run these chronic current account deficits. This report evaluates this argument. It addresses the theoretical rationale and empirical history to ascertain whether such deficits are an inevitable accompaniment of the dollar's global functions or whether they are, instead, the outcome of a more complex combination of macroeconomic relations, domestic policy choices, and international economic conditions. The essence of this question is to examine the argument that the international dominance of the dollar does not, indeed, call for a perpetual external imbalance in the U.S. economy.</p><p>To address this central question, this report will do the following: Section II will describe the U.S. dollar's multiple international functions. Section III will dissect the theoretical arguments, most notably the Triffin Dilemma and its modern interpretations, that link the dollar's reserve status to U.S. deficits, and offer criticisms of their applicability today. Section IV will cover other determinants of U.S. current account imbalances, with an emphasis on domestic macroeconomic fundamentals such as national saving and investment, fiscal policy, and private sector behavior, as well as international determinants such as international capital flows. Section V will provide historical and comparative perspectives, examining the U.S. current account experience and the experience of other major international currency issuers. Section VI will discuss potential policy orientations for the U.S. in the management of its external balance and the maintenance of international stability of the dollar. Section VII will deal with the evolving world monetary environment and its implications. Section VIII contains concluding observations, summarizing the analysis and emphasizing that the relationship between the dollar's international role and U.S. current account deficits is far from a simple, deterministic imperative.</p><h2><strong>II. The Multifaceted International Role of the US Dollar</strong></h2><p>The international dominance of the U.S. dollar is not monolithic but is composed of a series of distinct, but related, functions that underpin its central position in the global economy. These functions have evolved over time and are sustained by a combination of U.S. economic characteristics and widely ingrained international financial conventions.</p><p><strong>A. Reserve Currency</strong></p><p>The dollar is the world's leading reserve currency. In 2022, it accounted for almost 60% of officially held foreign exchange reserves that had been distributed across the globe, more than that of any other currency.1 Central banks and monetary authorities around the world hold significant dollar-denominated assets, predominately U.S. Treasury securities, as a store of value, a tool to operate in foreign exchange markets to manage their own currency values, and as a liquid instrument of international payments.1 This broad official demand for dollar assets broadens the pool of creditors accessible to U.S. debt and can enable the U.S. government to borrow at lower costs.1 This function is central to Triffin Dilemma debates, which challenge the long-term viability and built-in contradictions of a national currency serving as the dominant global reserve asset.</p><p><strong>B. Medium of Exchange</strong></p><p>Apart from official positions, the dollar is the predominant medium of exchange in a vast array of international private transactions. It is the most common currency used to invoice more than half of world goods trade 2 and at least three-quarters of export invoicing in the majority of the world.1 Moreover, the dollar is used extensively in international banking transactions, for issuing international debt securities, and is utilized in an estimated 87% of all foreign exchange market transactions.1 Its extensive usage as a vehicle currency, to facilitate trades between two other currencies, reduces considerably the cost of transactions for U.S. entities and for world commerce in general.1 This creates a chronic and large world demand for dollars which is not connected with official reserve accumulation motives.</p><p><strong>C. Unit of Account</strong></p><p>The U.S. dollar is also a fundamental international unit of account. Prices for items like oil and gold are quoted internationally in dollars. Besides, numerous countries use the dollar as an anchor currency, pegging their own exchange rates to it; by 2015, dollar-formally or dollar-informally anchored economies represented about half of world GDP, excluding the U.S. itself.1 The dollar is also used as the unit of settlement for a wide range of international transactions and as the unit of account for international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) for certain purposes.1 Such use as a common global denominator reinforces its centrality and can influence international pricing conventions and financial stability.</p><p><strong>D. Safe Haven Asset</strong></p><p>In periods of heightened global financial uncertainty or crisis, the U.S. dollar and dollar-denominated assets are widely perceived to be a safe haven. Investors and governments alike put more of their assets in U.S. assets, inducing a "flight to safety" or "flight to the dollar" phenomenon, as occurred during the 2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.1 This demand is underpinned by the perceived safety and stability derived from the U.S.'s sizeable and resilient economy, its history of political stability, its deep and liquid financial markets, strong legal framework including strong property rights, and its general openness to capital flows.1 While this safe-haven status can facilitate easier U.S. borrowing during adverse global shocks, it can also lead to dollar appreciation during crises, which can temporarily affect U.S. trade competitiveness.</p><p><strong>E. The "Exorbitant Privilege" and Its Nuances</strong></p><p>The collective benefits accruing to the United States from possessing the world's premier international currency were infamously termed the "exorbitant privilege" by former French Finance Minister Val&#233;ry Giscard d'Estaing. These advantages traditionally include lower transaction and borrowing costs for U.S. government 1, households, and firms, the ability to earn seigniorage on U.S. banknotes held abroad 1, and the capability to finance external deficits at relatively lower interest rates.9 Gourinchas and Rey (2007a) identified one component of this privilege in their study: the rate of return on U.S. foreign assets has tended to be higher historically than the rate of return foreigners have earned on their U.S. assets, stabilizing the U.S. net international investment position (NIIP) despite chronic current account deficits.10</p><p>However, the nature and extent of this "privilege" are challenged by economists who argue that it has perhaps turned into a net cost or a "burden" to the U.S. economy.11 Individuals are concerned that the perpetual demand for dollars could lead to a structurally overvalued currency, hastening the decline of U.S. manufacturing, encouraging external dependence, and creating a "Faustian bargain" where cheap financing is achieved at the cost of industrial atrophy and geopolitical weakness.3</p><p>The "exorbitant privilege" itself may be in the throes of alteration. Even though U.S. investors have historically earned a higher rate of return on their foreign assets than foreigners have earned on their U.S. assets, the immense size of the U.S.'s negative NIIP&#8212;which has grown from around 15% of GDP in 2005 to more than 90% of GDP more recently&#8212;implies that this positive rate of return differential is no longer sufficient to fund the increasingly negative net asset position.10 This huge build-up in U.S. liabilities held by foreigners is, to a significant extent, the outcome of the strong U.S. stock market performance, which has attracted large volumes of foreign investment.10 So even if the favorable rate of return differential persists, its macroeconomic impact in the form of stabilizing the U.S. external position appears to be diminishing due to the sheer size of its net indebtedness. This shifting dynamic means that the "privilege" of deficit financing with ease is becoming increasingly costly or, at least, less "exorbitant" than it historically has been. If this privilege of being able to offset the costs of a huge negative NIIP is eroding, the normal U.S. calculus in accepting big current account deficits would have to be rethought, with the consequence of increasing domestic pressures for policies aimed at reducing these external imbalances, irrespective of the dollar's ongoing international functions.</p><p>Besides, the various roles of the dollar are not independent but are strongly interconnected and reinforcing one another, creating a compelling path dependency for its international use. For example, the depth and liquidity of US financial markets make the dollar attractive both as a reserve currency and as a safe-haven asset.1 Its widespread use as a medium of exchange in international trade and finance naturally enhances its utility as a unit of account and as a reserve asset to hold because of network effects.1 But this interconnectedness also implies potential vulnerabilities. A deep loss of confidence in one of the foundation pillars of the dollar's role&#8212;i.e., a perceived erosion of U.S. financial stability, fiscal responsibility, Federal Reserve independence, or the absolute commitment to the rule of law&#8212;could negatively impact its safe-haven status.14 This would, in turn, reduce the demand for dollar reserves and potentially erode its utility as an international medium of exchange. Indeed, some have cited perceived slippages in U.S. fiscal discipline and trade openness as potential weaknesses affecting the foundations of dollar primacy.15 This highlights the requirement for across-the-board policy attention to all of the foundations of the dollar's global role&#8212;including economic strength, financial market integrity, institutional credibility, and geopolitical stability&#8212;rather than disproportionately focusing on one aspect like official reserve holdings.</p><p></p><h2><strong>III. Deconstructing the Link: Does Reserve Status Mandate Deficits?</strong></h2><p>A. central assumption of the argument over U.S. current account deficits is. argument,. reliant on the Triffin Dilemma, that. role. of. dollar. as. principal. global. reserve. currency. necessarily. forces. United. States. to. have. them. This. section. considers. original. Triffin. Dilemma,. contemporary. interpretations,. and. severe. criticisms. leveled. at. its. relevance. in. contemporary. global. financial. system.</p><p><strong>A. The Triffin Dilemma: Original Concerns and Contemporary Interpretations</strong></p><p>Robert Triffin in the 1960s outlined a fundamental problem of the Bretton Woods system, under which the U.S. dollar was pegged to gold and other currencies were pegged to the dollar.14 Triffin's concern had two parts: for the world economy to have sufficient liquidity to finance growing world trade and finance, the supply of the key reserve asset&#8212;the U.S. dollar&#8212;had to grow. With the present system, much of this expansion occurred as U.S. balance of payments deficits that injected dollars into the world economy. But Triffin also alerted that if U.S. deficits of this kind persisted and accumulated, the foreign dollar stock would eventually exceed the U.S. gold stock, thereby undermining confidence in the dollar's convertibility into gold at the fixed price.14 This "dilemma" meant that the system was inherently unstable: either the U.S. would halt its deficits and deny the world liquidity, with possibly deflationary implications, or it would continue its deficits, leading to a confidence crisis and a run on U.S. gold reserves. Triffin's prediction appeared to be vindicated in August 1971 when the U.S. officially suspended the convertibility of the dollar into gold, which marked the end of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates.14</p><p>In the Bretton Woods era of floating exchange rates, the Triffin Dilemma has been modified by some economists into a so-called "neo-Triffin" or "modern Triffin" argument. In these contemporary explanations, the overt link to gold convertibility is replaced by a more generic preoccupation with international confidence in the U.S. dollar as a reliable store of value and safe asset.14 The narrative speculates that ongoing international demand for dollar-denominated assets, particularly by foreign central banks wishing to accumulate reserves (often to manage their own exchange rates and maintain export competitiveness), compels the U.S. to supply these assets.11 This supply, it is assumed, occurs in the form of chronic U.S. current account deficits, which are the balance of payments counterpart to net capital inflows. These inflows, in turn, are said to lead to a structural overvaluation of the dollar, thereby eroding the competitiveness of U.S. industry, particularly manufacturing, and causing deindustrialization and job loss.14 In this perspective, the dollar's global dominance is a "Faustian bargain": the U.S. benefits from being able to finance itself cheaply, but at the cost of external imbalances, industrial weakness, and potential long-run geopolitical and financial vulnerabilities.14 Economists such as Stephen Miran have prominently argued that the accumulation of dollars by foreign official institutions is a fundamental source of U.S. current account deficits.13</p><p><strong>B. Critiques of the Triffin Dilemma's Modern Applicability</strong></p><p>Despite the intuitive appeal of modern Triffin-style arguments, a significant body of economic research challenges their empirical validity and theoretical underpinnings in the context of the contemporary global financial system.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Dollar Asset Acquisition Beyond Trade Surpluses with the US:</strong> Economist Maurice Obstfeld, and others, has convincingly argued that the United States can supply the world with dollar-denominated assets, both official reserve holdings and otherwise, without necessarily experiencing trade or current account deficits.6 Foreigners who wish to acquire dollar assets can do so through financial transactions, by exchanging other assets (such as their home currency, or foreign assets denominated in some other foreign currency) with U.S. residents. In this case, the counterpart to foreign acquisition of U.S. dollar claims (foreign central bank acquisition of U.S. Treasury securities, say) can be a U.S. capital outflow as U.S. residents acquire foreign assets rather than an inflow of goods and services that is a U.S. current account deficit.6 This perspective categorically refutes the argument that a current account deficit is the sole or requisite vehicle by which the rest of the world can accumulate dollar assets.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Gross vs. Net Capital Flows:</strong> Some analyses emphasize that focusing on net capital flows (which, by accounting identity, mirror the current account balance) can be misleading when assessing the pressures and dynamics related to the dollar's international role.<sup>11</sup> Gross capital flows&#8212;the total two-way volume of financial claims and liabilities moving across borders&#8212;are typically much larger than net flows and are driven by a diverse array of financial motives, including funding arbitrage, portfolio diversification, and risk management strategies, which are not directly tied to financing trade imbalances or satisfying official reserve needs.<sup>14</sup> The real drivers of global liquidity conditions and potential financial instability are often found in the scale, composition, and volatility of these gross capital flows, rather than in the net flows represented by current account balances.<sup>14</sup> This suggests that current account deficits provide an incomplete and potentially distorted picture of the financial interactions stemming from the dollar's global role. Triffin treats the world as if the only channel of dollar supply is via &#8220;trade finance&#8221; deficits&#8212;ignoring the far larger, two-way vortex of financial transactions. Whenever global investors need new dollars, they can borrow them short term, roll over positions, or shift portfolio weights. The net U.S. current account could even swing to surplus&#8212;and the world would still obtain dollars via gross financial flows. The size of these two-way gross dollar financial flows is enormous&#8212;tending to be many, many times larger than the net figure which is equal to the current account deficit. Therefore the world can purchase dollar assets (and therefore dollars) through these financial flows having nothing to do with U.S. having a trade deficit. America can supply dollar assets to the world whether or not its current account is balanced or in surplus, simply by U.S. citizens shipping U.S. assets to foreigners or foreigners shipping assets to U.S. citizens for dollars.The key is that foreign banks can create U.S. dollar-denominated loans and deposits on their own balance sheets. This has been referred to as the Eurodollar market or, more broadly, as offshore dollar creation. While the ultimate settlement of a great deal of this large USD volume will go through the U.S. banking system (via correspondent banks), initial creation of a great deal of this dollar liquidity or credit is outside the United States and isn't necessarily based on the U.S. importing more than it exports (what a current account deficit would show).</p><ul><li><p>Assume the following: EuroCar Corp. (a fictional large German automaker) has to purchase $50 million of cutting-edge robotics from TokyoTech Solutions (a fictional Japanese robotics firm). The deal is agreed upon to be in U.S. dollars, as in the conventions of international trade. EuroCar Corp. Seeks USD Financing. EuroCar Corp. goes to its primary bank, RhineBank AG (a fictional large German bank with international operations). EuroCar Corp. seeks a six-month $50 million USD loan to finance this acquisition.RhineBank AG Creates USD Credit: RhineBank AG approves the loan. The most important step here: RhineBank AG does not have to hold $50 million of hard U.S. cash bills or $50 million of surplus cash in its correspondent bank account in the United States (e.g., at Citibank in New York) prior to making the loan. Rather, RhineBank AG is able to post a USD-denominated loan asset on its books (RhineBank AG has $50 million USD lent by EuroCar Corp.) and, at the same time, debit EuroCar Corp.'s USD-denominated deposit account at RhineBank AG $50 million USD (the deposit is a liability on the books of RhineBank AG). This is private sector dollar creation. RhineBank AG, a German bank, has recently expanded its U.S. dollar-denominated balance sheet. This $50 million of USD bank credit now exists and is available to EuroCar Corp. Most significantly, this activity did not require the U.S. to have a current account deficit. The U.S. didn't require another $50 million importation from Germany for this USD credit to be created. It's a commercial demand-led financial transaction. EuroCar Corp. Pays TokyoTech Solutions: EuroCar Corp. instructs RhineBank AG to transfer $50 million USD to TokyoTech Solutions. TokyoTech Solutions is a customer that banks with, say, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) in Japan.This is when settlement is performed via the U.S. banking system. RhineBank AG will cause its U.S. correspondent bank (e.g., Citibank N.A. New York) to debit RhineBank AG's USD account by $50 million and credit the same amount to SMBC's U.S. correspondent bank (e.g., JPMorgan Chase New York). JPMorgan Chase then credits SMBC's USD account, and SMBC then credits TokyoTech Solutions' USD (or JPY equivalent) account in Japan. The U.S. correspondent banks act as clearinghouses for such enormous international USD payments. RhineBank AG needs to ensure that it either has, or can access, the $50 million USD to pay for the transfer at its U.S. correspondent. It has several options: It's already got satisfactory USD holdings either from other customers' bank's export earnings or own investment bank in USD. It can borrow USD from the interbank market of other European overseas Asian even American bank branches. It's another level of private USD liquidity. It can perform an FX swap: i.e., exchange Euros for U.S. dollars with another bank temporarily and vow to exchange them back in the future. This is a very widespread mechanism through which banks finance their currency needs and accounts for vastly for gross capital flows. Triffin Dilemma's Implication: The traditional Triffin Dilemma implied that for the world to get the dollars it needs for trade and reserves, the U.S. must experience current account deficits (i.e., sell more dollars for goods/services than it buys). In our case, purchasing power to the tune of $50 million USD was generated and used to enable a transaction from a German and a Japanese firm, executed using a German bank. The American current account had not to remain in deficit in order for it to take place.</p></li></ul></li></ul><blockquote><p>The global demand for USD for transactions and financing can be met, to a large extent, through this offshore USD credit production by private commercial banks worldwide.</p><p>This is built on a vast network of interbank lending, FX swaps, and other USD-denominated financial instruments, producing vast gross capital flows. The gross flows (the two-way volume of finance) are many, many times greater than the net capital flows that capture the U.S. current account deficit. The ultimate basis for USD clearing is the U.S. financial system and the Federal Reserve, but everyday creation and dispensation of international USD liquidity except in the matter of most overnight dollars is the business of the private sector driven by international commerce and finance, not by U.S. trade deficits alone.</p></blockquote><ul><li><p><strong>Evolution of Global Liquidity Creation:</strong> The mechanisms through which global dollar liquidity is created and distributed are fundamentally different from those in Triffin's day. Global dollar liquidity is no longer scarce or constrained only by the U.S. current account balance or by official demand for U.S. Treasury securities.14 The modern global financial system, with highly integrated and sophisticated markets, can create dollar liquidity elastically, and mainly through private sector intermediation. Such channels as repurchase (repo) markets, foreign exchange (FX) swaps, the offshore dollar lending market (e.g., Eurodollar market), and the reuse and rehypothecation of collateral can augment the supply of dollar funding and credit well beyond what might be suggested by looking at U.S. current account deficits or central bank balance sheets alone.14 If the global financial system is able to endogenously create the dollar liquidity that it needs through such private channels, the argument that the U.S. must run current account deficits to satisfy global demands for liquidity loses much of its force.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Shifting Financing of US Deficits: </strong>One of the central empirical challenges to the neo-Triffin perspective comes from the recomposition of capital flows employed to finance U.S. current account deficits. Evidence, especially from Bordo and McCauley, shows that foreign official capital inflows&#8212;that is, foreign central bank purchases of U.S. assets for reserve accumulation&#8212;are no longer the preponderant source of funding for U.S. external deficits.14 Data for the period 2015-2024 show that foreign official purchases of U.S. assets averaged a mere 0.16% of U.S. GDP, while U.S. current account deficits averaged 2.8% of GDP. This is a stark reversal of the 2000s, when official flows accounted for financing much larger shares of U.S. deficits.14 In their stead, private foreign investors, led by institutional investors typically acting through international financial centers, have emerged as the main purchasers of U.S. assets.14 These private flows are typically driven by considerations of financial return, risk tolerance, portfolio diversification, and arbitrage of regulation, rather than macroeconomic reserve management motives of foreign central banks.14 This decoupling of U.S. deficit funding from official reserve accumulation severely weakens the causal chain implied by neo-Triffin advocates based on official demand for dollar reserves forcing the U.S. to deficit finance.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Experience of Other Reserve Currencies:</strong>The experience of other issuers of reserve currencies presents empirical counter-examples to the deficit-necessity argument. The Eurozone, for instance, which is the issuer of the euro, the second largest reserve currency in the world, has frequently registered a current account surplus.6 This indicates that issuing a leading reserve currency need not be synonymous with running current account deficits.</p></li></ul><p>The controversy over the Triffin Dilemma has, in most respects, progressed. Triffin's early concern was centered on the risk of a shortage of global liquidity and deflation in the event of the U.S. balancing its balance of payments deficits since gold production was regarded as too low to sustain adequate growth in world reserves.14 In contrast, recent studies of the international monetary system, founded on the efforts of economists like Borio and Disyatat, highlight another risk: not one of scarcity of liquidity but of private dollar liquidity overproduction leading to the risk of financial instability.14 Contemporary concern is less with the U.S. current account balance as the largest source of global reserves and more with the capacity of the private financial system to "overproduce dollar claims" through leverage in repo, FX swap, and other markets, which would later collapse if perceptions of risk alter, as it did during the 2008 global financial crisis and the March 2020 market panic.14 This change in focus entails that the systemic risk epicenter has moved away from the U.S. external balance as an official provider of liquidity and towards the stability and regulation of the private financial institutions and markets currently producing most of the dollar liquidity in the world. The Federal Reserve's role as an international lender of last resort, providing dollar liquidity backstops through swap lines, is so much more significant in this context.14</p><p>Furthermore, the argument that the U.S. must finance by deficit in order to supply the world with safe assets (primarily U.S. Treasuries) is also invalidated by the trends. If private investors, and not official institutions, are the primary purchasers of a wide range of U.S. assets (not just Treasuries) on risk and return judgment 14, and if private market forces create and distribute most global dollar liquidity 14, then the "obligation" for the U.S. to finance current account deficits explicitly to satisfy a global demand for official safe assets is no longer meaningful. The United States offers liquid and deep markets, strong legal protections, and a stable political history, and thus its assets tend to be attractive to most international investors.14 The declining share of U.S. Treasuries held by foreign official institutions also supports this view.18 Thus, the emphasis on a "global safe asset shortage" driven mainly by official demand, and necessitating U.S. deficits, might be overstated. The global financial system has demonstrated considerable capacity to generate and distribute dollar-denominated assets and liquidity through different channels. The dollar's safe asset leadership role's endurance appears to depend more on enduring general attractiveness of the U.S. as a destination for investment&#8212;underpinned by its rule of law, market depth, and potential for innovation&#8212;than on whether or not some need for the U.S. to record current account deficits to supply official reserves exists.</p><p><strong>C. Conclusion on the Link</strong></p><p>To conclude, while the widespread global dollar roles of the U.S. dollar certainly create significant global demand for dollar-denominated assets, conventional academic belief and empirical research on capital flows as well as financial market evolution suggest that this demand does not necessarily or invariably necessitate continuance of U.S. current account deficits. The mechanisms for delivering and acquiring dollar assets are far more diverse and complex than allowed by a mere application of the Triffin Dilemma in today's global financial environment. The traditional causal link is now considered to be, at best, contingent and indirect, as opposed to deterministic.</p><p><strong>Table 2: Summary of Arguments: Does the Dollar's Role Necessitate US Current Account Deficits?</strong></p><p><strong>Arguments Suggesting Necessity (or Strong Link)</strong></p><p><strong>Arguments Against Necessity (or Weak/Indirect Link)</strong></p><p><strong>Traditional Triffin Dilemma:</strong> Supplying global liquidity (dollars) requires US deficits, which eventually undermine confidence.<sup>14</sup></p><p><strong>Financial Transactions as Asset Source:</strong> Foreigners can acquire dollar assets by exchanging other assets, not just via US trade deficits (Obstfeld).<sup>6</sup></p><p><strong>Neo-Triffin/Miran View:</strong> Foreign official demand for dollar reserves (safe assets) leads to dollar overvaluation and forces US current account deficits.<sup>11</sup></p><p><strong>Private Capital Flows Dominate Financing:</strong> US deficits are now primarily financed by private investors seeking returns, not by official reserve accumulation (Bordo &amp; McCauley).<sup>14</sup></p><p><strong>"Burden" of Reserve Supply:</strong> The US must run deficits to meet global demand for its currency and assets, leading to deindustrialization.<sup>4</sup></p><p><strong>Elastic Private Liquidity Creation:</strong> Global dollar liquidity is generated by private markets (repos, swaps, offshore lending), independent of US current account.<sup>14</sup></p><p><strong>"Exorbitant Privilege" Financing Deficits:</strong> The ability to finance deficits easily is a core part of the privilege, implying deficits are tolerated/expected.<sup>4</sup></p><p><strong>Experience of Other Reserve Issuers:</strong> Countries like the Eurozone, Japan, and Switzerland issue international/reserve currencies and often run current account surpluses.<sup>6</sup></p><p><strong>Gross vs. Net Capital Flows:</strong> Focus on net flows (current account) is misleading; gross flows are larger and driven by diverse financial motives.<sup>11</sup></p><h2><strong>IV. Alternative Drivers of US Current Account Imbalances</strong></h2><p>If the U.S. dollar's global role doesn't necessarily involve persistent current account deficits, then something else has to be the primary drivers. Economic reasoning decisively points toward domestic macroeconomic conditions and the workings of the world economy, to a considerable degree irrespective of the dollar's specific global roles, as the primary sources of U.S. external imbalances.</p><p>One of the fundamental guidelines in explaining current account balances is the national saving-investment identity. By definition, the current account balance (CAB) is equivalent to the difference between the overall national savings of a country (S) &#8211; both private and government (public) savings &#8211; and its total domestic investment (I).27 This can be expressed as:</p><p>CAB=S&#8722;I</p><p>A negative CAB or a deficit in the current account therefore indicates that a country's domestic investment exceeds its national savings (I&gt;S). To finance this deficit, the country must borrow from the world and this is reflected as a net capital inflow on the financial account.27 A surplus in the current account (S&gt;I) means that a country saves more than it invests domestically, leading to a net capital outflow because it lends to or invests in foreign countries. This accounting identity is significant in that it highlights that any economic growth or policy affecting the balance of the current account must do so either by modifying the relation between national saving and domestic investment, or by modifying national output relative to domestic absorption (i.e., consumption plus investment plus government expenditure).6 Consequently, policies such as trade protectionism (e.g., tariffs) are generally found unlikely to be effective in enhancing the overall current account balance of a nation unless they significantly alter these underlying saving and investment dynamics.27</p><p>With this framework, several key alternative drivers of U.S. current account deficits can be identified:</p><p><strong>A. US Fiscal Policy and the "Twin Deficits" Hypothesis</strong></p><p>One of the most prominent accounts of U.S. current account deficits, particularly at certain times in history, is the "twin deficits" hypothesis. Under this hypothesis, there exists a causal link in which budget deficits of government lead to, or are closely correlated with, current account deficits.34 The mechanism tends to be one of an expansionary fiscal policy (e.g., large tax cuts or increases in government spending unaccompanied by increases in revenues) that reduces public saving. Unless this fall in public saving is fully offset by a rise in private saving, overall national saving declines. This can lead to a push-up in domestic interest rates and a pull-in of foreign capital inflows. These foreign capital inflows, in turn, can lead to an appreciation of the domestic currency (the dollar, in the case of the U.S.) making imports cheaper and exports more expensive, thereby raising the trade and current account deficits.34</p><p>Economist Maurice Obstfeld, among others, has attributed American fiscal policy as being one of the major reasons for its external imbalances. He notes the large U.S. budget deficits of the early 1980s under the Reagan administration, which were coincident with a strong dollar and increasing trade deficit, and the tax reductions of 2001 and 2003, which reduced government saving and were associated with an increasing current account deficit in the 2000s.6 This perspective provides a specific, policy-driven domestic explanation of instances of large U.S. current account deficits.</p><p><strong>B. Private Sector Saving and Investment Behavior</strong></p><p>Private sector firms and households' saving and investment decisions also significantly influence the current account balance. A decrease in the private saving rate, or a rise in private investment that is more than domestic savings available, can lead to a current account deficit.</p><p>Obstfeld cites the U.S. housing and credit bubble of the 2000s as one of the home drivers of the enormous current account deficits of the time.6 The period was characterized by loose financial conditions, financial market innovations that facilitated borrowing, and rapidly appreciating house prices. These enabled households to consume more (through mortgage equity withdrawal, in part) and save less, and also facilitated a residential investment boom. Net private saving in the United States fell dramatically between 2002 and 2007.6 This combination of lower private saving and higher investment directly accounted for the higher current account deficit through the S-I identity.</p><p>It must be remembered that a high-investment-fueled current account deficit is not always detrimental; if productive investment increases future economic growth, it can be a sign of a dynamic economy, particularly for capital-poor developing countries.27 However, in developed economies like the U.S., current account deficits have been associated with consumption booms or bubbles in speculative investments at times and not necessarily with productive capital creation.27</p><p><strong>C. The "Global Savings Glut" Hypothesis and Its Influence</strong></p><p>Another leading theory seeking to explain U.S. current account deficits, particularly those of the late 1990s and 2000s, is the "global savings glut" hypothesis, most notably articulated by former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke.37 This theory contends that a tremendous rise in desired saving in countries outside the United States&#8212;driven by factors such as the precautionary saving desires of East Asian economies in response to the 1997-98 financial crisis, and the wealth accumulation by oil-exporting nations as a result of high energy prices&#8212;generated an excess of global savings over attractive investment opportunities within those same countries.37 This "glut" of savings then sought out investment opportunities elsewhere, with the U.S. being a prime beneficiary due to its deep, liquid, and perceivedly safe financial markets, as well as due to its reputation for innovation and economic dynamism.20</p><p>According to this hypothesis, the massive foreign capital inflow into the U.S. would have put downward pressure on U.S. interest rates and pushed up the value of the dollar. A more expensive dollar, in turn, would have made U.S. imports less expensive and exports less competitive, leading to a widening U.S. current account deficit as the U.S. economy "absorbed" these excess foreign savings.37</p><p>While the global savings glut hypothesis offers a seductive external explanation for U.S. deficits, it has skeptics and qualifications. Obstfeld, for instance, acknowledges the phenomenon as a contributing element but maintains that it provides an incomplete picture.6 He contends that U.S. domestic factors, such as the aforementioned housing bubble and loose financial conditions, also were prominent by actively "pulling" capital into the U.S., rather than the U.S. merely being an inert recipient of capital "pushed" from abroad.6 The direction of causality (foreign "push" versus domestic "pull") and the relative importance of external versus internal drivers are contested.</p><p><strong>D. Other Macroeconomic Factors</strong></p><p>Beyond these major theories, several other macroeconomic factors can influence a country's current account balance:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Relative Economic Growth Rates:</strong> If the U.S. economy grows at a much higher rate than those of its major trading partners, U.S. import demand will rise faster than foreign demand for U.S. exports, and the current account deficit can widen.39 This effect can be compounded by the "Houthakker-Magee effect," an empirical finding which suggests that income elasticity in U.S. import demand is higher than foreign income elasticity in demand for U.S. exports.39</p></li><li><p><strong>Terms of Trade Shocks:</strong> Significant changes in the relative prices of a country's exports and imports (its terms of trade), such as those caused by sharp fluctuations in global commodity prices (e.g., oil price shocks), can have a substantial impact on the nominal value of the current account balance.<sup>28</sup> For example, a sharp increase in the price of imported oil, ceteris paribus, would worsen the trade balance of an oil-importing country.</p></li><li><p><strong>Exchange Rate Dynamics:</strong> While the international role of the dollar is distinct from its specific exchange rate level at any given time, sustained periods of dollar overvaluation (which can be driven by large capital inflows attracted for various reasons, including perceived U.S. economic strength or higher relative interest rates) can make U.S. imports cheaper and its exports less competitive on global markets, thereby contributing to trade deficits.<sup>2</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>U.S. Economic Dynamism and Attractiveness:</strong> The perceived dynamism, innovation, and strong performance of the U.S. economy, relative to other major economies, can attract substantial capital inflows into U.S. equity markets, corporate bonds, and direct investment opportunities. These inflows, while reflecting confidence in the U.S. economy, can contribute to dollar strength and, through the balance of payments identity, a current account deficit.<sup>13</sup></p></li></ul><p>The various "alternative" explanations for the U.S. current account deficit are rarely mutually exclusive; indeed, they tend to be interrelated and can be mutually reinforcing, making it hard to identify one unambiguous cause of persistent imbalances. For example, an expansionary fiscal policy in the United States leading to higher budget deficits 34 can increase domestic demand and put upward pressures on interest rates, thereby attracting capital inflows. These inflows may be funded by what appears to be a "global savings glut" 37 or by investors attracted by the relative robustness and vibrancy of the U.S. economy.13 These capital flows can cause a rise in the dollar, leading to an enhanced trade deficit.11 Concurrently, domestic events, such as a consumption bubble fueled by a bubble in asset prices (like the housing boom of the early 2000s), can directly increase demand for imports and reduce private saving, further depressing the current account balance through the saving-investment channel.6 Thus, an era of extensive current account deficits may see the convergence of events: a massive fiscal deficit, robust international capital flows, and a domestic investment or consumption bubble, all acting through distinct yet related channels. This interdependence would imply that policy responses to curb the ongoing account deficits must be multi-dimensional and consider these complex interactions. A unidimensional focus, for example, on fiscal consolidation would be insufficient if private sector capital inflows are strong because of some other conspicuous attributes of the U.S. economy or chronic global imbalances.</p><p>Additionally, the "Global Savings Glut" hypothesis, if it is to be credited as a contributory explanation for U.S. capital inflows, does not exculpate the domestic policy decisions in the United States from their responsibility in determining the current account result. While Bernanke argued that foreign savings were "pushed" into the U.S. 37, Obstfeld and others have replied that U.S. domestic conditions, such as the housing bubble and accommodative financial environment, actively "pulled" this capital in.6 The record depth, liquidity, and perceived safety of the U.S. financial system make it an attractive destination for world savings.1 Moreover, U.S. fiscal deficits themselves create a demand for financing, some of which is met by foreign capital.6 So even if there is an external "push" of world savings, the U.S. is not a passive recipient. Its own economic conditions, policy boundaries (fiscal and monetary), and market characteristics are highly important in deciding how readily it absorbs these foreign flows and how precisely these flows correspond to a current account deficit. This is used to emphasize that the United States has significant control over its external balance; it is not specifically at the mercy of foreign capital flows. Domestic policy determining national saving, domestic investment, and aggregate financial stability lies at the center of intervening the effects of worldwide economic forces in the U.S. current account.</p><h2><strong>V. Historical and Comparative Perspectives: Lessons from Other Currency Issuers</strong></h2><p>Examining the historical record of the U.S. current account and the experiences of other countries that have issued major international currencies provides valuable context for assessing whether the dollar's global role necessitates persistent deficits.</p><p><strong>A. US Current Account Trends Post-Bretton Woods (since 1971)</strong></p><p>Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods regime in the early 1970s, the United States has primarily operated current account deficits. U.S. yearly data. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) report ongoing trends of deficits, with severe worsening in the 1980s, again in the late 1990s to the early 2000s, and again more recently since the COVID-19 crisis.42 As an example, the current account deficit was a record over $800 billion in 2006, decreased during the global financial crisis, and again widened to over $1.1 trillion in 2024.7 As a share of GDP, these deficits have always been huge, with Obstfeld having recorded an average of 3.1% of GDP per year since 2008.6</p><p>But the record is not one of continuous, large deficits. There have been periods when the U.S. had current account surpluses or considerably smaller deficits, while the dollar had established itself as the international currency of first choice in the world. As a percentage of nominal annual GDP, as computed from BEA data 42, and as tabulated in BEA data 42, the U.S. had small current account surpluses in:</p><ul><li><p>1970: $2.33 billion (approx. 0.2% of GDP)</p></li><li><p>1973: $7.14 billion (approx. 0.5% of GDP)</p></li><li><p>1975: $18.12 billion (approx. 1.0% of GDP)</p></li><li><p>1980: $2.32 billion (approx. 0.1% of GDP)</p></li><li><p>1981: $5.03 billion (approx. 0.2% of GDP)</p></li><li><p>1991: $2.90 billion (approx. 0.05% of GDP)</p></li></ul><p>Additionally, deficits were relatively small (often less than 1% of GDP) in the early 1970s (e.g., 1971: -$1.43 billion or -0.1% of GDP; 1972: -$5.80 billion or -0.4% of GDP) and during certain years in the late 1970s (e.g., 1979: -$0.29 billion or -0.01% of GDP).<sup>42</sup> </p><p>The existence of these periods of surplus or very small deficits, occurring well after the dollar had become the key international currency, empirically challenges the assertion that its global role <em>mandates</em> the U.S. to run large and persistent deficits. This historical record lends support to the report's central thesis that other macroeconomic factors are more decisive in determining the U.S. external balance.</p><p><strong>B. The United Kingdom: Sterling as the Dominant Global Currency (Pre-WWI)</strong></p><p>The United Kingdom's historical experience, when pound sterling was the world's hegemonic reserve currency and London was the world's financial center (largely in the 19th and early 20th centuries, up to World War I), is a compelling comparative case. Britain was a major world exporter of capital and tended to have a current account surplus during sterling's hegemony.44</p><p>Peculiarly, this excess was not so much the result of a steady surplus in the exchange of visible goods (merchandise). Notwithstanding Britain's industrial power as "the workshop of the world," especially during the first half of the 19th century, statistics available reveal that it tended to incur a deficit on visible trade. This trade deficit was, however, offset partially by a services surplus (invisible trade).44 The most important factor accounting for the large overall current account surplus of the 19th century for the UK was the enormous net income on its enormous stock of foreign assets.44 Britain was now the world's leading creditor nation, and the income on its foreign investment (on railways, government bonds, infrastructural works, etc., all across the globe, including in its empire and in rapidly expanding nations like the United States and Argentina) generated a colossal stream of primary income overseas.44 This net investment income was more than enough to exceed the trade deficit to provide an overall current account surplus. The UK's current account counterpart of its financial account surplus corresponding to these investments was the British capital outflow.45 NBER working papers on international capital flows in the pre-WWI gold standard era confirm that capital-exporting countries like the UK financed capital-importing countries' development and thus the UK itself must have been generating corresponding external surpluses.46</p><p><strong>The UK's historical experience is highly relevant here: it demonstrates that a nation issuing the world's dominant currency is capable of being a net capital exporter and also enjoying a current account surplus. I</strong>n reality, its leadership in finance emanated from being a natural global creditor.</p><p><strong>C. Other Major International Currency Issuers</strong></p><p>The experiences of other contemporary issuers of significant international currencies also provide valuable insights:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Eurozone:</strong> The Eurozone, as holder of the second most important reserve currency in the world, had an unpredictable current account balance. It had deficits in the early 2000s, with the significant deterioration in the years of the 2008 global financial crisis when the deficit was close to 2% of GDP. However, between 2013 and 2019, the Eurozone experienced recurring current account surpluses.24 But in 2022, a sharp reversal was observed, with the balance dropping from a 2021 surplus of 2.8% of GDP to a deficit of 0.8%, largely as a result of the negative terms of trade shock of the energy crisis.24 These cycles are also observed with monthly data with periods of high surplus.47 This pattern implies that a big currency area can indeed run surpluses, and that changes in its external balance can be driven by large external shocks rather than an underlying need associated with the international role of the euro.</p></li><li><p><strong>Japan (Yen):</strong> Japan, whose currency, the yen, is a significant world currency and often acts as a safe haven, has long enjoyed current account surpluses. February 2025 evidence posted an all-time record monthly surplus, while Japan saw a record-level current account surplus for the entire year 2024, assisted by their high returns from their immense foreign investments and effect of a fallen yen on their trade balance.25 While occasional monthly deficits (e.g., January 2025 25) have shown up from time to time, the most usual pattern has been one of surplus since the yen floated as currency in 1973.<sup>48</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Switzerland (Swiss Franc):</strong>The Swiss franc is well known to be one of the top safe-haven currencies, founded on Switzerland's centuries of political neutrality, sound finance, and low inflation.49 Meanwhile, Switzerland has experienced robust current account surpluses ever since, often amounting to a large share of the country's GDP. For example, in December 2023 its current account surplus was 7.6% of GDP, and its quarterly figures conventionally record big surpluses.26 This is obviously an instance of a currency with robust safe-haven demand in conjunction with persistent, large current account surpluses.</p></li><li><p><strong>Germany (Deutsche Mark/Euro):</strong> Germany, both during the era of the Deutsche Mark and subsequently as the largest economy in the Eurozone, has tended to have large current account surpluses, especially since reunification.53 Monthly data since 1991 show an average current account surplus of around $14.3 billion (USD equivalent) 54, and recent data continue to show this pattern, with a surplus of &#8364;20.0 billion in February 2025.55 As a percentage of GDP, Germany's surplus has often been very large.56 For the year as a whole in 2024, Germany's current account surplus increased further.57 As a large issuer and user of an international currency (first the DM, then the Euro), Germany's ongoing surpluses demonstrate that such a position is perfectly compatible with a strong external balance.</p></li></ul><p>The common experience in history of the UK with pound sterling and that of Japan, Switzerland, and Germany (which is in the Eurozone) in recent times strongly indicates that being a status to be an issuer of an international currency or safe-haven currency is not an inevitable outcome of operating current account deficits. Indeed, for most of these economies, international currency status has been associated with recurring current account surpluses, often driven by strong export performance or huge net income from foreign investment. This comparative evidence strongly contradicts any deterministic theory that reserve currency issuance requires deficits. It emphatically argues the thesis that current account outcomes are significantly determined by a nation's underlying saving-investment balance, fiscal policy, competitiveness in foreign markets, and its position in the world economic cycle, but not as a required by-product of the international use of its currency. Decoupling implies that policymakers have still enormous freedom to manage their country's external position regardless of the position of their currency in the world.</p><p>Moreover, closer examination of the nature of the external balance and its funding shows that both were very much different between the historical UK sterling system and contemporary U.S. dollar system as a reflection of the fundamental structural changes in the world economy and the roles which these dominant issuers of the currency played. The 19th-century economy of Britain had the benefit overall of current account surpluses due to humongous net income from abroad, generated because of its tremendous portfolio of overseas investments.44 It was an aging creditor country, exporting money to the world in general. Whereas the present U.S. tends to experience current account deficits where the balance of trade (particularly in merchandise) is a major negative element, and its net earnings from abroad have been unstable, sometimes actually negative, signifying that it is the world's biggest net debtor.7 This implies that even though both the dollar and sterling were (are) leading world currencies, their encounter with the global economy via the current account is of a different form. UK hegemony was identified with encouraging capital export; today's trend of the U.S. typically involves net capital import to cover its deficits. Such a structural difference means that it is not possible simply to transpose theories like the Triffin Dilemma or deficit sustainability issues from one historical period to another without considering such underlying disparities. The "exorbitant burden" or "privilege" assumes various forms for a net creditor reserve issuer as compared to a net debtor one, and consequently, the potential vulnerabilities and adjustment mechanisms will also be distinct.</p><h2><strong>VI. Policy Pathways: Reconciling Dollar Stability with External Balance</strong></h2><p>Given the evidence that the U.S. dollar's international role does not inherently necessitate persistent current account deficits, the focus shifts to policy choices that can influence the external balance. The United States possesses several macroeconomic policy levers that could, in principle, reduce its current account deficits without necessarily undermining the dollar's global standing.</p><p><strong>A. US Policy Options for Current Account Deficit Reduction</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Fiscal Consolidation:</strong> One of the principal tools for managing current account deficits, from the perspective of the saving-investment identity (CAB=S&#8722;I), is fiscal consolidation. By reducing the government budget deficit (i.e., by increasing public saving), overall national saving can be increased, if the private saving behavior does not completely offset the adjustment. This increase in national saving can make the current account deficit shrink.6 Prominent economists like Obstfeld have explicitly suggested fiscal consolidation as a viable path for the U.S. to raise its national saving rate and thereby reduce its trade deficit.6 However, the real impact of fiscal consolidation on the current account can be complex. If markets perceive such measures as enhancing long-term economic stability and the investment environment, they can trigger increased net capital inflows. If these inflows finance a rise in domestic investment that is larger than the rise in national saving, the current account deficit will not fall, or even rise.29 The outcome depends on the simultaneous responses of private saving, private investment, and international capital flows.</p></li><li><p><strong>Exchange Rate Policy / Dollar Policy:</strong> Some economists and policymakers advocate more aggressive dollar exchange rate management to achieve a more balanced trade position.41 Proposed reforms include direct intervention in foreign exchange markets (e.g., the U.S. Treasury or Federal Reserve selling dollars and buying foreign currencies) to induce dollar depreciation. Alternatively, policy to discourage inflows of capital, such as a tax on foreign acquisition of U.S. assets or on income accruing from them, has been suggested as a method of reducing dollar upward pressure.41 A "balanced dollar" policy, with the possibility of gradual building-up of U.S. official foreign exchange reserves (a less usual practice for the U.S. than for other reserve-issuing countries) to pave the way for moderate and orderly depreciation, has also been suggested.59</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>Nevertheless, these kinds of policies also carry risks and uncertainties. Successful management of exchange rates may be perceived outside as protectionism or competitive devaluation, prompting retaliations or more global financial instability.41 Moreover, the medium- and longer-term effectiveness of exchange rate manipulation in curing current account imbalances without attendant adjustments in underlying macroeconomic fundamentals (e.g., the saving-investment imbalance) is dubious. As some research points out, without macroeconomic policy changes and expected yield differentials, market forces may quickly counter an artificially induced currency depreciation.16</p></blockquote><ul><li><p><strong>Trade Policy (Tariffs):</strong> While tariffs are a favorite among politicians and sound like an easy means of reducing trade deficits 6, there is among economists widespread agreement that overall they do not significantly contribute to tipping the balance on a country's overall current account. This is because tariffs have no direct effect on the underlying national saving-investment mismatch.6 Tariffs can alter bilateral trade balances (i.e., reduce a deficit with one country while potentially increasing it with another or worsening the terms of trade) or alter the direction of trade, but they are not likely to lead to a sustained decline in the aggregate current account deficit unless they induce radical shifts in national saving or investment behavior.6</p></li></ul><p><strong>B. Maintaining the Dollar's International Role Alongside External Adjustment</strong></p><p>One of the major arguments made by economists such as Obstfeld is that the U.S. can in fact provide dollar assets to the world, meeting world demand for reserves and other dollar-denominated instruments, without necessarily incurring current account deficits. This can be accomplished through financial account transactions: foreigners can buy U.S. assets by selling foreign assets (e.g., foreign securities, foreign currency) to U.S. residents, or U.S. residents can buy foreign assets, with gross capital flows that do not necessarily require a U.S. current account deficit as the balancing item.6</p><p>The dollar's international role is ultimately based on long-standing characteristics of the U.S. economy and financial system: its size, stability, and openness; its deep, liquid, and sophisticated financial markets; a well-established legal framework with solid investor protections; and complete currency convertibility.1 To remain attractive to foreign investors, these market and institutional fundamentals will need to be maintained and supported.</p><p>A reduction in the U.S. current account deficit, if achieved by consistent macroeconomic policies&#8212;such as fiscal restraint to raise national saving or structural reform that increases productivity and competitiveness&#8212;would not necessarily undermine the international position of the dollar. Rather, a visibly stronger U.S. fiscal stance and more sustainable external accounts could reinforce world confidence in the long-term stability of the U.S. economy and, by extension, of the dollar itself.</p><p><strong>C. Implications for US Monetary Policy Autonomy</strong></p><p>The U.S. dollar's privileged position in the international financial system implies that U.S. monetary policy actions have important spillovers for the rest of the world. Changes in the Federal Reserve's policy orientation can affect global interest rates, capital flows, exchange rates, and overall financial conditions, a phenomenon commonly known as the "Global Financial Cycle".61 This global influence provides the U.S. with significant influence.</p><p>Despite these spillovers, the United States generally enjoys a high degree of monetary policy autonomy. This independence is the outcome of its large, relatively closed economy (domestic causes of inflation and employment being the principal determinants), flexible exchange rate regime, and special facility to issue debt and settle foreign payments in its own currency.62 In such a state when the U.S. succeeds in reducing its current account deficit by, for instance, a rise in national saving, this monetary policy independence is not necessarily lost. If anything, a more even-handed external approach would make the economy less vulnerable to external shocks or dramatic shifts in foreign investor sentiment, potentially enhancing the Federal Reserve's room for maneuver.</p><p>There is a potential conflict, however, among some policy approaches. Policies aimed at reducing the current account deficit by actively discouraging capital inflow&#8212;tolls on foreign investment or other capital controls 41&#8212;could, if pursued aggressively, be in contradiction to the policy goal of maintaining open, deep, and liquid U.S. financial markets, an essential component of the dollar's international appeal.1 While such measures may provide a short-run balance-of-trades benefit by inducing depreciation of the dollar, they can also make U.S. markets less attractive for international capital, and thus potentially deprive one of the principal supports for the dollar's international position and the accompanying "exorbitant privilege".11 An uneasy balancing act is thus posed: discouraging dollar-inflow-enhancing inflows of foreign capital that potentially worsen trade deficits and the overvaluation of the dollar, while at the same time having U.S. financial markets serve as an attractive and reliable home for foreign investment, foreign purchase of U.S. Government debt, or treasury securities, was required to finance current budget deficits. This means policymakers are faced with a trade-off, and an equilibrium method discriminating across different capital flows, or favors general macroeconomic instruments like fiscal policy to actual capital flow control, might be more lasting.</p><p>Moreover, the effectiveness of any single policy measure, such as fiscal consolidation, to stem the current account deficit is not guaranteed and depends essentially on the simultaneous operation of private saving, domestic investment, and world capital flows, all of which are susceptible to a host of determinants and are not necessarily foreseeable.29 To illustrate, even though orthodox economic theory would suggest that fiscal consolidation would raise national saving and, ceteris paribus, tighten the current account, the actual outcome can be more complex. If budget consolidation is viewed by home and foreign investors as a reflection of improved long-term economic management and an improved investment climate (possibly when coupled with deregulation or pro-growth structural reform), it might actually draw in foreign capital. If this new capital inflow creates a rise in domestic investment that exceeds the rise in national saving, the saving-investment gap can still persist or even increase, with little or no decrease in the current account deficit.29 World economic conditions, such as shifts in world risk appetite or the continuation of a "global savings glut," can also influence capital flows to the U.S. irrespective of its domestic fiscal policy. This scenario emphasizes the inherent difficulty of balancing a nation's external account and suggests that no simple, definite policy response to current account deficits exists.</p><h2><strong>VII. The Evolving Global Monetary Landscape</strong></h2><p>The discussion about the U.S. current account deficit and the dollar's role unfolds against a backdrop of a continuously evolving international monetary and financial system. Several trends and potential shifts could influence the future of dollar dominance and the context for U.S. external adjustment.</p><p><strong>A. The Future of Dollar Dominance in a Multipolar World</strong></p><p>There is persistent debate regarding the potential transition towards a more multipolar international currency system, where currencies such as the euro and the Chinese renminbi, or perhaps a broader basket of so-called "non-traditional" reserve currencies (like the Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, or Swedish krona), could assume more significant global roles, thereby diluting the dollar's singular dominance.3</p><p>Several factors are seen as potentially driving such a shift. These include increasing geopolitical fragmentation, heightened tensions and conflicts over international trade and finance, the rise of economic blocs like the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and recently expanded members), and concerns among some countries about the perceived "weaponization" of the dollar through U.S. financial sanctions or other policies seen as leveraging its international role for unilateral advantage.<sup>3</sup> These developments could encourage some nations to actively seek alternatives to the dollar for trade settlement, reserve holdings, and international financing.</p><p>However, the U.S. dollar benefits from formidable incumbency advantages that make its displacement a slow and challenging process. These include the unparalleled size, depth, liquidity, and openness of U.S. financial markets; established network effects (path dependency, where the existing widespread use of the dollar makes it more convenient for others to use it); the full convertibility of the currency; the sheer scale of the U.S. economy; and, historically, a reputation for institutional stability and the rule of law.<sup>3</sup></p><p>Potential rival currencies face their own significant hurdles. The Eurozone, while economically large, has a complex governance structure for its monetary and fiscal policies. The Chinese renminbi, despite China's economic might, is not yet fully convertible, and China's financial markets are not as open or deep as those of the U.S. Furthermore, China lacks some of the institutional frameworks typically associated with a leading international reserve currency, such as an independent central bank, a fully transparent legal system with robust investor protections, and a democratic form of government.<sup>63</sup> Historical waves of enthusiasm for the deutsche mark, the yen, the euro, and more recently the renminbi, as potential successors to the dollar have, thus far, not resulted in a fundamental shift in the dollar's premier position.<sup>63</sup></p><p>Recent data from the IMF's Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) database do indicate a gradual, ongoing decline in the dollar's share of allocated global reserves over the past two decades. Strikingly, this decline has not been matched by corresponding increases in the shares of the other traditional "big four" currencies (euro, yen, pound sterling). Instead, a portion of this diversification appears to be flowing towards non-traditional reserve currencies issued by smaller, well-managed, open economies, facilitated by new digital financial technologies that make these currencies easier to trade and hold.<sup>5</sup> This trend suggests that the evolution of the international monetary system might be towards a more fragmented and diversified landscape, rather than a simple bipolar or tripolar system dominated by a few large currencies. Such "diversification by stealth" into smaller currencies might be less geopolitically contentious than a direct challenge from a major power's currency. However, it could also imply a more complex system to manage, where global liquidity might be more dispersed, and no single alternative currency possesses the scale or infrastructure to fully replicate the dollar's role as a global financial backstop during crises, absent significantly enhanced international coordination.</p><p><strong>B. The Supply and Demand for Global Safe Assets</strong></p><p>Global demand for safe assets&#8212;financial instruments perceived to have very low credit risk and high liquidity, especially during times of stress&#8212;is a significant feature of the modern financial system. U.S. Treasury securities have historically been the primary global safe asset. Some theories, such as the "fiscal Triffin" argument, suggest that this strong global demand for U.S. safe assets effectively forces the U.S. to issue more debt, which can be linked to fiscal and, by extension, current account deficits.17 However, this view is also critiqued for potentially overstating the rigidity of safe asset demand and the inflexibility of their supply.17</p><p>Research indicates that foreign demand for safe assets issued by advanced economies has indeed been on a steady rise. The financial sector within these economies has played a crucial role in meeting this demand, often through financial engineering that transforms various underlying assets into instruments perceived as safe.<sup>66</sup> This dynamic, however, is not without potential downsides, as increased foreign safe asset demand met by financial sector supply has been associated with subsequent risky credit growth and potentially adverse macroeconomic effects in the supplying economies.<sup>66</sup></p><p>The future landscape of global safe assets is uncertain. Continued demand from emerging markets for safe assets issued by advanced economies would require careful management by the latter to balance growth, credit risk, and financial stability. Alternatively, in a world of increasing geopolitical tensions and potential financial fragmentation, emerging markets might seek to develop their own domestic safe assets, a process that would entail its own set of challenges and risks.<sup>66</sup> The U.S. current account balance itself is a flow variable, representing the net change in U.S. net foreign assets over a period. The stock of safe assets held by global investors is what matters for portfolio allocation decisions. BEA data on U.S. international transactions reveal very large gross financial inflows and outflows, indicating substantial ongoing international dealing in a wide range of U.S. assets, not just those traditionally labeled "safe".<sup>7</sup></p><p><strong>C. Implications of US External Adjustment for the Global Financial System</strong></p><p>A deep and sustained reduction in the U.S. current account deficit would, by definition, imply an equivalent fall in net capital inflows to the United States. This would require the rest of the world to save less, invest more domestically, or need to find alternative uses for its net savings that are now being invested in the U.S. This rebalancing of the world would bring fundamental shifts in world interest rates, exchange rates, and patterns of international capital flows.64</p><p>Were the U.S. to no longer be absorbing such a high percentage of world net savings, it could, as some argue, contribute to a more balanced world economy. A shift toward a more multipolar currency system, if it happens, can undermine the Triffin Dilemma pressures on any single currency issuer and could potentially provide the U.S. with a broader range of adjustment mechanisms for its external balance because the dollar would no longer be the sole or default recipient of the world's flight-to-safety flows during crises.16</p><p>But the path of transition matters greatly. A disorderly collapse in the dollar's international role, or an abrupt and forced adjustment in the U.S. current account deficit (perhaps triggered by an abrupt loss of confidence on the part of foreign investors), would be highly disruptive to the U.S. and world financial system. It would lead to a sharp increase in U.S. borrowing costs, severe exchange rate volatility, and a tightening of global credit conditions.4</p><p>Lastly, the political stability and domestic policies of the United States are emerging as at least as vital, if not more so, to the future global status of the dollar as external competitive stress from other currencies. Some analyses suggest that the foundations of U.S. currency primacy&#8212;e.g., perceptions of its fiscal health, the independence of the Federal Reserve, the stability of its government, and its submission to open trade and global security&#8212;have been called into question or perceived to be weakening.14 In addition, the possibility that the U.S. itself may consciously pull back from some of the burdens (and benefits) of global monetary leadership, for example, by pursuing policies such as taxes on inward capital flows to intentionally weaken the dollar for trade benefit, is no longer considered unthinkable by some.4 U.S. institutional credibility and the robustness of its financial infrastructure are consistently cited as of paramount importance for the dollar's continued international role.14 So even in the absence of an immediate and obvious external competitor to the dollar's throne, actions or inactions by the U.S. itself could have a significant part to play in determining the trajectory of its currency's international role. A loss of confidence worldwide predicated on domestic U.S. factors would be more detrimental to the long-term equity of the dollar than alternative currencies per se. This serves to underscore that the longevity of the dollar's international function is not merely an economic issue but is intimately tied to U.S. domestic government, its statesmanship, and its approach to international economic and political collaboration.</p><h2><strong>VIII. Conclusion: Beyond the Deficit Imperative</strong></h2><p>The continuation of the U.S. dollar's global role is a mainstay of the modern world financial system. Its applications as the principal reserve currency, significant medium of exchange, widespread unit of account, and ultimate safe-haven asset are firmly entrenched in international trade and finance. But such analysis, grounded in a broad range of economic theory, empirical evidence, and professional judgment, concludes that the dollar's complicated worldwide dominance does not necessarily or mechanically need the United States to incur permanent current account deficits.</p><p>The Triffin Dilemma, frequently quoted as presenting a supposed need for U.S. deficits, is open to significant problems in its applicability to today's world financial system. Both its original formulation, in terms of gold convertibility and shortfalls of liquidity, and its modern permutations, in terms of confidence and safe asset availability, are increasingly regarded as unsatisfactory explanations of persistent U.S. external imbalances. The evolution of international finance into a system of elastic private provision of dollar liquidity and the central role of private capital flows (as distinct from official flows) in financing U.S. deficits has effectively altered the dynamics Triffin predicted.6</p><p>Instead, U.S. current account deficits are more appropriately viewed as a macroeconomic phenomenon, in large part a result of the interaction between national saving and domestic investment, as determined by the fundamental S-I identity.27 The main reasons for these deficits are in large part determined by domestic U.S. fiscal policy choices (impacting public saving), saving and investment within the U.S. private sector, and general worldwide macroeconomic circumstances, including international saving and investment imbalances (e.g., the contentious "global savings glut") and relative economic performance between the U.S. and its trading partners.6</p><p>This conclusion is also strongly supported by historical experience within the United States itself, which has experienced periods of current account surplus or very small deficits even when the dollar was a dominant international currency.42 Furthermore, comparative analysis of other large issuers of international currencies&#8212;such as the United Kingdom during the era of sterling's dominance (which tended to have current account surpluses), and more recent instances such as the Eurozone, Japan, Switzerland, and Germany (all of which tend to have current account surpluses while their currencies serve significant international or safe-haven roles)&#8212;strongly indicates that external deficits are not an inevitable byproduct of issuing an internationally accepted currency.24</p><p>The United States possesses at its disposal domestic policy tools, specifically fiscal consolidation and policies to stimulate national saving, that can be used to address its current account deficits. These changes, if achieved through sustainable macroeconomic policies, would not necessarily jeopardize the dollar's international role; in fact, a more robust U.S. fiscal and external position could conceivably underpin global confidence in the currency.6 The dollar's international role in the future will likely be increasingly based on the continued attractiveness of the U.S. economy and financial markets, the perceived credibility and stability of its institutions, and how the U.S. adapts to an increasingly multipolar and complex world environment, rather than on the mere presence or size of its current account deficit.3</p><p>The mere discussion of whether the international role of the dollar requires current account deficits is itself possibly an indicator of conceptual lag. The mechanisms of global demand and supply of dollars have become so sophisticated, particularly as to the role of private financial markets in elastically generating liquidity, that it is no longer accommodated by the less developed versions of the Triffin Dilemma.6 While public and part of policy discourse still operate with these less sophisticated models 11, a more advanced realization, prevalent in specialist academic literature, is one in which the "deficit imperative" is an oversimplification. Good policymaking requires up-to-date comprehension of these established dynamics. To focus on an perhaps outdated "deficit imperative" could be part of the misdiagnosis of economic illness and, hence, of unhelpful or even perverse policy reaction. Attention needs to be instead directed at how to handle the effects of significant and highly mobile international private capital flows and at addressing the root causes of domestic saving and investment balances.</p><p>Finally, while the dollar's dominant international role does confer some advantages on the United States, including cheaper and more convenient foreign financing (the "exorbitant privilege") 1, it is the policy choices of the United States in exercising this privilege that are able to produce lasting current account deficits. If U.S. policy leads to low national saving, for example, by the creation of big and unfunded fiscal deficits, or by policy actions that discourage private saving, the resulting current account deficit will be financed out of the plentiful world capital that is drawn by the dollar's special status. In this respect, the dollar's role functions as a permissive factor that allows the United States to accommodate larger external imbalances than may otherwise be sustainable. But it is not that the world requires the U.S. to be in deficits in order to receive dollars; rather, the world's willingness to hold and trade in dollars allows the U.S. the leeway to make domestic policy choices which result in such deficits. This leaves the final responsibility for managing the U.S. current account balance squarely on U.S. domestic policy's shoulders. To attribute chronic deficits primarily to the international role of the dollar is a deflection from responsibility to remedy endemic domestic macroeconomic imbalances and the consequences of national policy decisions. The international role of the dollar gives the United States great latitude, but with latitude goes great responsibility for sound economic stewardship.</p><h4><strong>Resources</strong></h4><ol><li><p>www.bis.org, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.bis.org/review/r240216c.pdf">https://www.bis.org/review/r240216c.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Is the U.S. dollar's role in global finance challenged? | J.P. Morgan Asset Management, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://am.jpmorgan.com/au/en/asset-management/adv/insights/market-insights/market-updates/on-the-minds-of-investors/is-the-us-dollars-role-in-global-finance-challenged/">https://am.jpmorgan.com/au/en/asset-management/adv/insights/market-insights/market-updates/on-the-minds-of-investors/is-the-us-dollars-role-in-global-finance-challenged/</a></p></li><li><p>The changing role of the US dollar - Brookings Institution, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-changing-role-of-the-us-dollar/">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-changing-role-of-the-us-dollar/</a></p></li><li><p>Dollar dominance will persist in a world without alternatives | Capital Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.capitaleconomics.com/blog/dollar-dominance-will-persist-world-without-alternatives">https://www.capitaleconomics.com/blog/dollar-dominance-will-persist-world-without-alternatives</a></p></li><li><p>Dollar Dominance in the International Reserve System: An Update, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/06/11/dollar-dominance-in-the-international-reserve-system-an-update">https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/06/11/dollar-dominance-in-the-international-reserve-system-an-update</a></p></li><li><p>The U.S. Trade Deficit: Myths and Realities - Brookings Institution, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/3_Obstfeld.pdf">https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/3_Obstfeld.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>U.S. International Transactions, 4th Quarter and Year 2024 - Bureau of Economic Analysis, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.bea.gov/news/2025/us-international-transactions-4th-quarter-and-year-2024">https://www.bea.gov/news/2025/us-international-transactions-4th-quarter-and-year-2024</a></p></li><li><p>What is the SDR? - International Monetary Fund (IMF), access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2023/special-drawing-rights-sdr">https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2023/special-drawing-rights-sdr</a></p></li><li><p>Is the United States' exorbitant privilege in trouble? - Brookings Institution, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/is-the-united-states-exorbitant-privilege-in-trouble/">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/is-the-united-states-exorbitant-privilege-in-trouble/</a></p></li><li><p>US Holders of Foreign Assets, Foreign Holders of US Assets, and Exorbitant Privilege - Conversable Economist, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://conversableeconomist.com/2025/05/02/us-holders-of-foreign-assets-foreign-holders-of-us-assets-and-exorbitant-privilege/">https://conversableeconomist.com/2025/05/02/us-holders-of-foreign-assets-foreign-holders-of-us-assets-and-exorbitant-privilege/</a></p></li><li><p>Tariffs, the dollar, and the US economy: A discussion of the 'Mar-a-Lago accord' | CEPR, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/tariffs-dollar-and-us-economy-discussion-mar-lago-accord">https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/tariffs-dollar-and-us-economy-discussion-mar-lago-accord</a></p></li><li><p>It's been a privilege - RBC Wealth Management, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.rbcwealthmanagement.com/en-us/insights/its-been-a-privilege">https://www.rbcwealthmanagement.com/en-us/insights/its-been-a-privilege</a></p></li><li><p>The US dollar's role in the international monetary system is now dangerously in flux, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/04/us-dollars-role-international-monetary-system-now-dangerously-flux">https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/04/us-dollars-role-international-monetary-system-now-dangerously-flux</a></p></li><li><p>Not Triffin, not Miran: Rethinking US external imbalances in a new monetary order | CEPR, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/not-triffin-not-miran-rethinking-us-external-imbalances-new-monetary-order">https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/not-triffin-not-miran-rethinking-us-external-imbalances-new-monetary-order</a></p></li><li><p>US policies risk dollar status, analysts warn - China Daily, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202505/07/WS681abce1a310a04af22bdd7b.html">https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202505/07/WS681abce1a310a04af22bdd7b.html</a></p></li><li><p>Looking for a &#8220;fair&#8221; international monetary system | CEPR, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://voxeu.org/voxeu/columns/looking-fair-international-monetary-system">https://voxeu.org/voxeu/columns/looking-fair-international-monetary-system</a></p></li><li><p>Triffin: Dilemma or Myth? - IDEAS/RePEc, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/pal/imfecr/v67y2019i4d10.1057_s41308-019-00088-y.html">https://ideas.repec.org/a/pal/imfecr/v67y2019i4d10.1057_s41308-019-00088-y.html</a></p></li><li><p>Miran, we're not in Triffin land anymore | CEPR, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://voxeu.org/voxeu/columns/miran-were-not-triffin-land-anymore">https://voxeu.org/voxeu/columns/miran-were-not-triffin-land-anymore</a></p></li><li><p>Not Triffin, not Miran: Rethinking US external imbalances in a new monetary order | CEPR, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://voxeu.org/voxeu/columns/not-triffin-not-miran-rethinking-us-external-imbalances-new-monetary-order">https://voxeu.org/voxeu/columns/not-triffin-not-miran-rethinking-us-external-imbalances-new-monetary-order</a></p></li><li><p>The U.S. Current Account Deficit and the Global Capital Market Revisited - Brookings Institution, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/3a_BPEA-March-2025-short.pdf">https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/3a_BPEA-March-2025-short.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>The Inherent Instability of National Monetary Power in the 21st Century: The Triffin Dilemma Revisited - ResearchGate, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292161227_The_Inherent_Instability_of_National_Monetary_Power_in_the_21st_Century_The_Triffin_Dilemma_Revisited">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292161227_The_Inherent_Instability_of_National_Monetary_Power_in_the_21st_Century_The_Triffin_Dilemma_Revisited</a></p></li><li><p>Trump, tariffs, and the dollar's role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/social/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/">https://www.janushenderson.com/social/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/</a></p></li><li><p>Experts: U.S. policies risk dollar status, global financial order - &#20013;&#22269;&#26032;&#38395;&#32593;, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="http://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/ecnszw/herfyrs7205034.shtml">http://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/ecnszw/herfyrs7205034.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>The euro area current account after the pandemic and energy shock, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/economic-bulletin/articles/2023/html/ecb.ebart202306_01~4cd4215076.en.html">https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/economic-bulletin/articles/2023/html/ecb.ebart202306_01~4cd4215076.en.html</a></p></li><li><p>Japan Current Account - Trading Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/current-account">https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/current-account</a></p></li><li><p>Switzerland Current Account - Trading Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/switzerland/current-account">https://tradingeconomics.com/switzerland/current-account</a></p></li><li><p>Current Account Deficits - International Monetary Fund (IMF), access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/Current-Account-Deficits">https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/Current-Account-Deficits</a></p></li><li><p>The Intertemporal approach to the current account - National Bureau of Economic Research, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w4893/w4893.pdf">https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w4893/w4893.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>The Financial Realities of the US Trade Deficit that Tariffs Can't Change, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/publication/financial-realities-us-trade-deficit-tariffs-cant-change">https://www.cgdev.org/publication/financial-realities-us-trade-deficit-tariffs-cant-change</a></p></li><li><p>Back to Basics - Do Current Account Deficits Matter? - Finance &amp; Development - December 2006, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/12/basics.htm">https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/12/basics.htm</a></p></li><li><p>The Trade Balance and Winning at Trade | Cato Institute, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.cato.org/publications/trade-balance-winning-trade">https://www.cato.org/publications/trade-balance-winning-trade</a></p></li><li><p>Current Account Deficit vs. Trade Deficit: What's the Difference? - Investopedia, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/010715/what-difference-between-current-account-deficit-and-trade-deficit.asp">https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/010715/what-difference-between-current-account-deficit-and-trade-deficit.asp</a></p></li><li><p>Current Account Balance Definition: Formula, Components, and Uses - Investopedia, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/insights/exploring-current-account-in-balance-of-payments/">https://www.investopedia.com/insights/exploring-current-account-in-balance-of-payments/</a></p></li><li><p>2. The Impact of Fiscal Policy on the Balance of Payments: Recent Experience in the United States in - IMF eLibrary, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781557751188/ch02.xml">https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781557751188/ch02.xml</a></p></li><li><p>Do budget deficits cause current account deficits? a re-evaluation utilizing military expenditures as an instrumental variable - PMC, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11508486/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11508486/</a></p></li><li><p>Misconceptions about US trade deficits muddy the economic policy debate | PIIE, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/2024/misconceptions-about-us-trade-deficits-muddy-economic-policy-debate">https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/2024/misconceptions-about-us-trade-deficits-muddy-economic-policy-debate</a></p></li><li><p>FRB: Speech, Bernanke &#8212; The Global Saving Glut and the U.S. Current Account Deficit &#8211;March 10, 2005, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/200503102/">https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/200503102/</a></p></li><li><p>24-7 Misconceptions about US Trade - Deficits Muddy the Economic Policy Debate, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.piie.com/sites/default/files/2024-08/pb24-7.pdf">https://www.piie.com/sites/default/files/2024-08/pb24-7.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>The U.S. Current Account Deficit and the Global Economy - IMF eLibrary, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781451980929/ch02.xml">https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781451980929/ch02.xml</a></p></li><li><p>Is this the downfall of the U.S. dollar? | J.P. Morgan Private Bank Latin America, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/latam/en/insights/markets-and-investing/is-this-the-downfall-of-the-us-dollar">https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/latam/en/insights/markets-and-investing/is-this-the-downfall-of-the-us-dollar</a></p></li><li><p>www.wita.org, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.wita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/pb20-15.pdf">https://www.wita.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/pb20-15.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>U.S. Current-Account Balance - Bureau of Economic Analysis, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/trans423-annual-current-account-balance.pdf">https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/trans423-annual-current-account-balance.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Balance on current account (IEABCA) | FRED | St. Louis Fed, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IEABCA">https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IEABCA</a></p></li><li><p>The historical background to the gap in the UK's current account and how it could be closed - Civitas, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.civitas.org.uk/reports_articles/the-historical-background-to-the-gap-in-the-uks-current-account-and-how-it-could-be-closed/">https://www.civitas.org.uk/reports_articles/the-historical-background-to-the-gap-in-the-uks-current-account-and-how-it-could-be-closed/</a></p></li><li><p>Capital Exports - Oxford Academic, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/48173/chapter/421294462/chapter-pdf/52201872/isbn-9780198732099-book-part-7.pdf">https://academic.oup.com/book/48173/chapter/421294462/chapter-pdf/52201872/isbn-9780198732099-book-part-7.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Current Account Reversals: Always a Problem? Barry Eichengreen Muge Adalet Working Paper 11634, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11634/w11634.pdf">https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11634/w11634.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Euro Area Current Account - Trading Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/euro-area/current-account">https://tradingeconomics.com/euro-area/current-account</a></p></li><li><p>Japanese yen - Wikipedia, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen</a></p></li><li><p>Swiss franc: safe haven asset and its history | BBVA Switzerland, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.bbva.ch/en/blog/sobre-bbva/sobre-suiza/franco-suizo-por-que-se-ha-ganado-el-titulo-de-activo-refugio.html">https://www.bbva.ch/en/blog/sobre-bbva/sobre-suiza/franco-suizo-por-que-se-ha-ganado-el-titulo-de-activo-refugio.html</a></p></li><li><p>Swiss Franc - Quote - Chart - Historical Data - News - Trading Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/switzerland/currency">https://tradingeconomics.com/switzerland/currency</a></p></li><li><p>Swiss National Bank, 117th Annual Report 2024, Accountability report, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.snb.ch/dam/jcr:6c95529a-66aa-4394-9650-11b1b6280fe6/annrep_2024_rechenschaft.en.pdf">https://www.snb.ch/dam/jcr:6c95529a-66aa-4394-9650-11b1b6280fe6/annrep_2024_rechenschaft.en.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Switzerland Current Account Balance, 1983 &#8211; 2023 | CEIC Data, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/switzerland/current-account-balance">https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/switzerland/current-account-balance</a></p></li><li><p>100 years of the German balance of payments | Deutsche Bundesbank, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/external-sector/balance-of-payments/100-years-of-the-german-balance-of-payments-794530">https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/external-sector/balance-of-payments/100-years-of-the-german-balance-of-payments-794530</a></p></li><li><p>Germany Current Account Balance, 1991 &#8211; 2025 | CEIC Data, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/germany/current-account-balance">https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/germany/current-account-balance</a></p></li><li><p>Balance of payments | Deutsche Bundesbank, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/external-sector/balance-of-payments/balance-of-payments-776588">https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/external-sector/balance-of-payments/balance-of-payments-776588</a></p></li><li><p>Balance of Payments: Current Account: Balance (Revenue Minus Expenditure) for Germany (DEUB6BLTT02STSAQ) | FRED | St. Louis Fed, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DEUB6BLTT02STSAQ">https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DEUB6BLTT02STSAQ</a></p></li><li><p>Germany Current Account - Trading Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/current-account">https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/current-account</a></p></li><li><p>EXCHANGE RATES AND THE ADJUSTMENT OF EXTERNAL IMBALANCES - IMF eLibrary, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781589066267/ch03.pdf">https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781589066267/ch03.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Memo to the Biden administration on the US trade deficit and international financial policy, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/memo-biden-administration-us-trade-deficit-and-international">https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/memo-biden-administration-us-trade-deficit-and-international</a></p></li><li><p>Rebalancing the world economy: Right idea but wrong approach - Brookings Institution, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/rebalancing-the-world-economy-right-idea-but-wrong-approach/">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/rebalancing-the-world-economy-right-idea-but-wrong-approach/</a></p></li><li><p>Monetary Policy Spillovers and the Role of the Dollar - Liberty Street Economics, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2025/04/monetary-policy-spillovers-and-the-role-of-the-dollar/">https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2025/04/monetary-policy-spillovers-and-the-role-of-the-dollar/</a></p></li><li><p>An Analysis of World Reserve Currency Status on the Value of the U.S. Dollar - USD RED, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://red.library.usd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&amp;context=honors-thesis">https://red.library.usd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&amp;context=honors-thesis</a></p></li><li><p>&#8220;Dollar Rivals&#8221;: Can the Dollar- Based System Be Improved or Replaced? - Scholars at Harvard, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/frankel/files/dollarrivalsch25piie_proofs_1.pdf">https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/frankel/files/dollarrivalsch25piie_proofs_1.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Trade Wars and the U.S. Dollar | PIMCO, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.pimco.com/us/en/insights/trade-wars-and-the-us-dollar">https://www.pimco.com/us/en/insights/trade-wars-and-the-us-dollar</a></p></li><li><p>The Dollar in a Multipolar World | Investec, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://www.investec.com/en_za/focus/economy/the-dollar-in-a-multipolar-world.html">https://www.investec.com/en_za/focus/economy/the-dollar-in-a-multipolar-world.html</a></p></li><li><p>Who supplies and demands safe assets &#8211; and why it matters | CEPR, access time may 8, 2025, <a href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/who-supplies-and-demands-safe-assets-and-why-it-matters">https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/who-supplies-and-demands-safe-assets-and-why-it-matters</a></p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Algorithmic Mirror: Philosophical Reflections on Computation, Mind, and Meaning]]></title><description><![CDATA[The voyage into the center of computation is a voyage into the essence of thought, of reality, and of human perception.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-algorithmic-mirror-philosophical</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-algorithmic-mirror-philosophical</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 15:44:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/youtube/w_728,c_limit/pLcIT3kjsW0" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p>The voyage into the center of computation is a voyage into the essence of thought, of reality, and of human perception. From the abstract realms of mathematical logic to the material circuits that power our digital age, the concepts behind computer science bring to the forefront basic philosophical issues. This article embarks on an examination of these queries, probing the reach and limits of algorithmic thought, the underlying principles that fueled the computing revolution, the omnipresent nature of abstraction, the relation between theory and practice, and the multiple forms in which computational models are extended to mimic the human mind. Lastly, it seeks to illuminate how the history of computation is an algorithmic mirror, not only reflecting the world we attempt to understand and master but also the evolving nature of our own mind and the enduring value of philosophy in directing a technologically advanced world.</p><p>Section 1: The Reach and Limits of Algorithmic Thought</p><p>The philosophical study of computation begins with simple questions about what it is for a problem to be computably solvable and what fundamental limits might constrain any algorithmic process. This inquiry requires demystification of fundamental concepts from computability theory, revealing their deep implications for our understanding of knowledge and reasoning.</p><p><strong>1.1. Defining the Computable: From Recipes to Algorithms</strong></p><p>The idea of computability is the ability to solve a problem in an efficient, step-by-step manner through the execution of an algorithm.1 This idea goes beyond that of merely finding a solution to the necessity of there being a method assured for arriving at such a solution. The intuitive place to start is in the setting of a recipe: a series of steps for some desired outcome. An algorithm, more formally, is a definite and bounded set of instructions that may be executed by a machine, or in principle a human, to perform some specific task or solve some specific problem.1 The existence of such an algorithm is what makes a problem computable. This definition itself forces a clear distinction of what is a "problem" and a "solution," from the simple fact that an answer exists, to how one goes about finding it.</p><p>Computational problems can be broadly categorized. <strong>Decision problems</strong> are those that require a "yes" or "no" answer. Examples include determining whether a particular number is prime or whether a particular word is in a dictionary. They constitute a base class where a categorical answer is always required. In contrast, function problems involve the creation of an input to some output, e.g., summing two numbers or translating a sentence from one language into another.2 They need to be generated or transformed rather than classified.</p><p>In order to make the concept of an algorithm a tangible one and to study the boundaries of computability, numerous models of computation have been introduced. They are thought machines that one may have compute an algorithm. One of the most influential is the Turing machine, developed by Alan Turing. It possesses an infinitely long tape divided into cells, a head that can read from the tape, write onto the tape, and move along the tape, and a finite number of rules describing how it behaves given its current state and the symbol it is reading.2 Despite being extremely simple, a Turing machine is extremely powerful; any problem that can be solved by any algorithmic process is believed to be able to be solved by a Turing machine as well. This principle is known as the Church-Turing thesis.2</p><p>Simpler models also exist, such as <strong>finite-state machines (FSMs)</strong>. These machines have a limited number of states and transition between them based on input. They are well-suited for tasks with constrained memory requirements, like recognizing simple patterns in text or controlling devices such as vending machines or traffic lights.<sup>2</sup> Their primary limitation, which distinguishes them from Turing machines, is their finite memory capacity.</p><p>The construction and employment of such formal models are not technical gestures; they are powerful philosophical tools. Faced with the poorly defined question like "Can problem X be solved?", defining a mathematical model like a Turing machine imposes an inescapable refinement: "Can problem X be solved through a mechanical step-by-step process?" It recasts the query into an unambiguously defined mathematical and logical one: "Can a Turing machine solve X?" And so these models act as mental spectacles, sharpening and making tractable inescapable questions concerning the limits of systematic thinking and mechanical computation. This, in turn, has deep implications for our knowledge of artificial intelligence, and even perhaps the nature of human intelligence itself. Formalization enables rigorous study of the very nature of problem-solving and the limits of what is possible through sheer mechanical thinking.</p><p><strong>1.2. The Decidability Frontier: What Can and Cannot Be Solved</strong></p><p>Building on the concept of computability, decidability deals with whether a specific decision problem can be solved by an algorithm which always terminates and provides a correct "yes" or "no" answer for any conceivable input.4 A problem is decidable if there is such an ideal, always-terminating recipe. For example, whether an integer is odd or even is a decidable question: an algorithm can take the number and divide it by two and find the remainder, always with the correct answer in a finite amount of time.4</p><p>The profound discovery in computability theory is the existence of undecidable problems&#8212;problems where it's impossible to ever construct such an algorithm.4 This is an absolute limitation on what can be achieved through algorithmic means. The best-known example of an undecidable problem is the Halting Problem, famously demonstrated as undecidable by Alan Turing.4 The Halting Problem asks this: can one create a universal program that, if given any arbitrary program and input, can determine whether the supplied program will ever stop or repeat infinitely in some endless loop?</p><p>Turing's argument establishes that this is not possible for a universal halting-checker. Assuming, for contradiction, that there is such a program HaltingChecker(program, input) that HaltingChecker(program, input) is true when program halts on input and false otherwise. One can then define a new, paradoxical program Paradox(P) to take a program P as argument. Paradox(P) works as follows: it runs HaltingChecker(P, P). If HaltingChecker says that P halts when given itself as input, Paradox(P) loops forever intentionally. If HaltingChecker says that P loops forever when given itself as input, Paradox(P) halts.</p><p>Now, comes the relevant question: what if Paradox is given as input to itself, i.e., Paradox(Paradox)?</p><ol><li><p>If Paradox(Paradox) halts, then according to its own reasoning, HaltingChecker(Paradox, Paradox) would have already returned false (that Paradox loops). But if HaltingChecker had returned false, then Paradox would halt, which is what we supposed. This is a contradiction: Paradox halts entails that HaltingChecker states it loops, which entails that Paradox halts.</p></li><li><p>If Paradox loops, then HaltingChecker(Paradox, Paradox) must have returned true (Paradox halts). But if HaltingChecker returned true, then Paradox would loop, which is what we assumed. This is also a contradiction: Paradox loops implies HaltingChecker says it halts, which implies Paradox loops.</p></li></ol><p>Since both possibilities lead to a logical contradiction, the initial assumption&#8212;that a universal HaltingChecker program can exist&#8212;must be false.<sup>4</sup> Therefore, the Halting Problem is undecidable.</p><p>The fact that there are undecidable problems such as the Halting Problem has important philosophical implications. First, it places inherent limits on computation: there are clearly defined problems that no algorithm, no matter how advanced or powerful the computer on which it is run, can ever solve for all instances.4 This immediately refutes any simplistic idea of computational omnipotence. Second, if computation is a model for formal reasoning, then undecidability implies boundaries on what is formally provable or can be had through absolutely algorithmic methods. This is something repeated in G&#246;del's incompleteness theorems, which also put boundaries on formal mathematics. Third, undecidability has applied uses in computer science. For instance, it posits that there is no general algorithm that can provenly verify that any program will stop or be free from bugs for some certain kinds of bugs, which impacts the verification and reliability of software.4 It also specifies boundaries for artificial intelligence, hypothesizing limits for what an AI can definitely "know" or "decide" by pure calculation.</p><p>The border of decidability, marked by the existence of undecidable problems, is also a reflection on the nature of human creativity and intuition. Algorithmic methods are, by definition, formulaic and fixed. The Halting Problem shows that no such formulaic method can determine the solution to all instances of this given, clearly defined problem. Humans, however, can often think about single programs and logically deduce what their halting behavior will be, sometimes making use of intuitions, heuristics, or contextual knowledge that cannot be formalized into a generalized algorithm. Not that humans, in general, can solve the Halting Problem&#8212;they cannot. It just says that human solving and comprehension potentially include aspects outside of purely algorithmic methods. This is raising philosophical issues regarding the essence of mathematical intuition, limits of creativity leaps, and if human consciousness has capacities that can't be accounted for by formal computation. It still fuels the discussion regarding the boundaries and opportunities of strong artificial intelligence and fundamental differences, if any, between mechanical computation and true understanding.</p><p><strong>1.3. Measuring Computational Effort: The Philosophy of Complexity</strong></p><p>While computability theory addresses whether a problem can be solved at all by an algorithm, <strong>asymptotic computational complexity</strong> delves into the efficiency of such solutions, particularly how an algorithm's resource requirements&#8212;typically time or memory (space)&#8212;scale as the size of the input grows towards infinity.<sup>5</sup> It is concerned not with exact runtimes on specific hardware, but with the growth rate of resource consumption. For example, if sorting a list of N elements takes roughly N2 operations, complexity theory cares about this quadratic relationship and not about the actual number of milliseconds. This allows for a more profound characterization of an algorithm's performance on large inputs, discounting machine-dependent constants and sublinear terms.6</p><p><strong>Big O notation</strong> is the standard mathematical shorthand used to describe the upper bound of an algorithm's growth rate as its input size (n) increases.<sup>5</sup> Common examples include:</p><ul><li><p>O(1) (Constant time): The algorithm always executes in the same amount of time, regardless of the input size. A nice example would be accessing an element from an array by its index.</p></li><li><p>O(n) (Linear time): The time required increases in proportion to the size of the input. Searching for an item in an unsorted list is a good example.</p></li><li><p>O(nlogn) (Linearithmic time): This complexity is characteristic of efficient sort algorithms like mergesort or quicksort. It grows more than linear but significantly less than quadratic.</p></li><li><p>O(n2) (Quadratic time): The time taken increases with the square of the input size. An obvious algorithm to find the closest pair of points from N points can have this complexity.</p></li><li><p>O(2n) (Exponential time): Algorithms with this complexity become rapidly infeasible even for small input sizes. Example: The traveling salesman problem, brute force solution.</p></li><li><p>O(logn) (Logarithmic time): The run time grows very slowly with the size of the input. Binary search on sorted list is a classic example.<sup>6</sup></p></li></ul><p>The significance of complexity theory is multi-faceted. For one, it is about realistic feasibility. It might be possible (i.e., there is an algorithm), but if all known algorithms solving it have exponential complexity, then it can be practically infeasible for any significant input size. The well-known P versus NP problem, one of the central open problems in computer science, is whether an extremely broad class of problems (NP) for which solutions can efficiently be verified can efficiently be solved too (P). Second, complexity analysis is critical for the choice of algorithm. When there are several algorithms to solve the same problem, their Big O complexities form a foundation for choosing the most efficient solution, particularly for large data sets.6 Secondly, it makes it easier to comprehend the inbuilt difficulty of problems. There are some problems that are naturally "harder" than others, i.e., any algorithm to solve them will inevitably require a lot of resources.</p><p>So, complexity theory contributes a vitally important extra richness to our understanding of computability. It's not enough that a problem can be computed theoretically by some model Turing machine that could take an eternity or employ an infinite tape. Complexity theory quantifies this resource consumption, providing a basis for distinguishing between what can be achieved abstractly, theoretically, and what is pragmatically feasible under the conditions of finite time and resources. Philosophically, this distinction matters because it grounds the abstract power of computing within the physical limits of the world. It forces a confrontation with the material constraints on information processing, and how we structure computational systems, and cool our expectations regarding what computers&#8212;and maybe cognitive systems based on computation&#8212;can reasonably accomplish. This bridge between theoretical possibility and practical reality is essential to any real application of computational ideas.</p><p><strong>Section 2: Architectures of Computation: Philosophical Foundations</strong></p><p>The history of modern computing was shaped by giant minds whose work was not only technical but also showed distinctive philosophical views on the nature of computation and its realization. The ideas of visionaries like Alan Turing and John von Neumann are observed to show an intriguing interplay between abstract logical reasoning and the pragmatic requirements of constructing physical machines.</p><p><strong>2.1. Turing's Universal Vision vs. Von Neumann's Practical Blueprint: A Conceptual Divide</strong></p><p>Alan Turing and John von Neumann are both considered founders of computer science, yet their primary contributions and conceptual approaches to computation exhibit important differences, reflecting a fundamental tension between universality and embodiment.<sup>7</sup></p><p>Turing's approach was characterized by its focus on abstract, logical, and universal computation. His revolutionary work introduced the Turing machine, a theoretical machine not offered as a design for a physical machine, but as a mathematical machine to explore the absolute boundaries of what could be calculated by any algorithmic process.8 The cornerstone of this vision was the <strong>Universal Turing Machine </strong>(UTM), a single abstract machine that could emulate the behavior of any other Turing machine by being given the appropriate description (program) on its tape.8 This grand concept established the theoretical basis for general-purpose computing since it demonstrated that it was possible, in principle, for one machine to perform any computation task that could be performed by any other special-purpose machine. Turing's work was based squarely in mathematical logic, particularly the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem), which looked for a general algorithm for determining the truth of any mathematical statement.9 His paper laid the theoretical basis for computer science, computability theory, and the field of artificial intelligence.<sup>7</sup></p><p>Von Neumann's effort, while similarly rooted in logic, was more concerned with the practical design and structure of electronic computers.9 His most enduring contribution in this area is the "von Neumann architecture," a model design that became the standard for most digital computers built since the mid-20th century.9 This architecture is characterized by a common address space for storing program instructions and data, a central processing unit (CPU) containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control circuits, and input/output devices. Von Neumann was instrumental in the design of early computers like EDVAC, translating theoretical concepts into feasible engineering solutions.10 Apart from this, von Neumann also conceived a "<strong>Universal Constructor</strong>," an ideal machine that can replicate itself and, more importantly, evolve open-endedly.8 This concept, based on Turing's UTM, generalized computation to physical construction and the creation of complexity. Von Neumann envisioned this constructor as being able to build machines more sophisticated than itself, with the addition of the possibility of "mutations" (copying errors) as the cause of evolutionary change.<sup>8</sup></p><p>The conceptual differences between these two pioneers are significant. While both saw the development of computers as a problem in logic <sup>9</sup>, their emphasis differed. Turing provided the abstract, logical blueprint for computation itself. Von Neumann, on the other hand, focused on the logical control and arithmetic design necessary for a functioning electronic machine, and in his Universal Constructor, on the principles of machine replication and evolution.<sup>8</sup> Archival evidence suggests that von Neumann was aware of Turing's 1936 paper and found the UTM concept "simple and neat," but he did not appear to draw directly from it for his architectural designs for practical computers like EDVAC.<sup>10</sup>Computer architecture, from this view, evolved from practical engineering efforts to build fast computing machines, while theoretical computer science, with Turing at the lead, evolved from intellectual curiosity to understand the intrinsic properties and limits of automatic computation.10 Von Neumann's Universal Constructor, in particular, abstracted away from Turing's concept of a machine that prints symbols on a tape to one that would print another machine, with provisions for introducing complexity through error and choice embedded explicitly.<sup>8</sup></p><p>This tension between Turing's universalism and von Neumann's more constructivist and pragmatic inclination reflects a long-standing tension in the philosophy of computation and its surrounding disciplines. Turing's Universal Machine is the expression of the power of abstract, universal principles, operating in a purely logical domain, theoretically unfettered by physical constraints such as limited memory or processing speed. Its strength is in its logical purity and its description of the absolute boundaries of what any process using algorithms can accomplish. Von Neumann's work, particularly his computer architecture and his Universal Constructor, concerns the existence and emergence of computation in physical systems. His architecture is actually about the design of a physical artifact with finite resources, speed constraints, and pragmatics of use. The Universal Constructor really does incorporate the careless realities of physical reproduction and the role of errors (mutations) in the driving force of complexity evolution&#8212;a move beyond the purely symbolic computation of the UTM. Von Neumann seems to have liked the disconnect between the ideal of abstract universal computation and the physical imperatives of building machines that not only compute but also construct, reproduce, and perhaps evolve in the physical world. This competition between computation's abstractness and its embodied, practical instantiates continues to shape artificial intelligence controversies (e.g., symbolic AI vs. embodied robotics), cognitive science controversies (abstract representations of mind vs. the brain's biology), and broader philosophical arguments concerning the interrelations of abstract structure and physical instance.</p><p><strong>2.2. The Interplay of Logic and Engineering in the Genesis of Computers</strong></p><p>The advent of the computer was not solely an engineering accomplishment or a purely theoretical one; it was an outcome of the intimate interaction between mathematical logic and practical engineering. Alan Turing and John von Neumann, despite their different foci, shared a similar critical background in logic and viewed the challenge of creating electronic computers as fundamentally a logical problem.9</p><p>Turing's most important contribution, his formal logical theory of computation, the Turing Machine, provided the theoretical answer to what computation is and what its limits are.9 He demonstrated that hard computational problems can be transformed into a series of simple, formally definable steps, thereby making computation vulnerable to logical examination.</p><p>Von Neumann, who was tasked with the working design of early computers, drew heavily upon logic principles to design the components and control systems necessary.9 For instance, the design of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the computer's core calculating element, was assisted by the employment of propositional logic and the studies of researchers like McCulloch and Pitts, who had represented the neuron as a logical gate for performing operations like AND, OR, and NOT.9 This made it easier to develop binary adders and other circuits necessary for computation using electronic components. Similarly, the general "logical control" of the machine&#8212;the mechanism that synchronizes the order of operations in accordance with stored instructions&#8212;was a problem that von Neumann solved with a logician's solution.<sup>9</sup></p><p>The stored-program idea is a central innovation in this interdependence. This notion, at the core of the von Neumann architecture, demands that both the program instructions and the data upon which the program operates must share a single memory, so that the computer is able to handle its own instructions as if they were data.9 Though commonly associated with von Neumann, there are germs of this idea in Turing's Universal Turing Machine, where the "program" specifying the machine being simulated and the input data for that machine both sit on the same strip of tape. This logical view was key to the development of flexible, multipurpose computers as it freed machinery from being explicitly hardwired for a single operation and allowed machines to be reprogrammed for different purposes rapidly.</p><p>Logic, then, was something more than theoretical underpinning for these pioneers; it was the underlying lingua franca allowing for the transference of the abstract mathematical conception of computation to the concrete engineering principles required for building actual computing machines. The work of Turing showed that computation could be systematically described with assistance from logic. And with the instruments at hand of Boolean algebra, the logical gates and formal system engineering, Von Neumann and others proceeded to realise these operations using physical devices. A physical equivalent of an AND gate in a circuit, e.g., is a physical application of the conjunction logical operator. This demonstrates that logic was the practical toolkit that allowed the abstract idea of a "computing machine" to become an engineered reality. This historical synergy underscores that the perceived divide between theory and practice is not always a chasm; foundational disciplines like logic can provide a robust bridge, enabling theoretical insights to inform and guide practical construction, and practical challenges to stimulate new theoretical inquiry.</p><p><strong>Section 3: Abstraction: The Bridge Between Idea and Reality in Computing</strong></p><p>Abstraction is one of the pillars of computer science, a theoretical tool of unparalleled power that serves to manage complexity and computational proxy for crossing the divide between computational abstractions and abstractions over the real world. It is essentially the process of "forgetting" the details that are not needed in order to focus on what is important for some particular goal:</p><p>A cognitive strategy that lies at the heart of computing, but also of human thought more generally.</p><p><strong>3.1. The Power of Forgetting: Abstraction in Language, Data, and Control</strong></p><p>Essentially, computer science abstraction is the process of generalizing from the details of a specific in order to highlight more significant information within a given context, reducing complicated systems.11 To quote computer scientist John Guttag, "The essence of abstraction is preserving information that is relevant in a given context, and forgetting information that is irrelevant in that context"11 This selective forgetting is not information loss but a filtering strategy that enables humans to manage systems much too complex to consider in whole. Consider driving a car: the driver manipulates a set of abstract controls&#8212;steering wheel, accelerator, brake&#8212;without needing to understand the details of the internal combustion engine or the electronics of the transmission system. They are hidden by the abstraction of the car's interface, enabling successful use.</p><p>Computer science employs several key forms of abstraction:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Language Abstraction:</strong> This involves the creation of computer programming languages that are successively more abstract from the raw binary form of code that a computer hardware recognizes. The transition from third-generation machine code (strings of 0s and 1s), through second-generation assembly language (using mnemonics for machine instructions), to third-generation high-level languages (such as Python, Java, or C++), and higher again to scripting and domain-specific languages, is successive abstraction.11 At each level, programmers are able to describe intricate computational notions more naturally and succinctly, hiding the ins and outs of the underlying machine work.11 Inside these languages, constructs such as functions or subroutines, modules, and object-oriented classes allow programmers to create their own new abstractions.<sup>11</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Data Abstraction:</strong> This fundamental technique requires strict separation of the abstract features of a data type&#8212;its meaning and which operations can be applied to it (its interface)&#8212;from the concrete details of its implementation&#8212;how the data are represented and how the operations really work.11 A computer program, for example, may make use of an abstract data type like a "List" of operations including "add item," "delete item," and "find item." This "List" can actually be internally represented by an array or linked list, but the user of the "List" abstraction operates with only the stipulated operations without concern as to the detailed representation. This allows the implementation to be changed (e.g., for increased performance) without affecting the code that uses the abstract data type, as long as the interface is stable.<sup>11</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Control Abstraction:</strong> These include high-level programming constructs that direct the control of execution flow in a program, such as loops (for, while), conditionals (if-then-else), and functions or procedures. These abstractions brush aside the complex strings of low-level machine instructions (jumps and branches) that are required to copy the identical control flow at the machine level.11 A simple for loop, for instance, packages possibly large numbers of simple machine operations that are concerned with initializing a counter, checking a condition, executing a chunk of code, and incrementing the counter.</p></li></ol><p>The significance of abstraction in computing is deeply philosophical. Abstraction is not a convenience for programmers but rather a basic intellectual technique for dealing with systems of staggering complexity. Abstraction permits developers to reason about components and layers in terms of their role, independent of their inner workings, thus enabling the development of these enormous and complex software and hardware systems to be humanly possible.</p><p>Yet abstractions are never complete insulators from the complexity beneath. Software engineer Joel Spolsky has referred to "leaky abstractions," arguing that abstractions can never succeed in hiding all of the particulars of the underlying implementation.11 Occasionally these hidden particulars "leak" through, causing unexpected behavior or requiring the user of the abstraction to be aware of something about the supposedly hidden layer. For example, while a high-level programming language abstracts away memory management, a "memory leak" (a bug where memory is allocated but not released) in the underlying system can still affect the performance or stability of the high-level program. The steering wheel in an automobile is an abstraction of the steering mechanism; if the power steering fluid leaks, this low-level detail "leaks" through to the driver's experience as the steering becomes labored and difficult.</p><p>This concept of leakiness means that computer science abstraction is a highly successful method of epistemic scaffolding, enabling complex systems and knowledge to be built up layer by layer. Each layer exposes a simplified interface to the layer below it, as a support which permits the next layer of complexity to be built. But the potential for "leaks" illustrates an intrinsic weakness of this scaffold: our knowledge and command at higher levels of abstraction is always contingent upon the correctness and stability of the typically-invisible lower levels. It is the same in the philosophy of science, where theoretical representations have to abstract from the whole of real complexity. These models can be extremely useful and predictive, but they also can be invalidated by unknown variables or conditions&#8212;knowledge that was "forgotten" in the process of abstraction. Abstraction, then, is a pragmatic and inevitable method of knowledge construction and system building, but it carries with it an inherent epistemological risk. It highlights that our oversimplified representations of complex systems, whether in software or in nature, are always approximations, and the intricacies we ignore can sometimes return to haunt our understanding or the behavior of the system itself. This is directed at the constraints of modeling and the perpetual compromise between simplification and realism.</p><p><strong>3.2. Mathematical Lenses vs. Physical Realizations: From Data Structures to Spline Mathematics</strong></p><p>The correspondence between abstract mathematical abstractions and their physical concrete implementations is a thread that runs through the history of computing technologies. Abstract data structures such as lists, trees, graphs, and sets, and the algorithms that operate upon them, are mathematical objects at heart. They define relationships and operations formally and precisely, independent of how they might be implemented physically in a computer's memory or circuits.13 For example, the concept of a "stack" (a last-in, first-out data structure) can be defined mathematically by its properties and operations (push, pop, peek) without reference to any particular programming language or hardware. It is in database theory, though, that the idea of "lawful lenses" gives a highly abstract, algebraic characterization of data access and update capabilities in terms of product projections and their formal semantics.13</p><p>These mathematical abstractions, however, ultimately need to be instantiated in physical software and hardware in order for them to perform useful work. A "stack" might be implemented in an array in consecutive memory locations or a linked list of nodes dispersed in memory. The physical realization can have profound impacts on performance, e.g., operation speed or memory usage, but the abstract mathematical definition remains the same.</p><p>A good example of evolution from physical necessity to mathematical abstraction and then to greater physical intensification can be traced in the evolution of the mathematics of splines, particularly as it appears in contact lens design.14 Physical splines&#8212;wood or plastic splines a fraction of an inch thick&#8212;were utilized as drafting aids used by draftsmen to sketch smooth curves between a series of points. This physical device and functional tool were used to develop mathematical splines. These are piecewise polynomial functions "sewn" together smoothly, with far greater flexibility and generality for modeling complex shapes than more simple geometric shapes like conics or torics, or even a single high-degree polynomial that have the tendency to introduce unwanted oscillations.14</p><p>The mathematics of splines thus represents an effective abstraction for the modeling and manipulation of complex physical contours. This abstraction also forms the foundation upon which new physical capabilities are developed. Software programs based on the mathematics of splines can be utilized to design highly fitted contact lenses that precisely match crooked corneal surfaces. Furthermore, such math can then be constructed in the physical world to high precision with computer numerical control (CNC) machining technology.14 Such an argument that such math is "too complicated" is refuted by the fact that well-designed spline algorithms can make the process of fitting easier, just as one does not need to comprehend internal combustion in order to drive an automobile.14</p><p>This development&#8212;from an earlier utilitarian physical solution (supporting irregular corneas) and existing physical tool (the draftsman's spline), to a higher mathematical ideal (spline theory), which in turn enables new and more sophisticated physical solutions (computer-aided design and manufacture of complex lenses)&#8212;illustrates an active, dialectical interaction between the abstract and the concrete in technological evolution. It is not a one-way, easy process of simply imposing abstract ideas on a passive physical world. Instead, physical needs, limitations, and even existing physical tools can make us invent new mathematical abstractions. Such new abstractions, in return, extend our conceptual arsenal, which helps us recast and remake physical reality in new and previously unimaginable ways, leading to new and more sophisticated physical instantiations. This is contrary to a naive view of abstraction as the simplification or "forgetting" of information about an existing reality. Abstraction can rather be a fruitful process, producing new conceptual structures that enable technological innovation and transform our ability to interact with and transform the physical world.</p><p><strong>3.3. The Interface and the Implementation: A Necessary Duality</strong></p><p>One fundamental principle upheld by abstraction in computer science is the clean separation of a system or component's interface from its implementation.11 The interface defines what a component does, the operations it supports, and how other parts of a system can interact with it. It essentially establishes a contract for the observable behavior of the component. The implementation, on the other hand, is the inner workings of how the component achieves its specified behavior&#8212;the code, data structures, and algorithms actually used.</p><p>This duality is a key to managing complexity in large software systems. Developers can design, build, and use components based on their interfaces alone, without needing to know or care about the specifics of their internal implementations.11 This offers several dramatic benefits:</p><p><strong>Handling Complexity</strong>: It breaks down a large system into small manageable modules, each with a well-defined boundary.</p><p><strong>Modularity and Reusability</strong>: Modules with stable interfaces can be treated as "black boxes," where a different implementation can be swapped in or the component reused in a different system, as long as the new component implements the same interface contract.</p><p><strong>Evolvability and Maintainability</strong>: The internal implementation of a component can be modified&#8212;for example, to increase efficiency, fix bugs, or take advantage of new technology&#8212;without requiring modifications to other system components that depend only on its interface.11 This greatly facilitates system maintenance and evolution over time.</p><p><strong>Parallel Development</strong>: Different teams can work on different components simultaneously, as long as they synchronize on the interfaces between the components.</p><p>This interface/implementation distinction in computer science mirrors several philosophical distinctions, such as appearance vs. reality, phenomenon vs. noumenon (in Kantian philosophy), or the distinction between an object's functional role and its internal physical composition. It raises intriguing questions about what is the "essence" of a computational object or system. Is it defined in terms of its outward behavior and its relations to the external world (its interface), or in terms of the specific mechanisms and structures that produce that behavior (its implementation)? Functionalism in the philosophy of mind, for example, argues that mental states are defined in terms of their functional roles (their "interface" with inputs, outputs, and other mental states) rather than in terms of their specific physical realization in the brain.</p><p>The interface here acts as a significant boundary of trust and, simultaneously, a veil of <strong>epistemic opacity.</strong> Users of an abstraction&#8212;be they programmers making use of a software library or end-users interacting with an application&#8212;rely on the interface to behave in accordance with its contract. They do so often without full knowledge, or even the necessity of full knowledge, of the intricate mechanisms obscured behind that interface. This reliance on the interface while not knowing its inner workings is an instance of epistemic trust. This trust is highly effective, in the sense that it allows for the construction and use of complex systems without any one individual having to comprehend every detail of every component. This effectiveness is not risk-free, however. If the implementation is subtly buggy in a manner that violates the interface's contract, or if the interface itself is poorly designed or underspecified, this trust is misplaced. <strong>The "leakiness" of abstractions, where lower-level details unexpectedly surface, can lead to system failures that are difficult to diagnose precisely because the offending details were supposed to be safely encapsulated. This refers to a deep social and epistemic property of software creation and use: the construction of large technological systems depends fundamentally on shared meanings, precisely defined contracts (interfaces), and the trustworthiness of components whose internal functioning is normally opaque to their users.</strong> This lack of transparency, as well as the need for trust, is astronomically amplified in contemporary intricate AI systems, whereby even the creators themselves may be unaware of their models' internal decision-making.</p><p><strong>Section 4: Computation, Mind, and Reality: Philosophical Explorations</strong></p><p>The arrival of computation not only altered technology but has also provided dominant, but controversial, metaphors and models for understanding the human mind itself. What follows examines the profound philosophical issues raised in applying computational concepts to cognitive process and theories of mind, objections to connecting abstract models to biological reality, and epistemological status of specific cognitive modeling frameworks.</p><p><strong>4.1. The Computational Theory of Mind (CTM): Is the Mind a Computer?</strong></p><p>The <strong>Computational Theory of Mind</strong> (CTM) is a revolutionary and provocative hypothesis that the mind itself is, indeed, a computational system, and mental states such as thinking, reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving are ultimately computations.35 The theory draws an analogy between how the human mind functions and how a digital computer works, in particular the mathematical abstraction of a Turing machine. Similar to how a computer processes information by manipulating symbols in terms of a specific set of instructions (its program), CTM proposes that the mind processes information by manipulating mental representations in terms of cognitive rules or algorithms.</p><p>One of the foundational pillars of CTM is the <strong>Representational Theory of Mind</strong> (RTM), according to which cognition is inner mental representation generation and manipulation.36 CTM can be viewed as a special version of RTM, in which the representations are symbolic and the manipulations computational. Philosopher Jerry Fodor famously formalized this with his <strong>Language of Thought Hypothesis </strong>(LOTH), suggesting that thoughts occur in an innate, symbolic mental language ("Mentalese") of combinatorial syntax and semantics so that complex thoughts can be constructed from simpler ones.35 Early adherents like Hilary Putnam also contributed to forming functionalism, a philosophical standpoint widely identified with CTM.37</p><p>CTM offers explanations for several key features of human cognition. For instance, it attempts to explain how thoughts and their content can be causally relevant in the physical world: the syntactic (formal) properties of mental representations are what the computational processes operate on, and these syntactic operations are designed to mirror or respect the semantic (meaningful) relations between the thoughts they represent.<sup>35</sup> Also, CTM, particularly with LOTH, provides an explanation of cognitive capacities like productivity (the ability to generate and understand an almost unlimited variety of distinct thoughts from a limited set of ideas and rules) and systematicity (the presence of the ability to think particular thoughts being systemically related to the ability to think other structurally similar thoughts) by analogy with the structure of composition of formal languages and computer systems.<sup>35</sup></p><p>Despite its explanatory power, CTM faces significant philosophical implications and critiques. One major implication is a form of <strong>reductionism</strong>, suggesting that complex mental phenomena, including subjective experience, can ultimately be reduced to computational processes.<sup>36</sup> This raises profound questions about the nature of consciousness, personal identity, and meaning: if the mind is merely a sophisticated computer, what becomes of these uniquely human attributes?</p><p>A prominent critique is <strong>John Searle's Chinese Room Argument.</strong>36 Searle imagines a person who does not understand Chinese locked in a room with a set of rules (a program) for manipulating Chinese symbols. By following these rules, the person can receive Chinese questions (input) and produce appropriate Chinese answers (output), giving the appearance of understanding Chinese to an outside observer. But Searle argues, this person still doesn't really know Chinese; instead, he's merely manipulating symbols on the basis of syntax, and not semantics (meaning). Searle is here arguing against the very central thesis of CTM and strong AI, the view that competent symbol manipulation secures, or compensates for, full-blooded understanding and intentionality.</p><p>This relates to the <strong>symbol grounding problem:</strong> if the mental representation is computational system abstract symbols, how do those symbols acquire meaning and relate to the outside world that they are supposed to represent? How does the symbol "dog" in Mentalese correspond to actual dogs?</p><p>The Computational Theory of Mind may be seen as a modern formulation of the mechanistic worldview that emerged in the course of the Scientific Revolution. The antecedent philosophical movement had sought to explain natural phenomena, life and eventually the mind in terms of machine-like workings and determinate laws. Just as Ren&#233; Descartes famously regarded animals as complex automata (though he thought the human soul to be a distinct, non-material substance), CTM regards the mind as a very complex information-processing machine. Early modern philosophers like Thomas Hobbes went further, suggesting that reasoning is computation itself ("reasoning is but reckoning"). The development and dissemination of the digital computer in the 20th century provided an extremely powerful new metaphor and formal apparatus to this mechanistic conception of mind.35 CTM makes this explicit in that it postulates that mental processes are computations over symbolic representations.36 As such, CTM inherits a considerable philosophical inheritance from this mechanistic tradition. A large majority of criticisms of CTM&#8212;namely, those addressed at the irreducibility of consciousness, qualia, or intrinsic meaning&#8212;are likely to be repetitions of older vitalist or anti-mechanism criticisms on the unique and non-mechanical character of mind and life. The dispute against CTM is, to some extent, an extension of this old-fashioned philosophical dispute between mechanistic theories of the mind and those stressing its seemingly non-computational aspects.</p><p>For CTM, the challenge lies in demonstrating how its abstract computational descriptions map onto the concrete reality of the brain. Several key difficulties arise:</p><ol><li><p><strong>The Problem of Implementation: </strong>How exactly are the discrete, symbolic, often serial computations posited by traditional CTM (e.g., those of a Turing machine) actually implemented in the brain's messy, parallel, analog, and highly interconnect neural architecture?.35 Traditional CTM has a tendency to gloss over such neurobiological details, focusing on the algorithm rather than on its physical realization.11 This gap between the abstract computational level and the physical implementational level remains a significant challenge.</p></li><li><p><strong>Biological Plausibility:</strong> It is argued by critics that most traditional computational models are not biologically plausible. Other models, for example, those founded on connectionism (artificial neural networks), tend to be proposed as being more brain-inspired in structure and operation mode (parallel distributed processing) and thus potentially more biologically realistic.<sup>35</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Levels of Abstraction:</strong>Cognitive models, computational or not, have to be at some level of abstraction, cutting down the overwhelming complexity of neural dynamics.11 The degree of abstraction is important: abstract too much, and the model will not have explanatory power regarding how the brain actually performs cognition; abstract too little, and the model will be just as complex and obscure as the brain itself. 43, for instance, maintains that computational models need to be constrained by standards like "<strong>cognitive impenetrability</strong>" (the suggestion that the basic functional architecture is fixed and not established by goals or beliefs) so that they cannot be unrestrictedly manipulated to fit any data.</p></li><li><p><strong>The Model-Reality Divide:</strong> As highlighted in some critiques of AI and computational cognitive science, models based on input-output processing and statistical pattern recognition from data may not fully capture the essence of human cognition, which seems to involve more theory-based causal reasoning, hypothesis generation, and forward-looking belief formation that can go beyond, or even contradict, existing data.<sup>44</sup></p></li></ol><p>The "implementation problem" for CTM&#8212;how abstract computational structures are realized in diverse physical substrates like different brains or even non-biological systems&#8212;resonates deeply with the classical philosophical <strong>problem of universals</strong>. This ancient problem asks how one abstract Form or Universal (e.g., the concept of "redness" or "dogness") can be instantiated in many different particular, concrete objects (many red things, many individual dogs). CTM, especially when allied with functionalism, posits that mental states are defined by their computational roles, which are multiply realizable.<sup>35</sup> An algorithm, as an abstract sequence of defined operations, is a type of universal. The brain, or a specific computer architecture, is a particular physical system. The implementation question, then, is how this universal (the algorithm or computational state type) is instantiated in this particular physical system (the brain or hardware).<sup>35</sup> This is structurally analogous to asking how the universal concept "Triangle" is instantiated in a specific drawing of a triangle. Philosophical debates about what constitutes a "genuine" implementation of a computation, as opposed to a mere simulation or an accidental isomorphism (where a system's states happen to map onto a computation without any genuine causal role for the computational structure itself), touch upon profound metaphysical questions about what it means for an abstract structure to be physically real or causally efficacious. These are similar to the debates between realism, nominalism, and conceptualism regarding the status of universals. The potential for arbitrariness in mapping computational states to physical states, as noted in some philosophical critiques <sup>38</sup>, further complicates the claim that a given physical system <em>is</em> performing a specific computation, rather than merely being interpretable as doing so.</p><p><strong>4.2 Modeling Cognition: The Epistemological Status of Bayesian Approaches and the Free Energy Principle</strong></p><p>There have been several influential theoretical structures in cognitive science that attempt to explain cognition in computational and information processing terms, often using more developed mathematical ideas. Two of the most widely used are Bayesian models of cognition and the Free Energy Principle. It is worthwhile to know their epistemological status&#8212;whether they are primarily descriptive, normative, or predictive&#8212;and their position relative to the biological brain in order to assess their philosophical value.</p><p><strong>Bayesian Models of Cognition:</strong></p><p>The core idea behind Bayesian models is that many aspects of human cognition&#8212;such as perception, learning, and decision-making&#8212;can be understood as forms of rational probabilistic inference.45 These models employ Bayes' rule, a fundamental theorem of probability theory, to describe how an agent should optimally update its beliefs about hypotheses in light of new evidence. Bayes' rule specifies how to calculate the posterior probability of a hypothesis h given data d, denoted as P(h&#8739;d), based on three components:</p><ol><li><p>The <strong>prior probability</strong> of the hypothesis, P(h): the agent's initial degree of belief in h before observing d.</p></li><li><p>The <strong>likelihood</strong> of observing the data d if the hypothesis h were true, P(d&#8739;h).</p></li><li><p>The <strong>marginal likelihood</strong> of the data, P(d), which is the sum of P(d&#8739;h&#8242;)P(h&#8242;) over all possible hypotheses h&#8242;. This term normalizes the posterior probability. The formula is: P(h&#8739;d)=&#8721;h&#8242;&#8712;H&#8203;P(d&#8739;h&#8242;)P(h&#8242;)P(d&#8739;h)P(h)&#8203;.<sup>45</sup></p></li></ol><p>The <strong>epistemological status</strong> of Bayesian models is multifaceted <sup>45</sup>:</p><ul><li><p>They are <strong>primarily normative</strong>: They describe how an ideally rational agent <em>should</em> update its beliefs to make optimal inferences, especially under conditions of uncertainty where data is noisy or incomplete. They provide a benchmark for rational judgment.</p></li><li><p>They also have <strong>explanatory power</strong>: If human behavior in cognitive tasks closely matches the predictions of a Bayesian model, it suggests that humans are, at some level, approximating rational inference. The model then helps explain <em>why</em> people behave in that particular way&#8212;because it is the optimal way to solve the problem given the available information and prior assumptions. These models can also help explore the implicit prior beliefs or assumptions that might underlie human judgments.<sup>45</sup></p></li><li><p>They are <strong>predictive</strong>: By specifying the assumed priors and likelihoods, Bayesian models can generate quantitative predictions about patterns of human behavior in various cognitive tasks, which can then be empirically tested.</p></li></ul><p>As far as they relate to the biological brain, Bayesian models have to work typically at what David Marr referred to as the level of computational analysis&#8212;that is, what problem is being solved by the cognitive system and why solving this problem was best, more than specifying precisely how that solution is implemented via the algorithms and neural mechanisms that compute it.45 It doesn't usually amount to assuming explicitly that the brain solves Bayesian computation step-by-step for each inference. But others argue that such models are necessary constraints on theories at the algorithm level. In addition, there is research on how neural networks based on brain structure could perform approximations of Bayesian inference, with potential links between the formalism and neural computation.45 One criticism leveled at Bayesian models is the degree of potential subjectivity that is introduced by specifying prior probabilities, as these can have significant influence on the model's output.<sup>48</sup></p><p><strong>The Free Energy Principle (FEP):</strong></p><p>The FEP, developed primarily by Karl Friston, is a more general theoretical construct proposing that all self-organizing systems that maintain their identity in a changing environment&#8212;brains and living beings&#8212;function to minimize an amount called variational free energy.49 Free energy, in this context, is an information-theoretic quantity that is an upper bound on "surprise" (the negative log probability of experiencing certain sensory states given the animal's internal model of the world) or, equivalently, a prediction error measure. The central idea is that the brain (and other adaptive systems) is a prediction machine: it constantly generates a stream of predictions about its sensory input from an internal (generative) model of what causes the inputs. It then tries to minimize the discrepancy between its predictions and the sensory signals it receives in fact. It can do this in two ways:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Changing predictions (perception and learning):</strong> Updating the internal model to better fit the sensory data.</p></li><li><p><strong>Changing sensory inputs (action):</strong> Acting on the world to make the sensory data conform to predictions (this is the core of "active inference").</p></li></ol><p>The <strong>epistemological status</strong> of the FEP is also complex <sup>49</sup>:</p><ul><li><p>It is often described as a <strong>mathematical principle or framework</strong>, akin to the principle of least action in physics or calculus. As such, the FEP itself is not directly falsifiable through empirical experiment in the way a specific scientific hypothesis is. Instead, it provides a mathematical apparatus for deriving specific, testable models of particular systems.</p></li><li><p>It is profoundly <strong>explanatory</strong>: It offers a unifying account of how diverse adaptive systems&#8212;from single cells to complex brains&#8212;maintain their organization and interact with their environment by continuously minimizing surprise or prediction error.</p></li><li><p>It is also <strong>predictive</strong>: By specifying a generative model for a particular system, the FEP allows researchers to derive equations of motion that predict how that system will behave (i.e., follow paths of least free energy). It can be used to simulate the behavior of agents.</p></li></ul><p>The FEP's connection to the biological brain is at the heart of its idea. It was originally formulated in computational neuroscience and theoretical neurobiology.49 It is also deeply connected with concepts like predictive coding (where top levels of the cortical hierarchy send predictions downwards, and bottom levels send prediction errors upwards) and the Bayesian brain hypothesis (the hypothesis that the brain represents probabilities and performs Bayesian inference).49 The hierarchical message-passing present in the brain's sensory and motor systems is seen as being consistent with the mechanisms that the FEP predicts for minimizing free energy.</p><p>Both Bayesian accounts of cognition and the Free Energy Principle are ambitious efforts to bridge the gap between the abstract principles of rationality or self-organization and the material operation of embodied, biological agents in situations of uncertainty. The standard models of ideal rationality rely on perfect information and unlimited computational resources, which are not the case for biological agents. Bayesian models offer a normative account of ideal reasoning in the presence of uncertainty and prior knowledge and are therefore more applicable to the task faced by organisms.45 The FEP generalizes this further by proposing an underlying imperative&#8212;the free energy minimization&#8212;under which all self-organizing, adaptive systems (including brains) are arguably compelled to operate simply in order to survive and maintain their structural integrity in the presence of an ever-changing environment.49 It thus links directly information processing with the biological imperatives for survival, homeostasis, and adaptation. Doing so, both frameworks offer principled ways of "naturalizing" aspects of rationality and cognition, grounding them in mechanisms of probabilistic reasoning and self-organization that mesh with the resources and limitations of biological embodiment. Both frameworks steer the philosophical spotlight away from a disembodied idealized reason and toward the predictive, embodied, and adaptive nature of mind when it functions within the physical environment.</p><p><strong>4.3. Abstraction in Cognitive Science: Influences and Critiques</strong></p><p>The field of cognitive science, particularly its computational branches, heavily relies on the concept of <strong>abstraction</strong> to model and understand mental processes. This influence is largely drawn from computer science, where abstraction is a fundamental tool for managing complexity.In cognitive science, high-level abstractions such as "internal representations," "symbols," "rules," and "algorithms" are invoked to describe the workings of the mind, often making explicit analogies with how computers work.36 For instance, the mind is thought to manipulate symbolic representations according to cognitive algorithms 36, and abstraction itself is seen as a core process in obtaining structured patterns of thinking, allowing humans to abstract complex information into manageable concepts.52 Computer science provides not only the metaphors, but also formal processes, such as Formal Concept Analysis, to model the human mind's capability for generalizing from concrete experience to abstract concept.52 A distinction is sometimes made between abstraction in computer science, where information is hidden but potentially recoverable, and mathematical abstraction, where information may be lost forever; cognitive science models may possess both these characteristics.<sup>3</sup></p><p>Cognitive models often operate at various <strong>levels of abstraction</strong>, famously articulated by David Marr:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Computational Level:</strong> Defines <em>what</em> problem the cognitive system is solving and <em>why</em> (the goals and logic of the computation).</p></li><li><p><strong>Algorithmic Level:</strong> Describes <em>how</em> the problem is solved, specifying the representations used and the processes (algorithms) that operate on them.</p></li><li><p><strong>Implementational Level:</strong> Details the physical substrate in which the algorithm and representations are realized (e.g., neurons in the brain, silicon in a computer).<sup>45</sup> Many cognitive models, especially those stemming from classical CTM or Bayesian approaches, tend to focus on the computational and algorithmic levels, often leaving the precise implementational details in the brain underspecified. This layered approach is reminiscent of abstraction layers in computer systems, such as those found in database design (physical, logical, and view levels), which allow different users or designers to interact with the system at different levels of detail and complexity.<sup>11</sup></p></li></ol><p>However, this reliance on abstraction in cognitive science is not without its <strong>critiques and limitations</strong>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Lack of Biological Plausibility:</strong>Many abstract models, particularly those in early AI and standard CTM, may not even accurately capture the brain's underlying neural mechanisms.35 The models may employ just a small part of the dynamic aspects of biological neurons, suppressing details like the precise timing of action potentials or advanced dendritic processing.<sup>41</sup></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>The "Receptor Notion" and Over-Attribution of Representation:</strong> Then, first, we need to know what "representation" is generally understood to be in cognitive science. Representations are generally presumed to be internal states or structures that represent, or are about, something else &#8211; typically, entities in the external world or the organism's own body. They are meant to be at the heart of how we think, perceive, recall, and choose. For example, when you see a cat, your brain is meant to form an internal representation of the cat that allows you to recognize it, know its properties (furry, meows, etc.), and interact with it. Ramsey argues that the bar for what qualifies as a representation has sometimes been set too low. The "receptor notion" essentially says:</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>When an internal state (let's say 'S') of a system systematically and causally maps an external condition or stimulus (let's say 'E'), then 'S' is a representation of 'E'.</p><p>Example: A simple thermostat. The bimetallic strip in the thermostat bends in a predictable way as the room temperature changes.</p><p>Internal state (S): The specific degree of bending of the bimetallic strip.</p><p>External stimulus (E): Room temperature.</p><p>In line with a naive "receptor conception," the bending of the strip registers the room temperature because there exists a steady causal link between them.</p><p>Ramsey's central objection is that such causal correlation alone isn't sufficient to qualify something as a real mental representation, particularly in the full sense that cognitive science traditionally has in mind. Here's why:</p><p>Ubiquity leads to Triviality (Explanatorily Vacuous): If any stable causal connection amounts to representation, then representations are ubiquitous.</p><p>The rings on a tree stump causally map to the tree's age and weather. Are tree rings symbolizing these things in a cognitively interesting way?</p><p>The level of wear on your shoe soles is causally dependent on how much you've walked. Do your shoe soles correctly represent this walking history?</p><p>Ramsey argues that if we use all such correlations to describe them as representations, then the concept of "representation" is not explanatory. It gets so broad that it does not tell us what's unique about cognitive processes. It does not draw a distinction between a brain thinking about a cat and a sunflower turning towards the sun (which also consists of internal states causally correlated with an external stimulus &#8211; the location of the sun).</p></blockquote><ul><li><p><strong>Methodological Constraints and Ad Hoc Adjustments:</strong> For computational theories to be genuinely explanatory, they must be constrained to avoid being arbitrarily adjusted after the fact to fit any particular set of observations. The criterion of "cognitive impenetrability" has been proposed as one such constraint, suggesting that the core functional architecture of cognition should be fixed and not modifiable by beliefs or goals.<sup>43</sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Fragmentation of Cognitive Science:</strong> Some critics argue that the heavy focus on formal modeling, often drawing from specific disciplinary perspectives (like psychology or computer science), has led to a fragmentation of cognitive science, hindering its development as a truly cohesive and interdisciplinary field with its own unified set of assumptions and theories.<sup>54</sup></p></li></ul><p>The choice of an appropriate level of abstraction in cognition modeling is in itself a deeply philosophical activity with significant epistemological consequences. When cognitive scientists prefer to model the mind at, for example, the symbolic processing level (as in classical CTM), Bayesian inference, or realistic neural dynamics, they are making implicit assumptions about which aspects of cognition are explanatorily fundamental and which can be safely "abstracted away" or treated as implementation details. This choice directly affects the resulting model's explanatory domain, its biological validity, and its capacity for explaining hard phenomena like consciousness or creativity. If one abstracts cognition to extremely high levels and represents it in terms of symbolic manipulation, one might find it easier to create formal rigor and generality but at the expense of losing connection with the biological substrate and with the richness of subjective experience.41 Conversely, low-level modeling with much detail can add biological plausibility, but identifying the leading cognitive functions or principles will be difficult, and these models end up being computationally intractable. The selection of an abstraction level is thus not a neutral, purely technical matter; it is a statement of a theory of which aspects of the mind are central and which are peripheral or derivative. This dilemma connects directly to broader philosophical debates in the philosophy of mind, such as those between reductionism (which seeks to explain higher-level phenomena in terms of lower-level ones) and emergentism (which posits that new properties can arise at higher levels of complexity that are not reducible to the properties of their components).39 If, for example, consciousness is an emergent property that depends critically on the specific details of biological implementation, then abstracting too far from that implementation might mean abstracting away the very phenomenon one hopes to explain.</p><p><strong>Section 5: Knowledge, Power, and the Philosophical Gaze on Technology</strong></p><p>The making and use of technology, and in this case, computational technology, is irrevocably tied to notions of knowledge, power, and agency. Philosophical critique supplies the conceptual lenses through which one can examine these complex dynamics, examining how technology transforms and is transformed by relations of power, and enables, constrains, or reconfigures human agency on the planet.</p><p><strong>5.1. "Knowledge is Power": From Bacon to Big Data</strong></p><p>The slogan "knowledge is power," famously associated with the philosopher Francis Bacon, encapsulates a shift in Western philosophy to an empirical and utilitarian conception of knowledge.55 Bacon promoted a new scientific method, renouncing the deductive, authority-based reasoning of Aristotelian scholasticism in favor of an inductive method founded on systematic observation, experimentation, and the collection of facts.55 He was certain that this empirical understanding of nature would enable human beings to grasp, control, and exploit nature for its own sake and for the improvement of human life.55 Knowledge, for Bacon, was not abstract or theoretical speculation; its true value consisted in its practical application to problem-solving, wise decision-making, and the achievement of tangible ends. This perspective inevitably conceals an explicit distinction between applied and theoretical science, suggesting that theory will ultimately be a subservient function to application.</p><p>This Baconian idea has its echoes and transformations in the environment of engineering and modern technology. The epistemology of engineering knowledge has often been distinguished from that of pure scientific knowledge.57 While science is essentially interested in knowing the world and discovering new laws of nature, engineering is interested in applying knowledge (scientific as well as other kinds) to develop, design, and improve useful artifacts, systems, and processes to solve practical problems.57 For the engineer, knowledge is not a goal in itself but a means to achieve specific objectives, typically relating to design, construction, and operation. Engineering practice is often characterized as heuristic, iterative, and abduction-based (inference to the best explanation), involving the translation of goals into fact in the form of achievable boundaries, something beyond the technical application of scientific laws.57</p><p>In today's era of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Bacon's maxim takes on new meanings and connotations. The ability to collect, store, process, and analyze vast quantities of data, along with AI algorithms that can identify patterns, forecast outcomes, and even generate new content, is an unprecedented concentration of knowledge-based power. Those entities&#8212;corporations, governments, or individuals&#8212;that control the data, the algorithms, and the computing machinery wield immense power over information, economies, and even political and social discourse.</p><p>The seemingly uncomplicated sentence "knowledge is power" holds a basic ambiguity that is particularly pertinent in today's technological context. Bacon's ultimate goal was most likely directed towards human attainment of power over nature by scientific knowledge.55 But the knowledge and technologies generated by it can also be, and have been in the past, utilized to exercise power over other humans. This can take the form of military supremacy through cutting-edge weaponry, economic domination through industrial or informational superiority, or social control through media and communication technologies. In addition to this, there is also the notion of intellectual power for its own sake&#8212;the power of understanding, of explanation, and of prediction, whose attainment is also the goal of scientific and of philosophical inquiry.59 In an era of Big Data and AI, these three types of power&#8212;are interlinked with each other very closely and tend to reinforce each other's impact. Data in the form of information about people or groups (in surveillance capitalism talk 27) grants power over them directly. Intellectual power required to design and build sophisticated AI systems is converted into the capacity to optimize natural or industrial processes, and potentially also to influence human behavior or determine societal outcomes. This entanglement suggests that the ethical implications of "knowledge is power" are considerably more complex nowadays than Bacon ever might have imagined. The issue is no longer merely one of dominating nature to serve human betterment, but of how the dominating, and the knowledge involved, affects human relations, social justice, autonomy of individuals, and even the distribution of power in society.</p><p><strong>5.2. Foucault's Lens: Power/Knowledge in the Digital Age</strong></p><p>French philosopher Michel Foucault gave a revolutionary reinterpretation of power as something inextricably linked with knowledge as a "power/knowledge" relationship.27 In Foucault's view, power was not a practice of repression carried out by a sovereign or by a class of oppressors, nor was it an ownership exercised by persons or groups of individuals. Instead, power is diffuse, relational, productive, and ubiquitous; it "is everywhere" and "comes from everywhere".61 It operates through accepted forms of knowledge, scientific knowledge, discourses (methods of speaking and thinking of things), and what he termed "<strong>regimes of truth</strong>"&#8212;the structures by which a society determines true statements and false ones and assigns specific effects of power to the true.61 Power, in this understanding, makes subjects, defining their identities, conduct, and notion of themselves and the world.</p><p>Foucault identified disciplinary power as a primary mode of modern power. It operates not through overt coercion but through the insidious mechanisms of surveillance, examination, normalization, and classification, making people visible and manageable. It is present in institutions such as prisons, schools, hospitals, and factories, which attempt to produce "docile bodies"&#8212;individuals who internalize norms and police their own actions.27</p><p>Foucault's framework provides a potent means to analyze the operation of digital technology in the power dynamics of today.27 The internet, AI, and Big Data networks may be imagined as complex power networks that have both centralized and decentralized tendencies. Digital platforms, for example, significantly impact our access to information and our construction of the world, often projecting visions that are algorithmically mediated and hence non-neutral.27 The search results, social media posts, and outputs of large language models are not neutral depictions of reality but are generated through processes that embed specific values, biases, and relations of power. The massive concentration of information (about people, society, and the environment) and processing capacity in the hands of a few multinational corporations and state agencies is a relatively new site of power with far-reaching implications for freedom, privacy, and autonomy.27 A form of operation like "surveillance capitalism," where information about people is commodified, can be seen as a new digital form of disciplinary power.</p><p>However, Foucault also emphasized further that where power is, there is <strong>resistance</strong>.61 Technologies and discourses are not only weapons of power but also places of resistance, impediments, and the sources of counter-strategies. They may transmit and produce power, but destabilize, reveal, and render it vulnerable.61</p><p>How algorithms increasingly control many aspects of contemporary life&#8212;from deciding credit ratings and insurance rates to informing hiring practices, curating content consumption on social media, and directing predictive policing&#8212;can be seen as a highly rationalized, automated, and sometimes hidden manifestation of Foucault's disciplinary power. These algorithmic systems sort, judge, and decide individuals based on the massive sets of information that they process.27 While doing so, they create new "regimes of truth" about individuals and groups without transparent explanation or avenues of appeal. These algorithmic "truths" have real-world consequences, impacting chances and possibilities. Individuals may, unknowingly or knowingly,<strong> modify their behavior to conform to the perceived expectations of such algorithms </strong>or to create a improved algorithmic reputation&#8212;a modern iteration of self-control under an all-pervasive, yet often imperceptible, regime. This is much like Foucault's explanation of how disciplinary power produces "docile bodies" that comply with social norms. <strong>The very opacity of so many state-of-the-art algorithms (so-called "black boxes") further amplifies this power, as the rules and norms that govern their choices are frequently not visible to the persons affected by them, so that active resistance, contestation, or calling for responsibility is extremely problematic.</strong></p><p><strong>5.3. Arendt on Action and Power: Implications for Technological Agency</strong></p><p>Hannah Arendt, a prominent 20th-century political philosopher, advanced an alternative conception of power sharply at odds with conceptions of power as domination, coercion, or control.62 Power, for Arendt, is not something one can have or use over others like a tool. Instead, power "corresponds to the human ability not only to act but to act in concert. Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a group and exists only as long as the group remains cohesive" (The Human Condition). Power happens when people come together to speak and act together, to create something new in the public arena, or to seek to achieve common ventures. It is inextricably communicative, relational, and founded upon plurality.64</p><p>Arendt drew a very accurate difference between power and such concepts as <strong>strength (a personal attribute)</strong>, <strong>force (energy created by physical or social movements),</strong> or <strong>violence (instrumental and using devices). </strong>Violence can destroy power but not produce it. According to Arendt, power is what maintains the public sphere; it is actualized through promise, covenant, and mutual activities that bind individuals together and enable them to begin anew.</p><p>While Arendt did not thoroughly study technology in the way we might conceive of it now (most prominently digital technology), her philosophical method raises fundamental questions about how technology enables, makes possible, or maybe ruins the conditions for genuine Arendtian power and political action. Does modern technology, especially communication technology, create new "spaces public" where citizens are able to act in concert effectively, or does it add to their dispersal and disintegration? Is actual collective action, in Arendt's sense, possible in digital environments, and what is the nature of the "power" generated within them?</p><p>New media technologies, such as the internet and social media, appear to offer unprecedented ways for individuals to "act" and "speak" in a global public sphere, allowing rapid dissemination of information and mobilization of causes. This technology-facilitated empowerment, though, is not always Arendtian "power." There is a risk of paradox: technology can facilitate easily the creation of the appearance of collective action (e.g., online petitions, viral social movements, hashtag activism), but it can also serve to inhibit the construction of the sort of deep, deliberative, and responsible collective power that Arendt had in mind. This may occur if online engagement leads to filter bubbles, echo chambers, disinformation, and performative or superficial engagement rather than prolonged, collective labor through collective knowledge and dedication to shared public life. Moreover, the underlying infrastructure of these technologies tends to be dominated by a few corporate or state actors.27 Such centralization can lead to new mechanisms of control, manipulation, and surveillance, undermining the very conditions for genuine collective agency and the free, uncoerced speech and action that Arendt held to be definitive of power. Thus, the issue is one of distinguishing out whether or not technology is generating new avenues for authentic public life and Arendtian power, or whether, sometimes, it is eroding them by facilitating atomization, new forms of domination, or evacuating good political talk.</p><p><strong>5.4. The Engineer's Agency: Altering the Structure of Reality?</strong></p><p>The "engineering worldview," as distinct from a purely scientific one, posits that engineers are not merely passive observers or appliers of pre-existing natural laws, but active agents who participate in shaping and altering the very structure and operation of reality through design and problem-solving.65 This perspective asserts that "the engineer has the ability to alter the structure and operation of reality".65 This capacity for transformative action is central to the self-conception of engineering.</p><p>This view highlights a difference in the source and nature of power or agency associated with engineering versus theoretical science. While theoretical science primarily derives its power from understanding, explanation, and prediction of phenomena, engineering derives its power from making, doing, and creating.57 Engineers translate goals and theoretical knowledge (from science, mathematics, and other domains) into tangible artifacts, systems, and processes that change how humans live, interact with each other, and engage with the world. This often involves heuristic reasoning, abductive inference (inference to the best solution given constraints), and iterative design, methods that are distinct from the deductive and inductive approaches often emphasized in pure science.58</p><p>The nature of physical computation itself, as the implementation of formalisms in physical systems, also touches upon this theme of agency.66 When a physical system is designed to compute, it is endowed with the capacity to process information, model aspects of a target domain, and, in a sense, act upon or within that domain based on its computations.66 More advanced concepts of agency in artificial intelligence explore the capacity of computational systems to not just perform tasks, but to act meaningfully, compose and interpret actions, and even be held accountable within a framework of co-agency with human users.67 The design of such systems involves delegating constrained agency rather than merely specifying affordances.67</p><p>The profound agency attributed to engineers&#8212;the capacity to "alter the structure of reality"&#8212;bestows not only immense creative power but also a correspondingly immense ethical responsibility. The ability to reshape the world, to introduce novel artifacts and systems that can have far-reaching and sometimes unforeseen consequences, necessitates careful and continuous consideration of the ethical implications of these alterations. Every technological intervention, from a new software application to a large-scale infrastructure project, carries with it a spectrum of potential effects&#8212;some intended and beneficial, others unintended and potentially harmful, some equitable in their distribution of benefits and burdens, others exacerbating existing inequalities. Therefore, the "power" of engineering is not solely a technical or instrumental capability; it is fundamentally a moral one. The act of creation implies a responsibility for the creation and its impact on the human and natural world. This links directly to the broader discussions about ethics in technology and the need for engineers to be equipped with ethical reasoning skills.59 If engineers are indeed co-creators of our evolving reality, then philosophical ethics becomes an indispensable component of engineering education and practice, not an optional adjunct. The "power to build" must be guided by the "wisdom to build responsibly," ensuring that technological advancements contribute to genuine human flourishing and a just society.</p><p><strong>Section 6: The Enduring Value of Philosophical Inquiry in a Technological World</strong></p><p>In an age increasingly dominated by scientific advancements and technological innovations, the role and relevance of philosophy are often questioned. However, far from being an obsolete discipline, philosophical inquiry offers indispensable tools and perspectives for navigating the complexities of our technological world. It fosters critical thinking, informs ethical awareness, can catalyze innovation, and contributes to a more holistic human development, countering critiques of impracticality and demonstrating its profound, practical impact.</p><p><strong>6.1 Beyond "Practicality": Philosophy as the Operating System of Impact</strong></p><p>The arid caricature of philosophy as airy, navel-gazing escape from "real life" is not only erroneous; it is a shortsightedly perilous impression which ignores the dynamo room of all mankind's progress. Philosophy being "impractical" is to confess you haven't the slightest notion what "practical" actually is. The most deeply practical work is not merely to dominate the world's things, but to direct the very form of thought that builds, asks, and rearranges that world. Philosophy is not about acquiring a delightful set of "transferable skills"; it's about building an intellectual toolkit, a software patch for your thinking skills that turbo-charges every other talent you possess.</p><p>Philosophy instructs you in how to employ ideas as scalpels, slicing through seemingly solid concepts to expose their hidden assumptions, their logical skeletons, and their often flimsy foundations. It's not analysis; it's the power to x-ray arguments, to see the code beneath the interface of social narratives, and to begin rewriting it. Where others see a blizzard of unrelated information, the philosophically trained mind recognizes patterns, form, and directions. It's the ability to sift terabytes of trash to identify the solitary, vital signal, to crystallize dazzling complexity into distinct paradigms, and to draw spans of insight where once existed only gulf-like voids of misunderstanding.</p><p>In a polarized world hostage to reductionist binaries, philosophy sharpens the art of intellectual diplomacy. It's the capacity to see the infinitesimal but vital distinctions between ideologies while, simultaneously, mapping the surprising common ground that can transform battlefields into negotiating tables.</p><p>Reject "enhanced communication skills." Philosophy builds the strength of turning words themselves into a tool for creation and transformation. It's a matter of forming words that can accurately diagnose, clearly define what was previously inexplicable, and infuse words with visions potent enough to trigger action. Ambiguity and vagueness are enemies to be chased and eliminated.</p><p>Consider tools such as the "Good Thinker's Tool Kit" (WRAITEC) as not just a charming learning tool, but as boot camp for mental commandos: "What do you really mean?" is a precision strike against confusion. "What are your operating assumptions?" is the mental equivalent of a landmine sweep. This is the mental "special forces" the world so desperately requires.</p><p>Philosophy is the eternal "why" that underlies every "what" and "how." It's quality control for all human knowledge, the meta-discipline that stress-tests the axioms and methodologies of every other discipline, from the hard sciences to the highest arts. It's not an intellectual operating system; it's the open-source kernel from which all good thinking can be compiled, debugged, and radically upgraded. The deprecation of philosophy as "unpractical" is the intellectual equivalent of a fish rejecting the utility of water. It's the stuff that makes possible long-lasting, critical, and inventive thinking.</p><p><strong>6.2 Philosophy: The Ignition Key and Ethical Blueprint for STEM Revolutions</strong></p><p>To say that philosophy "assists" STEM is to say that oxygen "aided" fire. Philosophy is not a polite onlooker to the scientific process; it's often the provocateur, the idea earthquake, and the moral gyroscope that can revolutionize entire fields.</p><p>Philosophy, and especially the philosophy of science, is the requisite "red team" for scientific paradigms. It not just tests assumptions to the breaking point; it stress-tests them to breaking point, searching for the hairline cracks in dominant theory that could signal a conceptual revolution. Recall the philosophical assaults that broke the back of behaviorism and enabled the cognitive revolution to occur. Jerry Fodor's iconoclastic, philosophy-grounded ideas regarding mental architecture did not just lead to cognitive science; they charted its research agenda anew. This has nothing to do with being a gadfly; this is about planned demolition that paves the way for fresh citadels of knowledge.</p><p>Science thrives on its language being precise. Philosophy is the semantic surgeon, dissecting and sharpening such basic concepts as "mind," "intelligence," "life," "cause," or "emergence" with the utmost care. It is not lexical pedantry; undefined concepts are pathogenic in the science body, generating bewildered experiments and obscure theories. Clear concepts are the runways for testable hypotheses and breakthrough research designs.</p><p>As human beings wield godlike powers through AI, genetic engineering, and neurotechnology, philosophy provides the critical ethical blueprint. It's not about putting roadblocks in front of innovation; it's about injecting human values into the very essence of our creations. Ethics is not an afterthought "nice-to-have"; it's a core design parameter. An ethical slip-up in AI research is not merely a PR disaster; it could be an existence threat. Philosophy grapples with the "should we?" that will have to precede each "can we?" if our technology trajectory is to lead to flourishing and not to destruction.</p><p>Grand challenges&#8212;climate change, pandemics, inequality on a systemic scale&#8212;laugh in the face of specialized disciplinary silos. Philosophy, by definition, is that which pursues the connections, the underlying principles, the common conceptual language that can bind together disparate disciplines. It's the weaver of interdiscipline tapestries, developing holistic understanding necessary to even make a start at solving problems that cut across any one domain.</p><p>Profound specialization is necessary, but it poses the danger of intellectual tunnel vision. Philosophy calls the specialist to step back, to situate his/her own specific contribution in the broad canvas of human knowledge and social impact, to question the untested assumptions of their own field. It promotes a broad, reflective intellectual position &#8211; the difference between a technician and a visionary.</p><p>The elderly quip that science philosophy is "as helpful to scientists as ornithology is to birds" is an intellectual own-goal. Birds don't build aeroplanes, maintain ecosystems, or design therapies for bird-disease; systematic knowledge on the part of ornithologists does. Similarly, philosophy provides a meta-level consciousness of science's methods, limits, and potentials so that scientists can refine their practice, discern paradigm-traps, and dream up entirely new scientific futures.</p><p><strong>Concluding Reflections: Navigating the Future with Philosophical Wisdom</strong></p><p>The investigation of computation, from its theoretical beginnings in computability and complexity to its instantiation in physical machines and its application as a model of the human mind, is a terrain strewn with philosophical problems. This excursion showcases the profound intertwining of abstract reasoning, practical innovation, and our understanding of reality itself. We have witnessed how formal models such as Turing machines are not simply technical devices but philosophical tools that explain the boundaries of mechanical thought, and how the very possibility of undecidability comments on the possible extent of human intuition. The distinct yet complementary visions of pioneers like Turing and von Neumann embody a perennial tension between the universal and the embodied, a motif that continues to echo through debates on artificial intelligence and the nature of consciousness.</p><p>Abstraction emerges as a fundamental cognitive and computational strategy, a "power of forgetting" enabling us to deal with complexity but involving inherent epistemic risks, as the "leakiness" of abstractions reminds us that our simplified representations are always beholden to hidden, underlying truths. Computer science's lively interplay between theory and practice highlights both the necessity of foundational knowledge and practical application, a balance vital to sane education and responsible innovation.</p><p>When the computational paradigms are turned inward, to model the mind itself, they force us to confront traditional philosophical questions about the mind-body problem, the nature of representation, and the sources of meaning and consciousness. Computational Theory of Mind, Bayesian approaches, and the Free Energy Principle are dominant, albeit disputed, ways of conceptualizing cognition, with differing epistemological status and implications for how we understand the interface between abstract process and biological fact.</p><p>Finally, an examination of knowledge, power, and agency in a world saturated by technology, through the perspective provided by figures like Bacon, Foucault, and Arendt, clarifies that technology is never neutral. It is a site of power, a builder of knowledge, and a means of human action with staggering ethical responsibilities, particularly for those humans who create and fashion these revolutionary instruments.</p><p>The criticisms frequently leveled at philosophy&#8212;that it is an "ivory tower" pursuit, isolated from everyday life or a "drain" of talent better applied in "productive" fields&#8212;misunderstand its basic role. As this report has attempted to illustrate, philosophical inquiry cultivates critical thinking, analytical rigor, ethical awareness, and an ability for conceptual clarification that are not only valuable in themselves but increasingly vital to navigating and shaping our complex technological future. It provides the tools to question assumptions, to identify boundaries, to foresee implications, and to steer innovation toward human flourishing.</p><p>As technology becomes ever more powerful and deeply integrated into the fabric of our being, the demand for philosophical reflection&#8212;on its fundamental nature, on its inherent limits, on its impact on our understanding of ourselves and our world, and on its moral orientation&#8212;does not diminish but only becomes more urgent. The "abstract" questions of philosophy are, indeed, inextricably intertwined with the most "concrete" facts and pressing problems of our technological age. The algorithmic mirror, held up by computation, reflects not just the logic of machines, but the age-old human quest for knowledge, meaning, and wisdom.</p><p>Resources:</p><ol><li><p>en.wikipedia.org, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability#:~:text=Computability%20is%20the%20ability%20to,algorithm%20to%20solve%20the%20problem.">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability#:~:text=Computability%20is%20the%20ability%20to,algorithm%20to%20solve%20the%20problem.</a></p></li><li><p>Computability - Wikipedia, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability</a></p></li><li><p>philarchive.org, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://philarchive.org/archive/ESCAPD">https://philarchive.org/archive/ESCAPD</a></p></li><li><p>btu.edu.ge, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://btu.edu.ge/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Lesson-5_-Decidability-and-Undecidability.pdf">https://btu.edu.ge/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Lesson-5_-Decidability-and-Undecidability.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>xlinux.nist.gov, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/asymptoticTimeComplexity.html#:~:text=(definition),denoted%20in%20big%2DO%20notation.">https://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/asymptoticTimeComplexity.html#:~:text=(definition),denoted%20in%20big%2DO%20notation.</a></p></li><li><p>Asymptotic computational complexity - Wikipedia, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_computational_complexity">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_computational_complexity</a></p></li><li><p>Turing and von Neumann - Gresham College, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/turing-and-von-neumann">https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/turing-and-von-neumann</a></p></li><li><p>Turing, von Neumann, and the computational architecture of ... - PNAS, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2220022120">https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2220022120</a></p></li><li><p>Turing and Von Neumann: From Logic to the Computer - MDPI, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/2/22">https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/2/22</a></p></li><li><p>Von Neumann Thought Turing's Universal Machine was 'Simple and ..., eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/von-neumann-thought-turings-universal-machine-was-simple-and-neat/">https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/von-neumann-thought-turings-universal-machine-was-simple-and-neat/</a></p></li><li><p>Abstraction (computer science) - Wikipedia, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)</a></p></li><li><p>What is the definition of Abstraction in relation to computer science? 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The Revitalization of a Slow Death | Essays in Education - OpenRiver, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://openriver.winona.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&amp;context=eie">https://openriver.winona.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&amp;context=eie</a></p></li><li><p>Season 1, Ep. 10: Does brain drain hurt the Global South?, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://www.torontomu.ca/cerc-migration/borders-and-belonging/s1-ep10/">https://www.torontomu.ca/cerc-migration/borders-and-belonging/s1-ep10/</a></p></li><li><p>P h IL O S O P h y A N D E N G IN E E R IN G, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://philrs.iastate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/578/2016/02/Why-Major-Engineering.pdf">https://philrs.iastate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/578/2016/02/Why-Major-Engineering.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>ejournal.usm.my, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://ejournal.usm.my/ijwcps/article/download/4999/5431/7045">https://ejournal.usm.my/ijwcps/article/download/4999/5431/7045</a></p></li><li><p>Philosophical Foundations of Holistic Education in the 21st Century, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://journal.ypidathu.or.id/index.php/ijen/article/view/1610">https://journal.ypidathu.or.id/index.php/ijen/article/view/1610</a></p></li><li><p>Holistic Approaches to Well-Being and Health | CHCM, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://chcm.com/holistic-approaches-to-well-being-and-health/">https://chcm.com/holistic-approaches-to-well-being-and-health/</a></p></li><li><p>Abstract reasoning: impacts, examples, and how to use it &#8212; Calm Blog, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://www.calm.com/blog/abstract-reasoning">https://www.calm.com/blog/abstract-reasoning</a></p></li><li><p>The 9 Intelligences of MI Theory, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/learning/mi%20table.htm">https://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/learning/mi%20table.htm</a></p></li><li><p>Multiple Intelligences and the Engineer - Lifecycle Insights, eri&#351;im tarihi May&#305;s 7, 2025, <a href="https://www.lifecycleinsights.com/multiple-intelligences/">https://www.lifecycleinsights.com/multiple-intelligences/</a></p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Industrial Policy at a Crossroads: A Macro-Financial Critique of U.S. Trade Strategy]]></title><description><![CDATA[Introduction: From Tariffs to a Broader Strategy]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/industrial-policy-at-a-crossroads</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/industrial-policy-at-a-crossroads</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 09 Apr 2025 14:32:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Introduction: From Tariffs to a Broader Strategy</h2><p>In recent years the United States has revisited industrial and trade policy with an urgency not seen in decades. Amid supply chain disruptions and great-power competition, policymakers have experimented with tariffs and <em>ad hoc</em> measures to revive domestic manufacturing. The results so far have been mixed. Tariff-centric trade wars have not produced a renaissance in U.S. industry; if anything, they highlighted the limits of protectionism in isolation. Meanwhile, new initiatives like the CHIPS and Science Act signal a tentative shift toward government-led investment in strategic sectors. As the U.S. charts its economic future, a more holistic strategy is needed &#8211; one that combines targeted investment, workforce development, and allied cooperation, rather than relying on blunt trade barriers alone. This article provides a comprehensive critique of current U.S. industrial and trade policy through a macro-financial lens, drawing on global economic dynamics. It examines why tariffs alone have been ineffective in reshoring production, the importance of public investment and skills training, the geopolitical costs of alienating allies, and common misinterpretations of trade deficits and data. We also contrast differing perspectives &#8211; from market practitioners like Scott Bessent to policy thinkers like Stephen (Andrew) Miran &#8211; on how to recalibrate America&#8217;s approach. The goal is a nuanced critique that illuminates the path toward a more coherent and sustainable industrial strategy.</p><h2>The Limits of Tariff-Centric Reshoring</h2><p>The first impulse of recent U.S. trade policy was to impose sweeping tariffs, with the stated intent of bringing factories back to American soil. In practice, however, these measures delivered underwhelming results in terms of reshoring. <strong>Empirical evidence indicates that the 2018 tariff hikes failed to spark a manufacturing revival in the United States</strong>. A study from Washington University&#8217;s Olin Business School found that President Trump&#8217;s 2018 tariffs &#8211; largely retained under the Biden administration &#8211; &#8220;<strong>did not accelerate investment in domestic manufacturing and had a negative effect on U.S. manufacturing jobs overall</strong>&#8221; (<a href="https://olin.wustl.edu/about/news-and-media/news/2025/02/research-tariffs-may-not-bring-global-supply-chains-back.php#:~:text=Traditionally%2C%20governments%20have%20used%20tariffs,manufacturing%20jobs%C2%A0overall">Research: Tariffs may not bring global supply chains back | WashU Olin Business School</a>). In other words, rather than catalyzing a surge of new plant openings and hiring, the tariffs coincided with <em>slower</em> manufacturing job growth. This aligns with Kearney&#8217;s Reshoring Index, which showed that in the years following the tariffs, imports from traditional offshoring hubs actually hit record highs and &#8220;widescale reshoring of US manufacturing isn't happening&#8221; (<a href="https://www.kearney.com/service/operations-performance/us-reshoring-index/2018#:~:text=Reshoring%20in%20reverse%20again%202018,of%20US%20manufacturing%20isn%27t%20happening">Reshoring in reverse again 2018 Kearney US Reshoring Index</a>).</p><p>Why did tariffs alone fall short? One reason is that global supply chains proved more adaptable than anticipated. <strong>Many importers did not rush to build new factories in America; instead, they shifted sourcing to other low-cost countries</strong>. For example, after high tariffs hit Chinese goods, U.S. imports from Vietnam, Mexico, and other countries surged. Vietnam in particular emerged as a major beneficiary of trade diversion. U.S. imports from Vietnam climbed to over $136 billion in 2024 &#8211; a 19% jump from the prior year (<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/02/trump-tariffs-on-vietnam-could-raise-prices-for-shoes-furniture-toys.html#:~:text=Trump%20Vietnam%2C%20China%20tariffs%20could,Trade%20Representative">Trump Vietnam, China tariffs could raise prices for Nike, Wayfair</a>) &#8211; as companies routed their supply chains through Southeast Asia. Researchers estimate that in 2021, roughly 16% of U.S. imports from Vietnam (about $15.5 billion worth) were originally of Chinese origin, effectively rerouted to avoid tariffs (<a href="https://www.library.hbs.edu/working-knowledge/charting-the-us-china-trade-war-whats-made-in-vietnam#:~:text=Not%20as%20much%20as%20the,entirely%20accurate%2C%20the%20researchers%20found">Charting the US-China Trade War: What Does 'Made in Vietnam' Mean? | Working Knowledge</a>). While much of this involved real value-added production shifting to Vietnam, a portion was simply relabeling or minor processing of Chinese goods. The net effect was that <strong>the bilateral U.S.&#8211;China trade deficit shrank somewhat, but deficits widened with Vietnam and others, leaving the overall trade imbalance largely unchanged</strong>. Tariffs resembled a game of &#8220;whack-a-mole&#8221;: the targeted deficit with one country went down, but popped up elsewhere in the global supply network.</p><p>Even within the U.S., tariffs imposed significant costs without compelling firms to repatriate production. Many American manufacturers rely on imported inputs, so tariffs raised their costs and squeezed profit margins. One Federal Reserve study found the 2018 tariffs led to higher input prices and <em>lower</em> manufacturing employment in affected industries (<a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2019086pap.pdf#:~:text=,of%20tariffs%20and%20manufacturing%20employment">[PDF] Disentangling the Effects of the 2018-2019 Tariffs on a Globally ...</a>). Stock market reactions also reflected this strain &#8211; companies reliant on global supply chains saw valuations dip on tariff news (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1478409224000037#:~:text=Protect%20me%20not%3A%20The%20effect,the%20value%20of%20domestic">Protect me not: The effect of tariffs on U.S. supply networks</a>). Facing these headwinds, firms often chose to postpone expansion plans rather than invest in uncertain, potentially higher-cost domestic capacity. In short, <strong>tariffs acted as a tax on trade that U.S. firms and consumers partly paid for, while failing to fundamentally reset the incentives that had driven production offshore</strong>.</p><p>It is telling that even <strong>supporters of reshoring acknowledge tariffs are at best a third-best solution</strong>. Harry Moser, founder of the pro-reshoring Reshoring Initiative, advocates bringing manufacturing back but calls tariffs his &#8220;third choice&#8221; &#8211; behind first building up a skilled workforce and second addressing the overvalued U.S. dollar (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=Moser%20is%20dedicated%20to%20the,value%20of%20the%20dollar%20globally">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>) (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=Manufacturers%20%E2%80%9Ccould%20reshore%20a%20lot,%E2%80%9D">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). As Moser bluntly puts it, <em>&#8220;you can have all the tariffs you want... [but] if you don&#8217;t have [a skilled workforce], ... nobody&#8217;s here [to make products], it&#8217;s not going to get made.&#8221;</em> (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=Manufacturers%20%E2%80%9Ccould%20reshore%20a%20lot,%E2%80%9D">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). The experience of the past five years reinforces this: Tariffs alone, without complementary domestic measures, have not delivered the promised industrial renaissance.</p><h2>Industrial Rebirth Requires Investment and Skills</h2><p>If tariffs by themselves are insufficient, what <strong>does</strong> it take to regenerate industrial capacity onshore? A broad consensus is emerging around two pillars: <strong>government-led investment in strategic sectors and a concerted effort to develop the labor force</strong>. In effect, the U.S. is relearning a lesson from its own history and from international peers &#8211; <em>significant industrial revival typically requires public-private partnership, infrastructure, and human capital, not just border taxes</em>.</p><p><strong>The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 exemplifies this new direction</strong>. It provides $52.7 billion in funding and incentives to boost domestic semiconductor manufacturing &#8211; a recognition that market forces alone were not going to build cutting-edge chip fabs in America (<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/28/phoenix-microchip-plant-biden-union-tsmc#:~:text=The%20plant%E2%80%99s%20owner%20Taiwan%20Semiconductor,safety%20issues%20at%20the%20plant">&#8216;They would not listen to us&#8217;: inside Arizona&#8217;s troubled chip plant | Business | The Guardian</a>) (<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/28/phoenix-microchip-plant-biden-union-tsmc#:~:text=Biden%20signed%20the%20Chips%20and,the%20US%2C%20in%20August%202022">&#8216;They would not listen to us&#8217;: inside Arizona&#8217;s troubled chip plant | Business | The Guardian</a>). Similarly, the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act includes large production and investment tax credits to spur U.S. production of electric vehicles, batteries, and renewable energy components. These initiatives mark a shift toward <em>active industrial policy</em>, using federal resources to tilt the playing field in favor of U.S.-based production in critical technologies. Early evidence shows they are at least getting companies&#8217; attention &#8211; numerous semiconductor plants and EV/battery factories have been announced or broken ground in states like Arizona, Texas, Ohio, and Georgia, directly attributable to these subsidies.</p><p><strong>Yet funding is only half the battle</strong>. The other half is ensuring the U.S. has the skilled workforce to staff advanced factories. After decades of industrial decline, many manufacturing skills have atrophied or shifted overseas. This reality became apparent with the very projects the U.S. is now trying to bring home. A case in point: Taiwan&#8217;s TSMC, the world&#8217;s leading chipmaker, is building a $12 billion fab in Phoenix, Arizona, aided by CHIPS Act incentives. But progress has been slower than anticipated, in part due to shortages of experienced semiconductor construction and engineering talent. In mid-2023, TSMC announced a delay of its plant opening to 2025, explicitly <em>&#8220;blaming a lack of skilled labor&#8221;</em> and seeking to <strong>fast-track visas for 500 Taiwanese technicians</strong> to meet the shortfall (<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/28/phoenix-microchip-plant-biden-union-tsmc#:~:text=The%20plant%E2%80%99s%20owner%20Taiwan%20Semiconductor,safety%20issues%20at%20the%20plant">&#8216;They would not listen to us&#8217;: inside Arizona&#8217;s troubled chip plant | Business | The Guardian</a>). This sparked local controversy &#8211; unions argued the skills exist domestically and accused TSMC of using cheap foreign labor &#8211; but the broader point stands: the <em>U.S. does not currently have a deep bench of workers experienced in building and running 5-nanometer chip fabs</em>. Decades of offshoring high-tech manufacturing mean that know-how must be rebuilt, whether by training Americans or temporarily importing expertise.</p><p>This challenge extends across industries. <strong>If America aims to reshore a significant share of manufacturing, it will need a workforce expansion on a scale not seen in generations</strong>. By one estimate, increasing U.S. manufacturing output by 40% (the amount needed to roughly balance the trade deficit) would require at least 30% more manufacturing workers &#8211; millions of additional skilled employees &#8211; even accounting for automation (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIf%20you%E2%80%99re%20going%20to%20increase,%E2%80%9D">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). Yet current trends point the other way: over 2.1 million manufacturing jobs could go unfilled in coming years as older workers retire and younger workers lack necessary skills (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=When%20it%20comes%20to%C2%A0training%20opportunities%2C,the%20workforce%20ages%20and%20shrinks">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). This gap cannot be closed without <strong>major investments in vocational training, apprenticeships, and STEM education</strong>. Germany&#8217;s apprenticeship system is often cited as a model, where roughly half of high school graduates enter vocational training programs (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=already%2C%20especially%20skilled%20workers%2C%E2%80%9D%20Moser,%E2%80%9D">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). The U.S. is starting to move in this direction &#8211; apprenticeships and trade school enrollments have been rising &#8211; but it remains &#8220;trending in the right direction&#8221; modestly at best (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=When%20it%20comes%20to%C2%A0training%20opportunities%2C,the%20workforce%20ages%20and%20shrinks">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). A vast scaling-up of skills programs, supported by government and industry, is required to supply the human capital for any sustained industrial revival.</p><p>In short, <strong>industrial policy cannot succeed as a mere trade adjustment; it must be a domestic investment strategy</strong>. Modern advanced manufacturing demands not only financial capital, but also <em>intellectual</em> and <em>human</em> capital. Recognizing this, some experts even prioritize workforce and currency measures above tariffs. Moser, for instance, argues the <em>No.1 priority is definitely a skilled workforce</em>, followed by a competitive dollar (via a value-added tax or other means), with tariffs a distant third tool (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=Moser%20is%20dedicated%20to%20the,value%20of%20the%20dollar%20globally">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>) (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=Manufacturers%20%E2%80%9Ccould%20reshore%20a%20lot,%E2%80%9D">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). The implication is clear: without strong foundations at home &#8211; modern infrastructure, R&amp;D, training pipelines &#8211; tariff walls alone will crumble. The U.S. government&#8217;s recent steps with the CHIPS Act and others indicate an understanding that <em>the state must actively facilitate the industrial ecosystem</em>. The task now is to implement these policies effectively, coordinate with private sector initiatives, and sustain them beyond one election cycle. Only through such an integrated approach can the U.S. hope to truly reshore production and regain technological leadership in key sectors.</p><h2>Geopolitics and the Ally Factor in Supply Chains</h2><p>Trade policy does not occur in a vacuum &#8211; it has powerful geopolitical repercussions. One critical misstep in the U.S.&#8217;s recent trade approach was the alienation of allies and partners through unilateral tariffs and an &#8220;America First&#8221; stance. Any attempt to reorient global supply chains <em>away</em> from adversarial countries (such as China) and <em>toward</em> friendly nations will require tight cooperation with those very allies. Thus, undermining alliances in the process of realigning trade is dangerously counterproductive.</p><p>During the 2018&#8211;2019 trade wars, the U.S. levied tariffs not only on strategic rivals but also on close allies. <strong>The use of Section 232 national security tariffs on steel and aluminum imports hit the EU, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and others</strong>, sparking swift retaliation from those countries (<a href="https://www.npr.org/2018/05/31/615876058/eu-canada-and-mexico-threaten-tariffs-to-retaliate-against-u-s#:~:text=U,just%20after%20midnight%20on">EU, Canada And Mexico Threaten Tariffs To Retaliate Against U.S.</a>) (<a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/none-of-us-will-benefit-from-tariffs-but-we-had-to-react-eu-ambassador-says#:~:text=%27None%20of%20us%20will%20benefit%27,Canada%20announced%20retaliatory%20tariffs">'None of us will benefit' from tariffs but 'we had to react,' EU ... - PBS</a>). European and Canadian leaders reacted with anger and counter-tariffs on American exports, from motorcycles to bourbon. As Canada&#8217;s foreign minister pointedly commented at the time, it was &#8220;insulting&#8221; to label Canadian metals a security threat to the United States (<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/may/31/us-fires-opening-salvo-in-trade-war-with-eu-canada-and-mexico#:~:text=US%20on%20brink%20of%20trade,swiftly%20and%20angrily%20to">US on brink of trade war with EU, Canada and Mexico as tit-for-tat ...</a>). The result was the brink of a trade war with <em>friends</em>, which not only hurt economic ties but also frayed diplomatic trust. Although the worst was eventually averted &#8211; new agreements and quotas replaced some of these tariffs &#8211; the damage to U.S. credibility lingered. Traditional allies began to question whether the U.S. would uphold the post-war trading system it had once championed, or discard it even at the expense of Western unity.</p><p>This was starkly illustrated by the U.S. withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017. That multilateral trade pact was designed to strengthen an Asia-Pacific coalition (excluding China) under U.S. leadership. Pulling out signaled a retreat and left allies like Japan, Australia, and others scrambling to preserve a deal without the U.S. presence. It was a self-inflicted wound in the contest for economic influence in Asia. Similarly, threats of tariffs on auto imports from Europe, and disputes over digital services taxes, created the impression that <strong>the U.S. was willing to punish even its friends in pursuit of narrow trade objectives</strong>. Such moves carry <em>geopolitical opportunity costs</em>: when confidence in U.S. partnership erodes, allies may hedge their bets, seek closer ties with each other or even with U.S. rivals, and become less receptive to American initiatives &#8211; including efforts to collectively counter China&#8217;s economic practices.</p><p>The Biden administration encouraged &#8220;friend-shoring&#8221; (shifting supply chains to allied nations) to reduce dependence on China, it must rebuild goodwill and trust. The Biden administration has made some headway in mending alliances &#8211; for instance, coordinating with the EU and Japan on outbound investment screening and export controls for sensitive technologies to China. But tensions remain. <strong>European officials have bristled at elements of the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), seeing its generous subsidies and &#8220;Buy American&#8221; provisions as disadvantaging European firms</strong>. They worry that U.S. green tech subsidies, while well-intentioned, could lure investment away from Europe or violate WTO norms. This could trigger a subsidy race or trade tiffs between the U.S. and EU at a time when unity is needed in facing shared strategic challenges. The lesson is that <em>the method of pursuing industrial policy matters as much as the goal</em>: doing so unilaterally or selfishly can undermine the broader coalition required for success.</p><p>Prominent economists have warned of these geopolitical risks. Former IMF chief economist Maurice Obstfeld wrote in late 2024 that &#8220;choosing guns over butter in trading relationships will make America both poorer and less safe&#8221; (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=Trump%E2%80%99s%20approach%20to%20geoeconomics%20carries,dark%20echoes%2C%20writes%20Maurice%20Obstfeld">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>) &#8211; meaning an overly confrontational, zero-sum trade stance can backfire economically and erode security cooperation. Trade historian Douglas Irwin similarly cautioned that extreme tariff policies would cause damage &#8220;geopolitical as well as economic&#8221; (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=Image">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). Even <em>within</em> the Trump administration, there were voices urging caution. Scott Bessent, an adviser, argued that while the international trading system needed adjustments to address security concerns, &#8220;<strong>completely abandoning the international trading system would be a disaster for the American people and our allies</strong>&#8221; (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). Bessent advocated a calibrated approach: the U.S. must play an active role in reshaping the rules to protect its interests, but in a way that <strong>links economic and security relations</strong> without rupturing them (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). In practice, this means working <em>with</em> allies &#8211; for example, forming joint initiatives to secure semiconductor supply chains or critical minerals &#8211; rather than treating allies&#8217; surpluses as equal targets of ire.</p><p>Ultimately, a successful U.S. industrial and trade strategy in today&#8217;s global context has to be an <em>allied</em> strategy. Reshoring some production to the U.S. is feasible and desirable, but <strong>&#8220;friend-shoring&#8221; much production to trusted partner countries is equally vital</strong> for efficiency and resilience. That in turn requires maintaining strong diplomatic and economic ties. If the U.S. instead alienates its allies through abrupt tariffs or beggar-thy-neighbor policies, it risks driving those countries into the arms of competitors or at least losing their cooperation in isolating competitors. For example, efforts to restrict China&#8217;s access to advanced technology will only be effective if Europe, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, etc., are on the same page. The U.S. cannot afford to be perceived as an unpredictable or self-serving actor; it must lead by consensus-building. As Bessent noted, adjustments to the global economic order &#8220;must be carefully calibrated and deliberately paced&#8221; (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). That is a far cry from the volatility of recent years. In crafting trade policy going forward, U.S. leaders should remember that <em>geopolitics and economics are intertwined</em> &#8211; restoring America&#8217;s industrial base and preserving its global leadership depend on not just what we do, but how we engage the world in doing it.</p><h2>The Pitfalls of Misleading Trade Statistics</h2><p>Another problem that has clouded U.S. trade policy is the <strong>misinterpretation of trade statistics, especially bilateral balances</strong>. Policymakers often fixate on the U.S. trade deficit with a particular country as evidence of an unfair relationship. However, bilateral trade figures in a multi-country supply chain world can be highly misleading. Focusing narrowly on them can lead to poor policy targets and an inaccurate diagnosis of underlying issues.</p><p>One well-known distortion is the <strong>&#8220;Rotterdam effect,&#8221;</strong> wherein trade flows through major ports inflate bilateral deficits with intermediary countries. In Europe, for instance, U.S. statistics long showed a large trade deficit with the Netherlands, simply because Rotterdam is a key entry port for goods destined for the entire EU. Dutch officials noted that U.S. export stats often count the first port of entry &#8211; Rotterdam &#8211; as the destination, overstating U.S. exports to the Netherlands by 4&#8211;5% and understating exports to final EU markets (<a href="https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/global_economics/the_rotterdam_effect.html/#:~:text=breakdown%20between%20one%20country%27s%20trade,EU%20countries">The Rotterdam effect - Economics Online</a>) (<a href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/about_state/business/com_guides/2000/europe/austria00_01.html#:~:text=Country%20Commercial%20Guides%20FY%202000%3A,The">Country Commercial Guides FY 2000: Austria - State Department</a>). Similarly, many goods from Germany or Italy might be recorded as coming from the Netherlands if shipped via Rotterdam. Without adjusting for this, one might erroneously conclude the Netherlands is &#8220;ripping off&#8221; the U.S., when it&#8217;s largely a transit hub. The same concept applies elsewhere: <strong>Singapore&#8217;s and Hong Kong&#8217;s roles as entrep&#244;ts, and even states like Belgium (port of Antwerp) or Panama, can skew bilateral trade tallies</strong>.</p><p>The U.S.&#8211;China trade relationship offers a prime example of why bilateral trade balances can be a faulty yardstick. Consider an iPhone: it may be assembled in China, using components from South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and the U.S., then shipped to an American consumer. The entire $800 value often counts as an import from China, even if China only added perhaps $50 of value in final assembly. The bilateral deficit with China grows by $800, but the reality is that many countries, including the U.S. (which provided design and high-value components), shared in that production. Policies punishing only the final assembler (China) might not address &#8211; or might even harm &#8211; the other links in the chain, including domestic companies whose exports are embedded in the supply chain.</p><p>As global manufacturing becomes more fragmented, <strong>trade statistics struggle to reflect true economic contributions</strong>. This was evident during the U.S.&#8211;China tariff battle: as mentioned, when tariffs hit Chinese goods, imports rerouted through countries like Vietnam. Superficially, the U.S. deficit with Vietnam ballooned, while the deficit with China shrank. But it would be a mistake to interpret that as Vietnam suddenly becoming a major cause of U.S. deindustrialization. Much of it was the same goods flowing through a different channel. Harvard Business School researchers Iyoha and Wen found that by a broad measure, 16% of U.S. imports from Vietnam in 2021 were likely Chinese products in disguise (<a href="https://www.library.hbs.edu/working-knowledge/charting-the-us-china-trade-war-whats-made-in-vietnam#:~:text=Not%20as%20much%20as%20the,entirely%20accurate%2C%20the%20researchers%20found">Charting the US-China Trade War: What Does 'Made in Vietnam' Mean? | Working Knowledge</a>). More granular analysis showed a smaller share was pure transshipment, but clearly a portion of trade &#8220;with Vietnam&#8221; was essentially trade with China using Vietnam as a stopover. Without such nuance, a policymaker might wrongly crack down on Vietnam (or other transit countries) thinking they had emerged as new malefactors, when in fact they were secondary effects of a China-targeted policy.</p><p>Even apart from transshipment, <strong>bilateral balances say little about whether a trade deficit is problematic or benign</strong>. The United States runs persistent deficits with some nations because of comparative advantages &#8211; e.g. consumer goods from China, cars from Germany, electronics from Taiwan and Korea &#8211; while running surpluses with others (aircraft to many countries, farm products to China, services to the world). A bilateral deficit is not inherently a sign of foul play. Yet trade policy under the this administration treated each bilateral deficit as a score to settle, threatening tariffs on countries from Germany to India solely because the U.S. bought more from them than vice versa. This lens ignores that multilaterally, trade tends to balance through complex exchange of goods, services, and capital. For instance, <strong>the U.S. deficit with China is partly offset by U.S. surpluses in services and intellectual property, and by China&#8217;s recycling of its surplus into U.S. Treasury investments</strong>. Simply looking at one ledger gives a distorted picture of mutual benefit.</p><p>The risk is that <strong>misleading stats lead to misdirected policies</strong>. If one fails to account for transshipment and global value chains, you might punish an ally or a neutral third country for a deficit that isn&#8217;t truly of their making. If one obsesses over bilateral deficits, one might undermine broader trade relationships or ignore the real issues (like lack of competitiveness or currency imbalances). A more sophisticated approach would analyze <em>value-added trade data</em>, consider multi-country supply chains, and focus on structural factors (like productivity gaps or unfair trade practices) rather than the raw deficit number. As a practical example, rather than lashing out at allies over bilateral gaps, the U.S. could work with them to address shared concerns about others&#8217; market-distorting behavior (e.g. intellectual property theft or excess industrial capacity in China). In summary, <strong>sound trade policy must be grounded in sound understanding of trade data</strong>. Headline deficits can be a poor guide, and the U.S. should avoid the trap of &#8220;deficit fundamentalism&#8221; that equates any trade gap with failure.</p><h2>Trade Deficits: Not All Created Equal</h2><p>Few concepts are as misunderstood in popular discourse as the trade deficit. It is often portrayed categorically as a loss &#8211; money and jobs &#8220;lost&#8221; to foreigners. But in macroeconomics, a trade deficit is interlinked with capital flows and can reflect positive factors as well. It is crucial to distinguish between <em>deficits that fund consumption</em> and <em>deficits that fund investment</em>. <strong>When trade deficits are driven by productive investment &#8211; especially imports of capital goods that enhance future productive capacity &#8211; they are not necessarily a bad thing</strong>, and may even be beneficial for long-run growth.</p><p>At its core, a trade deficit means a country is buying more from the world than it is selling to the world. The flip side is that the country must be <em>financing</em> that net purchase by either borrowing from abroad or attracting investment from abroad &#8211; this is the capital account surplus. As economist Noah Smith explains, running a trade deficit is akin to &#8220;buying stuff with a credit card&#8221; (<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/trade-deficits-do-not-make-a-country#:~:text=,stuff%20with%20a%20credit%20card">Trade deficits do not make a country poorer - by Noah Smith</a>) (<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/trade-deficits-do-not-make-a-country#:~:text=At%20some%20point%20when%20you,foreigners%20for%20stuff%20with%20IOUs%E2%80%9D">Trade deficits do not make a country poorer - by Noah Smith</a>). Just as an individual incurs debt (or IOUs) to acquire goods now, a country can exchange IOUs (financial assets like Treasury bonds or equity stakes) for real goods and services. Whether this is wise or not depends on what that &#8220;borrowed&#8221; money is used for. <strong>If it&#8217;s used to buy consumption goods (like TVs and clothes) that are enjoyed today and gone tomorrow, a persistent deficit could indeed undermine future wealth. But if it&#8217;s used to buy capital goods (like machinery, factories, technology) that increase tomorrow&#8217;s productive capacity, the deficit can pay for itself</strong>.</p><p>A simple example illustrates this: Suppose an American factory buys a $100,000 advanced CNC machine tool from Japan, and pays by taking out a loan (or the Japanese exporter buys a U.S. bond). The U.S. trade deficit rises by $100,000 (more imports). But if that machine enables the factory to produce $500,000 worth of new auto parts next year, the U.S. economy comes out ahead (<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/trade-deficits-do-not-make-a-country#:~:text=One%20thing%20to%20remember%20is,has%20come%20out%20ahead%20too">Trade deficits do not make a country poorer - by Noah Smith</a>). The initial deficit has created a stream of future income. In effect, the deficit was an investment in higher productivity. This dynamic was seen historically in countries like South Korea during their high-growth era. South Korea <em>ran trade deficits during periods of heavy industrial investment</em>, importing equipment and technology, and then later shifted to surplus once those investments bore fruit in the form of export industries (<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/trade-deficits-do-not-make-a-country#:~:text=This%20is%20what%20South%20Korea,Korea%20ran%20a%20trade%20deficit">Trade deficits do not make a country poorer - by Noah Smith</a>). The same could be true for the United States if, for instance, it imports vast amounts of solar panels, factory robots, or semiconductor equipment as part of re-industrialization &#8211; the short-term deficit might rise, but longer-term output (and potentially export capacity) would increase.</p><p>In contrast, if a trade deficit is primarily due to Americans consuming more than they produce &#8211; say through excessive borrowing to buy imported consumer goods or oil &#8211; then it can be more troubling. It might signal an imbalance that could lead to debt problems or a hollowing-out of industry if sustained too long. The key is understanding <em>the composition and context</em> of the deficit. For example, <strong>in the 2020s the U.S. trade deficit widened to record levels (peaking near $1 trillion) as the economy recovered from the pandemic</strong>. On the surface this looks bad, but part of that was fueled by massive fiscal stimulus which boosted consumption of imports. Another part was a strong domestic investment cycle (housing, infrastructure, and factories) that drew in capital goods and raw materials from abroad &#8211; more benign, arguably, than a pure consumption binge. Thus not all deficit increases are alike.</p><p>Policymakers should avoid the simplistic view that &#8220;all trade deficits are failures.&#8221; Instead, they should ask: <em>what are we importing and why?</em> If the U.S. is importing things it legitimately cannot produce efficiently itself (certain raw materials, or labor-intensive goods) while exporting high-value services and attracting foreign investment, that deficit may be sustainable. If the deficit reflects structural problems &#8211; like an overvalued currency or trading partners&#8217; unfair practices &#8211; then policy action is warranted, but even then the goal should be to improve the <em>quality</em> of trade and investment, not simply to slash the deficit number by any means. For instance, reducing a deficit by throttling all imports could backfire if it also cuts off capital goods or makes industries less competitive.</p><p>A nuanced perspective is also needed when addressing bilateral deficits as discussed above, but even at the aggregate level, the <em>trade deficit is a double-edged sword</em>. It comes with the benefit of foreign capital. In fact, the U.S. dollar&#8217;s role as the primary reserve currency virtually guarantees a capital inflow (as foreigners demand dollar assets), which in turn tends to push the U.S. into a trade deficit &#8211; this is the classic <strong>Triffin dilemma</strong>. We will explore the reserve currency aspect more later. The point here is that <strong>shrinking the trade deficit is not an end in itself</strong>; the <em>composition</em> of the deficit and what the country gains in return (capital, goods, services) matter greatly. A trade deficit used wisely &#8211; to build future productive capacity &#8211; can be part of a healthy growth strategy (<a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/trade-deficits-do-not-make-a-country#:~:text=One%20thing%20to%20remember%20is,has%20come%20out%20ahead%20too">Trade deficits do not make a country poorer - by Noah Smith</a>). Conversely, even a balanced trade position could coincide with stagnation if it means neither foreign nor domestic investment is happening.</p><p>For the U.S., which has run trade deficits consistently for decades, the priority should be making those deficits work for the economy &#8211; by channeling foreign capital to productive uses &#8211; rather than assuming any deficit is bad. In a policy context, that means promoting investment (so that capital inflows fund new factories, research, infrastructure) and addressing the <em>causes</em> of any undesirable deficits (like mercantilist policies abroad or lack of competitiveness at home) rather than the symptom itself. This perspective counters the knee-jerk deficit hawkism and leads to more constructive solutions that focus on strengthening the economy&#8217;s productive base.</p><h2>Why Tax Cuts and Deregulation Alone Fall Short</h2><p>Another important critique of the recent U.S. approach is the overreliance on broad corporate tax cuts and deregulation as panaceas for industrial growth. The theory was that by slashing taxes and red tape, the private sector would be unleashed to invest in American manufacturing. In reality, <strong>the sweeping 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA)</strong> &#8211; which cut the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% &#8211; <strong>did not produce the targeted boom in manufacturing or fixed investment</strong> that its architects promised. Instead, much of the windfall was diverted to shareholder payouts and other uses, with only modest incremental investment in capacity.</p><p>By 2019, data showed that U.S. manufacturing employment and output had not materially accelerated despite the tax cut. An analysis in <em>IndustryWeek</em> noted that manufacturing added only 288,000 jobs total in the two years after the tax cut (about 2% growth), and manufacturing&#8217;s share of GDP continued to decline, suggesting <em>&#8220;the tax cut does not appear to have had a positive influence&#8221;</em> on the sector&#8217;s trajectory (<a href="https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/21129139/did-the-tax-cuts-boost-us-manufacturing#:~:text=Employees%3A%20Column%202%20shows%20that,any%20of%20these%20economic%20factors">Did the Tax Cuts Boost US Manufacturing? | IndustryWeek</a>). Capital spending did tick up slightly &#8211; investment in equipment and intellectual property rose about 6% &#8211; but investment in structures (factories, facilities) actually fell by 1%, and overall the surge in investment that supply-side theory predicted failed to materialize (<a href="https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/21129139/did-the-tax-cuts-boost-us-manufacturing#:~:text=Image%3A%20Chart%20B%20Collins%20Tax,Cut">Did the Tax Cuts Boost US Manufacturing? | IndustryWeek</a>). In fact, by late 2019 manufacturing activity was softening, with key indicators like the PMI index flirting with contraction (<a href="https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/21129139/did-the-tax-cuts-boost-us-manufacturing#:~:text=Image%3A%20Collins%20Chart%20C%20Tax,Cut">Did the Tax Cuts Boost US Manufacturing? | IndustryWeek</a>). The millions of new jobs and above-3% GDP growth rates touted by tax cut proponents did not occur (<a href="https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/21129139/did-the-tax-cuts-boost-us-manufacturing#:~:text=Treasury%20Secretary%20Steve%20Mnuchin%20said,the%20second%20quarter%20of%202020">Did the Tax Cuts Boost US Manufacturing? | IndustryWeek</a>). Instead, large corporations used a significant portion of their tax savings on stock buybacks (over $800 billion worth in 2018 by some counts) and dividends (<a href="https://truthout.org/articles/15-corporations-used-trump-tax-cuts-to-pump-839b-into-buybacks-and-dividends/#:~:text=15%20Corporations%20Used%20Trump%20Tax,pay%20and%20massive%20shareholder%20payouts">15 Corporations Used Trump Tax Cuts to Pump $839B ... - Truthout</a>), enriching shareholders but doing little to expand productive capacity on U.S. soil.</p><p><strong>Deregulation efforts saw similar limits.</strong> The Trump administration aggressively rolled back regulations in areas such as environmental permitting, energy extraction, and labor rules, under the assumption that this would lower costs and spur manufacturing investment. While certain sectors like oil and gas did benefit (increased drilling on federal lands, for instance), there is little evidence that broad deregulation moved the needle on reviving industries like steel, autos, or electronics. The fundamental cost differentials &#8211; cheaper labor abroad, established supply chain ecosystems in Asia, and, importantly, the absence of an industrial policy in the U.S. &#8211; were not resolved by easing domestic regulations. A factory&#8217;s decision to locate in Vietnam vs. Ohio depends far more on labor availability, supplier networks, and local incentives than on, say, U.S. environmental rules (especially since many offshored industries were just as subject to regulations when they used to operate in the U.S.). In some cases deregulation might even undermine long-term competitiveness &#8211; for example, loosening pollution standards could spur short-run production in, say, coal or heavy industry, but it might also discourage investment in newer, cleaner technologies where the future growth lies (such as electric vehicles or renewable energy manufacturing).</p><p>Critically, <strong>tax cuts and deregulation are </strong><em>horizontal</em><strong> policies &#8211; they apply across the board &#8211; but they do not guarantee </strong><em>vertical</em><strong> development of specific strategic industries</strong>. The U.S. might have a more favorable general business climate after such measures, but targeted sectors like semiconductors, rare earth processing, or advanced batteries still might not flourish without sector-specific support. Those industries often involve high upfront capital costs, long payback periods, and intense foreign competition (often backed by foreign governments). Thus, they may need tailored policies: R&amp;D subsidies, demand guarantees, public procurement, or protective measures for infant industries. This is where the current administration&#8217;s strategy largely fell short &#8211; it provided a generic boost to corporate America, but no focused plan to rebuild particular supply chains or technologies. In contrast, competitors like China had no qualms about using targeted subsidies and state direction to build up industries (from solar panels to 5G equipment), leaving U.S. firms at a disadvantage that a tax cut alone could not overcome.</p><p>It is also telling to compare the U.S. approach with that of other countries that successfully fostered industrial sectors. For example, <strong>South Korea and Taiwan in the late 20th century combined business-friendly policies with very deliberate government-led industrial strategies</strong> &#8211; including state financing, protection for nascent sectors, and heavy investment in education and R&amp;D. Merely having low corporate tax rates was not the key to Samsung or TSMC&#8217;s rise; rather it was a coordinated effort of public and private sectors. Likewise, Germany&#8217;s manufacturing strength rests not on especially low taxes (its taxes are relatively high) but on a strong apprenticeship system, specialized public research institutes, and close industry-government collaboration to promote export industries. These examples underscore that <em>structural competitiveness and innovation ecosystems matter more than broad tax levels alone</em>.</p><p>Even within the U.S., some of the greatest industrial successes came via public intervention: the Internet and Silicon Valley grew out of Department of Defense and NSF-funded research; the shale fracking revolution was aided by Department of Energy R&amp;D in horizontal drilling; the biotech sector has roots in NIH research funding. These are forms of industrial policy and public investment, not simply laissez-faire outcomes. By contrast, the period from roughly 2000 to 2016 saw low taxes on capital (even before TCJA) and increasing deregulation in finance and other sectors, yet it coincided with rapid deindustrialization and offshoring, because other nations were actively courting manufacturers while the U.S. largely stood by.</p><p>To be sure, a healthy business climate is necessary &#8211; few would suggest raising taxes or adding burdensome regulation as a path to industrial revival. But <strong>the lesson is that a permissive business environment is </strong><em>not sufficient</em>. Without strategic direction, firms might simply take higher post-tax profits and invest them where labor is cheapest or returns are quickest (often overseas or in automation that doesn&#8217;t create jobs). This is exactly what happened to a large degree after the 2017 tax cuts (<a href="https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/21129139/did-the-tax-cuts-boost-us-manufacturing#:~:text=The%20capital%20investment%20in%20equipment,by%20supporters%20of%20the%20TCJA">Did the Tax Cuts Boost US Manufacturing? | IndustryWeek</a>). As such, the U.S. is pivoting to a more hands-on approach: the CHIPS Act and IRA&#8217;s targeted subsidies are essentially admitting that <em>tax cuts and deregulation alone did not do the job</em>, so direct incentives are needed. Interestingly, some early proponents of pure free-market approaches have come around to support a bigger role for government in specific areas. Even Scott Bessent, who once emphasized private sector-led growth, now writes that America&#8217;s economic policy &#8220;must more closely link security and economic relations&#8221; and that adjustments to the system are needed (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>) &#8211; implying an integration of policy goals rather than naive reliance on trickle-down effects.</p><p>In conclusion, <strong>tax and regulatory policy should be seen as complements to, not substitutes for, a real industrial strategy</strong>. Competitive corporate taxes can attract investment, and sensible regulation can foster innovation, but by themselves they won&#8217;t resurrect factories that left decades ago or jump-start emerging industries facing formidable foreign rivals. Strategic government investment, partnership with industry on technology development, and perhaps temporary protection or preference for domestic producers are tools that likely need to be in the mix. The U.S. appears to be rediscovering this reality after a long period where &#8220;government intervention&#8221; was a taboo concept. The sooner policy discourse moves beyond the binary of &#8220;lower taxes good, higher taxes bad&#8221; to a more practical focus on <em>which investments get made and where</em>, the faster the nation can address its industrial shortcomings.</p><h2>Policy Uncertainty as an Economic Headwind</h2><p>A recurring theme across these critiques is the importance of consistency and predictability in policy. One often underappreciated drag on U.S. industrial prospects in recent years has been <strong>policy uncertainty itself</strong>. Frequent shifts, reversals, or ambiguities in trade and industrial policy create an environment of doubt that is <em>toxic</em> for long-horizon investment projects. Building a semiconductor fab or an auto plant is a multi-year endeavor with payback over a decade or more; such decisions demand confidence that the rules of the game won&#8217;t dramatically change in the interim. Unfortunately, the trade policy whiplash of the late 2010s introduced exactly the kind of uncertainty that chills capital expenditure.</p><p>The period of 2018&#8211;2019 saw trade policy uncertainty reach unprecedented highs. By one index (the Caldara-Iacoviello <strong>Trade Policy Uncertainty Index</strong>), uncertainty spiked to record levels as tariff threats, tariff hikes, and on-again/off-again negotiations roiled the business community (<a href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/extraordinary-rise-trade-policy-uncertainty#:~:text=The%20extraordinary%20rise%20in%20trade,market%20volatility%20and%20concerns">The extraordinary rise in trade policy uncertainty - CEPR</a>). Federal Reserve researchers estimated that the rise in trade policy uncertainty in 2018 was significant enough to reduce global GDP by about 0.8% by mid-2019 (<a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/does-trade-policy-uncertainty-affect-global-economic-activity-20190904.html#:~:text=Does%20Trade%20Policy%20Uncertainty%20Affect,the%20first%20half%20of%202019">Does Trade Policy Uncertainty Affect Global Economic Activity?</a>). Similarly, another study found that the uncertainty associated with the trade war likely reduced U.S. investment by around 1.5% in that period (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304393219302004#:~:text=The%20economic%20effects%20of%20trade,in">The economic effects of trade policy uncertainty - ScienceDirect.com</a>). These are non-trivial impacts: essentially, a self-inflicted slowdown owing to the clouded outlook. Companies that were considering expanding supply chains in North America hit the pause button, unsure if tariffs would last or escalate, unsure if they&#8217;d be reversed with a tweet, and unsure how demand might shift in response.</p><p><strong>Inconsistent messaging and execution further undermined credibility.</strong> For example, the U.S. announced tariffs, then provided temporary exemptions to certain allies, then let exemptions expire and re-imposed tariffs, then later negotiated quota deals &#8211; a sequence of zigzags that left everyone guessing. Likewise, the on-off nature of U.S.-China talks (truce, breakdown, new tariffs, partial deal) meant firms could not plan reliably. Panos Kouvelis and co-authors note that firms facing tariff threats weigh the cost of moving production against the risk that tariffs might be lifted by the time new capacity is in place (<a href="https://olin.wustl.edu/about/news-and-media/news/2025/02/research-tariffs-may-not-bring-global-supply-chains-back.php#:~:text=Research%20from%20WashU%20Olin%20helps,production%20going%20forward">Research: Tariffs may not bring global supply chains back | WashU Olin Business School</a>) (<a href="https://olin.wustl.edu/about/news-and-media/news/2025/02/research-tariffs-may-not-bring-global-supply-chains-back.php#:~:text=Image%3A%20Kouvelis%20Kouvelis">Research: Tariffs may not bring global supply chains back | WashU Olin Business School</a>). If tariffs are seen as a short-term political tactic rather than a sustained policy, companies may decide it&#8217;s cheaper to <em>wait it out</em> or use stopgap measures like buffering inventory, rather than relocate factories. Indeed, Harry Moser pointed out that Trump&#8217;s habit of &#8220;waffling&#8221; on tariffs &#8211; announcing them, then sometimes backtracking or offering extensions &#8211; could lead other countries (and firms) to &#8220;simply tune out the threats, in the belief that the U.S. will eventually abandon the policy&#8221; (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=He%20said%20he%20believes%20the,boost%20both%20imports%20and%20exports">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). Such skepticism erodes the effectiveness of tariffs as leverage, because if a target country thinks a tariff is temporary or politically reversible, it has less incentive to make concessions or adjustments.</p><p>Uncertainty is not limited to trade measures; it also applies to industrial support. If Congress allocates subsidies today but there is doubt whether future administrations will honor or continue them, companies may discount their value. For instance, the generous EV credits in the IRA were attracting investment now, but were the current administration to roll them back in 2025 or 2029, those investments could turn unprofitable. Firms therefore assess the durability of policy. In countries like China, companies operate on the assumption that industrial policies (subsidies, targets, regulations) will persist because of one-party rule and long-term planning. In the U.S., the swings between Republican and Democratic administrations can be stark &#8211; one emphasizing protectionism and fossil fuels, the other emphasizing climate tech and alliances, for example &#8211; which complicates 10&#8211;20 year investment bets. This points to a need for <em>some degree of bipartisan consensus or at least stable frameworks</em> on critical economic strategies. If, say, support for semiconductor manufacturing can be agreed upon as a national priority, then a company like Intel or TSMC can invest with more confidence that subsidies or protections won&#8217;t vanish overnight.</p><p>From a macro-financial perspective, policy uncertainty raises the hurdle rate for investment. Companies demand a higher expected return to compensate for the risk of adverse policy changes, which means some marginal projects won&#8217;t go forward. It can also lead to defensive financial behavior: companies might hold more cash or invest in more flexible (but less efficient) supply chain arrangements as insurance against policy shocks. This is rational at the micro level but leads to suboptimal outcomes economy-wide (under-investment, higher costs).</p><p>Therefore, a key critique of recent U.S. policy is not just the content but the <em>volatility</em>. To truly encourage the reshoring of supply chains and the construction of new industrial capacity, the U.S. needs to offer a stable policy regime. That doesn&#8217;t mean static &#8211; policies can adjust as needed &#8211; but adjustments should be signaled clearly and not oscillate with each election in a completely opposite direction. In practical terms, institutionalizing certain policies via legislation (as opposed to executive order) can help, as can using multilateral agreements that are harder to undo unilaterally. Even better would be a strategic economic plan with goals that transcend one administration, so that businesses and allies alike know where the U.S. is heading. Lacking that, the uncertainty itself will remain a headwind, and companies may prefer to invest in places with steadier policy environments.</p><p>In summary, <strong>policy uncertainty has acted as a brake on the very industrial renewal that U.S. tariffs and incentives were supposed to drive</strong>. Reducing that uncertainty &#8211; through credible, consistent policy commitments &#8211; is as important as the specific incentives or barriers deployed. Otherwise, the U.S. risks sending mixed signals: on one hand &#8220;we want you to build here,&#8221; but on the other hand &#8220;the rules might change in two years,&#8221; which dilutes the impact of the invitation.</p><h2>Trade War Asymmetries: Surplus vs. Deficit Economies</h2><p>Trade conflicts do not hit each side equally; the impact and leverage can differ markedly depending on whether a country is a <strong>surplus economy or a deficit economy</strong>. The U.S., as a chronic trade deficit country, and China, as a chronic surplus country (with respect to the U.S.), experienced the trade war in asymmetric ways. Understanding these asymmetries is crucial for assessing the strategy and outcomes of such policies.</p><p>From one angle, <strong>a deficit country like the United States might appear to hold the upper hand in a tariff war</strong> because it imports more from the surplus country than vice versa. This was a common argument: since China sold far more to the U.S. (over $500 billion a year pre-trade war) than the U.S. sold to China (around $130 billion), the U.S. could impose tariffs on a much larger base of goods. Indeed, by 2019 the U.S. had tariffs on roughly $360 billion of Chinese exports, whereas China, having less U.S. import volume to tax, levied tariffs on about $110 billion of U.S. goods. This imbalance meant China simply <em>ran out of U.S. goods to tariff</em> if escalation continued, whereas the U.S. could have extended tariffs to all Chinese imports. In economic theory, this translates to greater <strong>terms-of-trade leverage</strong> for the deficit country: by taxing the foreign exporters heavily, the U.S. could force foreign firms (or the foreign government) to swallow some of the cost in the form of lower prices. In fact, a recent model-based study by Pujolas and Rossbach (2024) argues that &#8220;trade deficits enhance a country&#8217;s ability to alter its terms of trade, and thereby benefit from tariffs,&#8221; implying that larger deficits make higher optimal tariffs from the deficit country&#8217;s perspective (<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/5008591.pdf?abstractid=5008591&amp;mirid=1&amp;type=2#:~:text=Trade%20imbalances%20significantly%20alter%20the,Relative%20to%20existing%C2%A0tariff">Trade Wars with Trade Deficits by Pau Pujolas, Jack Rossbach :: SSRN</a>). They even find that, relative to pre-trade war conditions, the U.S. could <em>gain</em> in a tariff war with China due to the bilateral imbalance (though both countries are worse off than under free trade) (<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/5008591.pdf?abstractid=5008591&amp;mirid=1&amp;type=2#:~:text=to%20alter%20its%20terms%C2%A0of%20trade%2C,on%20their%20bilateral%20trade%20imbalance">Trade Wars with Trade Deficits by Pau Pujolas, Jack Rossbach :: SSRN</a>).</p><p>We saw some evidence of this dynamic during 2018&#8211;2019. <strong>Chinese exporters, faced with U.S. tariffs, often had to cut their prices or accept tighter margins to keep their products competitive for U.S. buyers</strong>. The Chinese renminbi also depreciated by roughly 8&#8211;10% against the dollar during the peak tariff period, offsetting a portion of the tariff impact. As Stephen Miran observed, this currency offset meant the tariffs did not result in as high U.S. consumer prices as initially feared; instead, part of the cost was effectively borne by China in the form of a weaker currency and reduced real revenues (). In Miran&#8217;s framing, <em>&#8220;tariffs are ultimately financed by the tariffed nation, whose real purchasing power and wealth decline&#8221;</em>, while the tariff-levying nation&#8217;s government collects revenue (). Indeed, U.S. tariff revenue jumped (tariffs on China netted tens of billions for the Treasury), arguably transferring income from Chinese producers to the U.S. government.</p><p>However, this is only one side of the coin. <strong>Being a deficit country also means you rely on imports, and taxing them can hurt your consumers and import-using industries</strong>. While Chinese firms lost some pricing power, American consumers and businesses still saw higher costs or narrower choices for many items &#8211; especially intermediate goods. For example, U.S. manufacturers depending on Chinese components had to either absorb tariff costs or find alternative suppliers at potentially higher cost. One study found that both U.S. import-competing and exporting sectors saw reduced job opportunities due to the trade war (because of costlier inputs and China&#8217;s retaliatory tariffs respectively) (<a href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/did-2018-trade-war-improve-job-opportunities-us-workers#:~:text=Did%20the%202018%20Trade%20War,contrast%2C%20the%20protectionist%20impact">Did the 2018 Trade War Improve Job Opportunities for US Workers?</a>). Furthermore, China targeted its retaliation cleverly to exploit U.S. political vulnerabilities: notably imposing hefty tariffs on U.S. agricultural exports (soybeans, pork, etc.), which hit American farmers hard. Since U.S. exports to China were fewer, China concentrated pain on key sectors and had the Chinese state cushion the blow for its consumers (e.g., by releasing state grain reserves, finding alternate suppliers, or simply tolerating higher food prices in the short run). The U.S. government ended up spending over $28 billion on farm bailouts to compensate lost sales &#8211; effectively negating some of the fiscal gain from tariff revenue.</p><p><strong>Surplus economies like China have their own advantages</strong>. They can often redeploy or find new markets for their exports (for instance, Chinese manufacturers aggressively expanded into Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe when the U.S. market became tougher). Their governments also tend to have more control to manage economic fallout &#8211; China used bank credit and stimulus to keep its factories running and currency policy to support exporters. Politically, an authoritarian surplus economy can weather the pain differently: China did not face the same domestic political backlash over the trade war that U.S. leaders faced from affected industries complaining about tariffs. This resilience was perhaps underestimated by U.S. strategists expecting quick concessions.</p><p>Another asymmetry lies in the <em>time horizon</em>. The deficit country&#8217;s consumers feel price increases quickly (even if moderated by currency moves), whereas the surplus country&#8217;s producers might hang on for a while, continuing production in hopes the situation resolves. If a trade war drags on, a surplus country might see factories close and unemployment rise in export sectors &#8211; a serious concern for China which still relies on exports for a large chunk of jobs. Over a longer term, that could pressure the surplus country more. But in the short-to-medium term, political and macroeconomic tools can mask or defer this damage. China&#8217;s unemployment didn&#8217;t spike dramatically during the trade war; the state-directed economy absorbed the shock to some extent (though at cost to efficiency and debt levels). The U.S., on the other hand, saw certain prices (like appliances, furniture, apparel) rise faster than they otherwise would have, contributing to inflation. Once the pandemic hit, those supply chain shifts plus tariffs arguably compounded supply tightness in some categories.</p><p>In essence, <strong>trade wars are a game of who can endure more pain and for how long, and the pain is of different types</strong>. The U.S. endured diffuse pain &#8211; slightly higher prices spread across consumers and some lost exports from specific sectors &#8211; whereas China endured concentrated pain in certain export industries and a general loss of export income. The asymmetry also meant asymmetric tactics: the U.S. could escalate tariffs more, but China could use non-tariff retaliations (regulatory harassment of U.S. companies in China, slowing customs clearance, encouraging boycotts) and leverage its importance in certain global supply chains (rare earth minerals, for example, where China hinted at export curbs).</p><p>One more angle is worth noting: <strong>the financial dimension of deficit vs. surplus</strong>. A surplus country like China accumulates U.S. dollar reserves (invested in Treasuries, etc.) as a result of its surplus. This gives it a stock of U.S. financial assets that, in theory, could be used as leverage (the oft-mentioned &#8220;nuclear option&#8221; of dumping U.S. bonds) &#8211; though doing so would hurt China&#8217;s own portfolio and is not a credible short-term threat. Conversely, the deficit country is to some extent at the mercy of the surplus country&#8217;s continued willingness to hold its currency and assets. During the trade war, China did slow its purchases of U.S. Treasuries, but other countries and investors filled the gap, so it had minimal effect. Still, over a longer horizon, extended conflict could motivate surplus countries to diversify away from the deficit country&#8217;s currency (foreshadowing the next section on the dollar).</p><p>In summary, the U.S.-China trade war highlighted how <strong>each side&#8217;s economic structure shaped the conflict</strong>. The U.S., as a big importer, could levy broad tariffs and initially make China &#8220;pay&#8221; through currency depreciation and lost margin. But the U.S. also faced the reality that its consumers and many businesses depended on those imports, limiting how far it could push without harming its own economy. China, as a big exporter, was more directly hurt by lost sales, yet had tools (currency, state aid) to cushion the blow and time to adjust. This asymmetry meant that the trade war did not produce a clear winner. The United States did not achieve the sweeping concessions or re-shoring of supply chains from China that some had hoped for &#8211; the Phase One deal in early 2020 had purchase commitments that China largely failed to meet, and many tariffs remain in place with trade flows adjusting rather than returning to U.S. factories. China, on the other hand, took an economic hit but arguably maintained its industrial base and simply shifted strategy, doubling down on self-reliance for critical technologies to be less vulnerable in the future.</p><p>For policy going forward, the implication is that <strong>tariffs and trade punishment need to be coupled with domestic measures to capitalize on whatever leverage is gained</strong>. Tariffs alone might weaken a surplus competitor, but if the deficit country doesn&#8217;t simultaneously strengthen its own capacities (or provide relief to affected domestic sectors), the advantage is squandered. Also, trade wars should ideally be one element of a broader negotiation and strategy, not an endless stalemate &#8211; otherwise both sides incur costs with no resolution. Recognizing asymmetries can help craft smarter strategies: for instance, knowing that the U.S. had tariff headroom, it could have traded some of that for structural changes from China, while ensuring American stakeholders (farmers, manufacturers) were supported during the period of adjustment. Such a balanced approach was largely missing, leading to a trade war that, in retrospect, delivered limited gains but significant uncertainty and irritation on both sides.</p><h2>Global Imbalances and the Dollar Dilemma</h2><p>No critique of U.S. trade and industrial policy would be complete without addressing the elephant in the room: the U.S. dollar&#8217;s role as the world&#8217;s primary reserve currency, and how that ties into persistent trade imbalances. This macro-financial aspect, often highlighted by analysts like Zoltan Pozsar and Stephen Miran, underlies many of the challenges faced by U.S. industry. In essence, <strong>the dollar&#8217;s dominance confers enormous financial benefits to the U.S., but it comes at the cost of trade deficits that strain the industrial base &#8211; a trade-off that policymakers must navigate carefully</strong>.</p><p>As noted earlier, the demand for dollar assets globally (for reserves, safe investments, transactions) tends to keep the dollar&#8217;s value higher than it might otherwise be. This makes U.S. exports more expensive and imports cheaper, contributing to chronic trade deficits. Miran bluntly states that <em>&#8220;the roots of economic discontent lie in the dollar&#8221;</em> and its persistent overvaluation due to inelastic reserve demand (). In other words, as long as foreigners eagerly buy dollars and Treasuries to park their savings, the U.S. will struggle to balance trade &#8211; our trading partners will always have a slight competitive edge from a cheaper currency. This is part of the Triffin dilemma: the U.S. provides the world&#8217;s reserve currency by running deficits (supplying dollars), but doing so &#8220;bears the brunt of the costs&#8221; via a hollowed-out tradable goods sector ().</p><p>Some have argued that <strong>to truly reshore industry, the U.S. would need a significantly weaker dollar or an overhaul of the global monetary order</strong>. Miran&#8217;s research discusses tools for currency adjustment &#8211; multilateral efforts like a new Plaza Accord, or even unilateral interventions &#8211; to correct what he sees as misaligned exchange rates (). Harry Moser, from the industry perspective, also suggested a value-added tax as a way to effectively lower the dollar&#8217;s value (since a VAT acts as an import tax and export rebate automatically) (<a href="https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/manufacturing/article/55279380/reshoring-advocate-discusses-tariffs-turmoil-and-timelines#:~:text=Also%20of%20paramount%20importance%20to,he%20cited%2C%20is%20monetary%20policy">Reshoring advocate discusses tariffs, turmoil and timelines | Plastics Machinery &amp; Manufacturing</a>). The idea is that if the dollar were, say, 20% lower, U.S. manufacturing would be much more cost-competitive globally, reducing the need for tariffs or at least making any tariff more effective.</p><p>However, this collides with the United States&#8217; unique privilege: the dollar&#8217;s <strong>reserve currency status</strong>. Top economists like Myron Scholes warn that <em>&#8220;the benefits of the U.S. dollar&#8217;s reserve currency status do not come for free; the costs are paid for with a trade deficit.&#8221;</em> (<a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/en-gb/investor/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/#:~:text=Key%20takeaways%3A">Trump, tariffs, and the dollar&#8217;s role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors - UK private investors</a>). If the U.S. were to take steps to eliminate its trade deficit (for instance, by aggressively depreciating the dollar or permanently high tariffs), it could <em>undermine the dollar&#8217;s status</em> in the long run. The reason is that much of the world&#8217;s dollar reserves accumulate because the U.S. imports more than it exports &#8211; those excess dollars end up in foreign central banks or investment funds. <strong>If that flow dries up, the incentive for others to hold dollars might diminish</strong>, especially if the adjustment involves devaluing the currency which erodes the real value of those holdings. Scholes and Alankar argue that the costs of sacrificing reserve status would be too large to justify &#8220;any dubious attempt to reshore a large amount of manufacturing&#8221; (<a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/en-gb/investor/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/#:~:text=Chief%20Investment%20Strategist%20Myron%20Scholes,S">Trump, tariffs, and the dollar&#8217;s role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors - UK private investors</a>). They note that <em>moving away from a deficit risks letting go of reserve status</em>, which would severely limit the U.S.&#8217;s ability to finance its budget deficits cheaply (<a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/en-gb/investor/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/#:~:text=Key%20takeaways%3A">Trump, tariffs, and the dollar&#8217;s role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors - UK private investors</a>).</p><p>What are those benefits of reserve status the U.S. enjoys? For one, <strong>the &#8220;exorbitant privilege&#8221;</strong>: the U.S. can borrow in its own currency at low interest rates, and foreigners are willing to finance U.S. deficits by buying Treasuries, keeping yields down. This has allowed the U.S. government to run large budget deficits and the economy to consume more than it produces for decades without facing a currency crisis. If the dollar were not supreme, interest rates would likely be higher and external financing less assured, imposing more discipline (and pain) on U.S. fiscal and trade deficits. Additionally, the dollar&#8217;s dominance gives the U.S. powerful sanctions leverage (as seen in cases like Iran and Russia) &#8211; though overuse of that leverage can hasten de-dollarization efforts by other countries.</p><p>So the U.S. faces a classic <strong>guns vs. butter, or in this case, industry vs. finance</strong> conundrum. On one side, letting the trade deficit persist (and even grow) supports the dollar system and Wall Street, and keeps imported goods cheap for U.S. consumers. On the other side, it contributes to deindustrialization and supply chain vulnerabilities. If one tries to flip the script and prioritize industry (via eliminating deficits), one must be prepared for potential financial repercussions.</p><p>Is there a way to square this circle? Some suggest gradual rebalancing: encourage slightly smaller deficits and more domestic production <em>without</em> shocking the system. For instance, <strong>the U.S. could coordinate with allies to share more of the burden of providing global safe assets</strong>, so it&#8217;s not just the dollar. If euro, yen, or emerging market currencies took on more reserve role, the dollar might ease down in value in an orderly way. There are incremental signs: the euro and yen are used to some extent as reserve currencies, and China is pushing for the yuan in trade settlements (though capital controls limit its appeal as a reserve). Gold has made a bit of a comeback in central bank holdings too. Pozsar&#8217;s concept of <em>&#8220;Bretton Woods III&#8221;</em> envisions a shift where commodities and a basket of currencies play a bigger role in the monetary system, reducing singular reliance on the dollar. Such shifts, if they happen, could allow the U.S. trade imbalance to correct somewhat <em>without</em> a sudden loss of confidence. But these are slow-moving changes at best.</p><p>Another approach is to lean into the <strong>&#8220;twin deficits&#8221;</strong> problem &#8211; use policy to reduce the budget deficit, which could reduce the trade deficit and reliance on foreign capital. However, U.S. politics has not been conducive to sustained fiscal restraint, and cutting the budget deficit could also slow growth, which is usually unpopular. Moreover, as long as the world wants dollar assets, even a smaller U.S. budget gap might be offset by private capital inflows keeping the dollar high.</p><p>What is clear is that <strong>sudden or extreme moves to curtail the trade deficit could boomerang via the financial system</strong>. The Janus Henderson analysis noted that if new broad tariffs were implemented in 2025 to try to force a trade surplus, the supply of dollars abroad would fall and that <em>&#8220;will have an impact on our reserve currency status along with its myriad benefits as the supply of U.S. dollars abroad falls&#8221;</em> (<a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/en-gb/investor/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/#:~:text=Not%20guaranteed">Trump, tariffs, and the dollar&#8217;s role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors - UK private investors</a>). In practical terms, if fewer dollars circulate globally, other currencies or assets might step in to fill transactions and reserve needs. Already, in response to U.S. trade uncertainty and sanctions, countries like China, Russia, and others have discussed trading in local currencies or creating alternatives to SWIFT. While the dollar isn&#8217;t in imminent danger of losing its top spot, <em>policy choices that significantly disrupt the flows that underpin dollar hegemony could accelerate a relative decline</em>.</p><p>For U.S. policy, then, there is a balancing act. <strong>Policymakers must weigh the goal of restoring industrial capacity against the potential weakening of the dollar-centric financial order</strong>. This doesn&#8217;t mean the U.S. should not address trade imbalances &#8211; it must, for economic and political sustainability &#8211; but it should do so in a way that maintains confidence in the dollar. A chaotic trade war or outright mercantilist turn by the U.S. might scare off foreign investors or prompt a rethink of the dollar&#8217;s role. A better path might be negotiated adjustments: e.g., encourage surplus countries to stimulate their own demand (so they export less/save less), and slowly reduce U.S. deficits without abrupt changes. Another tool is for the U.S. to create <em>more</em> attractive dollar assets that finance productive investment (like infrastructure bonds) so that capital inflows go into building U.S. strength rather than just consumption.</p><p>Stephen Miran&#8217;s take is interesting here &#8211; he viewed tariffs partially as a way to <em>force burden-sharing for reserve provision</em> (). By that he means if the U.S. is shouldering the burden of running deficits for the world&#8217;s liquidity, then tariffs can reclaim some of that cost by generating revenue from the surplus nations. This is a different framing: tariffs not just as protection, but as a financial tool to offset the reserve-currency cost. It&#8217;s a provocative idea: the tariff revenue collected (tens of billions) is like a partial &#8220;fee&#8221; paid by China for enjoying access to the U.S. market and dollar system. However, as discussed, this came with distortions and doesn&#8217;t solve the core issue of dollar demand.</p><p>In conclusion, <strong>the U.S. cannot ignore the global monetary context in its industrial policy</strong>. A reckless effort to slash the trade deficit could imperil the dollar and U.S. financial might; conversely, doing nothing means continued erosion of manufacturing. The path forward likely requires coordinated international economic diplomacy (reviving some form of Bretton Woods-style cooperation) alongside domestic industrial strategy. The U.S. might aim for a slightly weaker dollar over time through diplomacy (as was done in the 1985 Plaza Accord), supplemented by domestic productivity improvements to boost competitiveness without requiring massive devaluation. It&#8217;s a delicate dance &#8211; one that Pozsar and others imply will define the coming era. The post-war order tied U.S. economic power to free trade and the dollar; the emerging order might require recalibrating that relationship so that <em>national security and economic resilience concerns are met without unraveling the currency foundations of global finance</em>. This is high-stakes macro-financial statecraft, and it underscores that industrial policy is not just about factories and jobs, but about the U.S. position in the international financial system.</p><h2>Contrasting Visions: Bessent vs. Miran on Remaking Trade Policy</h2><p>Within the debate on reshaping U.S. trade and industrial policy, two notable perspectives can be contrasted &#8211; those of <strong>Scott Bessent</strong> and <strong>Stephen (Andrew) Miran</strong>. Both agree that the status quo is suboptimal, but they emphasize different remedies and risks, reflecting a tension between working within the existing international system versus aggressively restructuring it.</p><p><strong>Scott Bessent&#8217;s viewpoint</strong> (as gleaned from his commentary and writings in 2024) leans toward a <em>moderate recalibration</em> of the global economic order. Bessent acknowledges that the current trading system has shortcomings &#8211; security vulnerabilities in supply chains and unclear aggregate benefits for the U.S. &#8211; yet he cautions strongly against tearing down the system wholesale (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). He argues that <em>completely abandoning the international trading system would be a disaster</em> for America and allies (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). Instead, Bessent advocates that the U.S. take a more active role in <em>reshaping</em> the system in a way that &#8220;closely link[s] security and economic relations&#8221; (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,truly%20free%20trade%20can%20bring">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>). This suggests integrating trade policy with foreign policy objectives (e.g. ensuring key technologies are sourced from friendly nations, etc.) but doing so in a collaborative, paced manner. In effect, Bessent sees a need for <strong>industrial policy as part of national security and alliance strategy</strong>, but he favors steady leadership and coalition-building over unilateral shock therapy.</p><p>In one of his talks, Bessent even frames industrial policy in innovative terms: as <em>&#8220;innovation, military, and insurance policy&#8221;</em>, hinting that investing in domestic industry serves multiple roles &#8211; spurring innovation, strengthening defense supply chains, and providing insurance against global disruptions (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfApOTxXi7A#:~:text=YouTube%20www,more">Scott Bessent | Industrial Policy as Innovation, Military ... - YouTube</a>). This encapsulates a broad, strategic rationale for industrial policy that extends beyond mere economics. Importantly, he doesn&#8217;t reject government intervention; he seems to support it if aligned with those higher goals. But his emphasis is on not throwing the baby out with the bathwater. Bessent&#8217;s approach might include things like the CHIPS Act and infrastructure spending (innovation policy), coordinated export controls with allies (military/security policy), and creating redundancies or stockpiles in supply chains (insurance policy). All of this would be done while still championing &#8220;truly free trade&#8221; where it&#8217;s beneficial and maintaining alliances (<a href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/10/23/the-international-economic-system-needs-a-readjustment-writes-scott-bessent#:~:text=T%20he%20United%20States%20must,carefully%20calibrated%20and%20deliberately%20paced">A Trump adviser on how the international economic system should change</a>).</p><p><strong>Stephen Miran&#8217;s perspective</strong> is somewhat more radical in rethinking the foundations of trade and finance. As a former Treasury advisor and economist, Miran zeroes in on the structural imbalances &#8211; particularly the dollar&#8217;s overvaluation and the persistent surpluses of mercantilist trading partners. He catalogs tools like tariffs and currency interventions not as isolated measures but as part of an integrated strategy to <em>force a rebalancing</em> of the system () (). Miran is willing to consider what many orthodox economists shy from: <em>unilateral U.S. action to realign currencies or impose optimal tariffs</em> if multilateral cooperation fails (). His analysis that tariffs, when offset by currency movements, end up being financed by the surplus nation () is indicative of a harder-edged approach &#8211; essentially making trade partners pay for their &#8220;mispriced&#8221; currencies or trade practices.</p><p>Miran stops short of advocating autarky or a full end to free trade &#8211; he notes his work is not policy advocacy per se, but exploration of consequences () &#8211; yet it&#8217;s clear he believes <strong>strong medicine may be needed to correct the dollar-centric imbalances</strong>. He even discusses legal avenues for currency actions (like invoking the International Emergency Economic Powers Act to counter currency manipulation) () that would be seen as extreme by conventional standards. This approach aligns with the more hawkish faction of U.S. economic thinking: those who feel past administrations were too timid and that only bold steps (tariffs, capital controls, etc.) will change the trajectory of U.S. decline in manufacturing. Miran&#8217;s vision would likely accept short-term market volatility or diplomatic friction as the price for achieving a reset that in his view would ultimately benefit the U.S. and perhaps the global system by sharing burdens more equally.</p><p>To simplify: <strong>Bessent represents a &#8220;reform the system, don&#8217;t break it&#8221; philosophy, whereas Miran represents a &#8220;use leverage to force systemic change&#8221; philosophy</strong>. Bessent worries about the downside of abandoning globalization &#8211; he&#8217;d prefer alliances and multilateral solutions with careful adjustments. Miran worries that without assertive action the structural issues (like the strong dollar and foreign mercantilism) will never be fixed &#8211; he&#8217;s willing to use U.S. clout to push for a new equilibrium.</p><p>In practice, elements of both views are influencing policy. The Biden administration&#8217;s approach, for instance, could be seen as closer to Bessent&#8217;s: re-engage allies, do targeted industrial investments, but don&#8217;t blow up the WTO system entirely. However, the escalation of many tariffs of the current administration and talk of outbound investment curbs on China echo Miran&#8217;s harder line. Interestingly, both Bessent and Miran converge on the notion that pure laissez-faire is no longer tenable. Bessent talks of linking economics with security (an implicit critique of naive free trade), and Miran explicitly challenges the idea that &#8220;there are no tools&#8221; to deal with currency issues ().</p><p>For finance professionals reading this, understanding these contrasting viewpoints is useful for scenario analysis. A Bessent-influenced path might mean moderate tariffs maintained, increased government spending on infrastructure and tech, closer coordination with Europe/Japan on setting standards and confronting China, and perhaps selective decoupling in sensitive sectors &#8211; a world that is more fragmented than 2010 but still cooperative among blocs. A Miran-influenced path could mean more aggressive use of tariffs (perhaps on a broader range of countries running big surpluses with the U.S.), attempts to directly influence dollar valuation (even at risk of sparking &#8220;currency war&#8221; tensions), and a willingness to endure market turbulence for a perceived long-term gain in U.S. manufacturing and reduced debt accumulation. Each path has different implications for investors: the former might be smoother but slower, the latter more volatile with potential regime shifts (e.g., inflation dynamics could change if tariffs and de-dollarization efforts take hold).</p><p>For the critique at hand, what these contrasting visions highlight is the <strong>importance of strategy and intentionality</strong>. The failures of the past (tariffs with no follow-through, tax cuts with no targeting, etc.) can be seen as stemming from a lack of coherent strategy. Whether one agrees more with Bessent or Miran, both imply that piecemeal or timid measures won&#8217;t suffice. Either you carefully engineer a new system with buy-in from partners, or you leverage your power to force change &#8211; but do <em>something</em> systematic. The worst outcome, both would likely agree, is to drift without clear direction: that path would yield continued industrial decline and mounting global tensions without resolution.</p><h2>Conclusion: Toward a Coherent and Sustainable Strategy</h2><p>The critique laid out above underscores that U.S. industrial and trade policy in the recent era has been well-intentioned in diagnosing problems but often flawed in execution. Tariffs addressed real grievances but proved insufficient and blunt when used alone. Tax cuts gave a sugar high to corporate profits but did not revive manufacturing on their own. Meanwhile, under-investment in workforce and infrastructure left the U.S. ill-prepared to capitalize on any trade adjustments. The fallout has been a mixture of frustration and fragmented fixes: a trade war that neither decisively curtailed China&#8217;s rise nor rejuvenated U.S. industry, and belated recognition that deeper changes are needed at home.</p><p>However, within these challenges lie the seeds of a more coherent and sustainable strategy. The experiences of the last few years have provided valuable lessons that can inform a better path forward:</p><ul><li><p><strong>First, combine external trade tools with internal capacity-building.</strong> Tariffs or trade restrictions may sometimes be necessary to buy time or counter predatory practices, but they must be paired with robust domestic measures &#8211; investments in technology, training, and infrastructure &#8211; to translate that breathing room into actual competitive gains. Otherwise, protection becomes a permanent crutch or simply fails.</p></li><li><p><strong>Second, maintain a balance between national initiative and international cooperation.</strong> The U.S. can and should pursue its national interest in securing supply chains and critical industries, but doing so <em>with</em> allies rather than against them will multiply the effectiveness. Friend-shoring, joint R&amp;D projects, standard-setting alliances &#8211; these are how a liberal but security-conscious trading order can function. Multilateral frameworks might need updating (the WTO struggles with China&#8217;s model, for instance), yet abandoning rules-based trade entirely would be throwing away a longstanding U.S. advantage. A nuanced critique is not a call for isolationism; it is a call for <em>smart</em> engagement, where the U.S. leads in reforming the system to address new realities.</p></li><li><p><strong>Third, improve the quality of economic discourse and data usage.</strong> Policymakers should move past simplistic metrics like the bilateral deficit and towards more sophisticated analysis of supply chains and competitiveness. A deficit with country X is not inherently bad if it comes with benefits Y and Z. Conversely, a surplus is not inherently good if achieved via unsustainable means. Decisions should be grounded in data that captures value-add, employment impact, and long-term strategic value, not just immediate trade balances. With better understanding (for example, knowing that $1 of tariff can have different effects depending on currency moves or global capacity), policies can be designed more effectively and communicated more honestly to the public.</p></li><li><p><strong>Fourth, reduce uncertainty by setting a long-term vision.</strong> The United States would benefit from articulating a clear long-term economic strategy that spans administrations &#8211; a &#8220;North Star&#8221; for industrial policy. This could be in the form of a national competitiveness strategy or economic security strategy that outlines key sectors to promote, principles of engagement with allies, and criteria for when to use defensive measures. If businesses and workers see a stable commitment (akin to how defense or space priorities are set long-term), they can plan and invest accordingly. This doesn&#8217;t mean rigidity, but rather reliability. For example, if the U.S. declares that it will invest in and protect the semiconductor supply chain for the next decade, firms up and down that chain globally can align their plans with that expectation.</p></li><li><p><strong>Fifth, acknowledge and manage the macro-financial linkage.</strong> Any push for reindustrialization must be accompanied by awareness of the dollar and global capital flow implications. The U.S. should proactively engage in international monetary diplomacy &#8211; possibly convening allies and even China to discuss issues like exchange rates, reserve assets, and global imbalances (a difficult conversation, but necessary). If adjustments like a moderate dollar depreciation or diversification of reserve assets are needed, it&#8217;s better done cooperatively than via market disorder. Keeping the dollar strong and stable has been a priority for decades; now there is an argument for a slightly less strong, but still stable, dollar to help U.S. manufacturing. Squaring that with reserve currency status will require finesse &#8211; perhaps new mechanisms for providing liquidity to the world (IMF facilities, swaps) that don&#8217;t all burden the U.S. trade account. In any case, the worst approach would be to ignore this and stumble into a currency or debt problem. Clear communication from U.S. officials about how trade policy fits with financial stability can help. As the Scholes/Alankar piece implied, if one were to impose sweeping tariffs, one should also have a plan for the bond market and dollar fallout (<a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/en-gb/investor/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/#:~:text=The%20benefits%20of%20the%20U,the%20dollar%E2%80%99s%20reserve%20currency%20status">Trump, tariffs, and the dollar&#8217;s role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors - UK private investors</a>) (<a href="https://www.janushenderson.com/en-gb/investor/article/trump-tariffs-and-the-dollars-role-as-reserve-currency/#:~:text=Not%20guaranteed">Trump, tariffs, and the dollar&#8217;s role as reserve currency - Janus Henderson Investors - UK private investors</a>).</p></li></ul><p>In conclusion, the critique of U.S. industrial and trade policy is not meant as a pessimistic verdict, but as a guide for improvement. The United States retains immense strengths &#8211; world-leading innovation, deep capital markets, a large consumer base, and a network of allies &#8211; which, if harnessed in a coordinated fashion, can support a renaissance of sustainable industrial growth. What&#8217;s required is to learn from recent missteps: don&#8217;t rely on one tool (tariffs) while neglecting others; don&#8217;t let short-term political expediency undermine long-term credibility; and don&#8217;t treat trade as a separate silo from national security, monetary policy, or domestic investment.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trump Wins: What’s Next for His Cabinet and Policies? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Transactional Diplomacy and the Future of US-T&#252;rkiye Relations: A Balancing Act Between Interests and Alliances]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/trump-wins-whats-next-for-his-cabinet</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/trump-wins-whats-next-for-his-cabinet</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lkPv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cc0df76-e1c7-4e90-8d31-93c7110ee2e7_695x727.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>With a sweeping victory across the presidency, Senate, House, and even the popular vote, Trump has clinched his position at the top. Now, the big question is: who will fill his cabinet? Based on available insights, I&#8217;d like to delve into a thorough analysis of Trump&#8217;s political and economic policies. Let&#8217;s start with the political side in this first post.</p><p>First and foremost, it&#8217;s important to note that Trump has left some of his more &#8220;radical&#8221; supporters feeling disillusioned. The likely candidates for his cabinet positions appear deeply enmeshed in the American establishment and exhibit many neoconservative undertones. Before diving into his economic policies, let&#8217;s break down Trump&#8217;s political choices and explain why these appointments may disappoint those expecting a shake-up from the status quo. And to begin, let&#8217;s first clarify what neoconservatism actually is.</p><h3>A Brief Introduction to Neoconservatism</h3><p>Neoconservatism is a political ideology that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, rooted in the disillusionment of a group of intellectuals&#8212;many of whom were former liberals or even Trotskyists. Thinkers like Irving Kristol, Norman Podhoretz, and Jeane Kirkpatrick criticized traditional liberalism as overly pacifist, naive about the Soviet threat, and weak in promoting a strong foreign policy to counter communism.</p><p>Alarmed by the rise of anti-American sentiment on the left and the erosion of traditional American values, these intellectuals believed the U.S. had an obligation to actively defend and promote its ideals globally. To them, America should use its military and economic might to shape the world in its image, even if this involved preemptive wars or supporting authoritarian regimes aligned with American interests. Figures like Dick Cheney championed this movement, and the Iraq War became the defining example of their vision. Although the Iraq invasion epitomized neoconservatism&#8217;s high point, the war&#8217;s fallout led to increasing skepticism within the American public, resulting in a gradual shift to more restrained interventionist policies. Trump&#8217;s &#8220;America First&#8221; philosophy seems, on the surface, to fit this new trend. But does it really?</p><h3>Trump&#8217;s Foreign Policy Philosophy&#8212;and Key Cabinet Picks</h3><p>When we examine Trump&#8217;s potential cabinet selections, an intriguing question emerges: Is Trump a neoconservative? A more fitting term might be &#8220;transactionalist.&#8221; Transactionalism centers on the belief that nations should base their decisions on tangible interests and economic gains. Transactionalists prioritize practical gains over abstract ideals like democracy promotion or global leadership, focusing on securing the &#8220;best deal&#8221; for their country in any situation. A prominent example of transactional diplomacy is Henry Kissinger&#8217;s &#8220;Realpolitik.&#8221;</p><p>To understand this further, let&#8217;s take a brief detour into Kissinger&#8217;s Realpolitik approach. As national security adviser to Nixon, Kissinger devised &#8220;Vietnamization,&#8221; a strategy aimed at transferring the war&#8217;s burden from the U.S. to South Vietnam, allowing America to reduce its direct involvement. Kissinger&#8217;s focus was on diplomacy and preserving U.S. prestige, not ideological objectives. Additionally, he established diplomatic ties with China and the Soviet Union to curb their influence over Vietnam. In short, Kissinger advocated for a withdrawal that minimized harm to U.S. interests, embodying Realpolitik&#8217;s focus on strategic interests rather than ideological goals.</p><p>By contrast, neoconservatism, though not fully formed during the Vietnam War, found its roots in this conflict. Neoconservatives saw the battle against communism as a moral imperative, an attitude that influenced their stance during the war&#8217;s early years. They believed America&#8217;s failure in Vietnam stemmed less from military limitations than from a lack of political will, arguing that a more assertive approach could have changed the outcome. For neoconservatives, the failure in Vietnam underscored a need to reinforce America&#8217;s global leadership and aggressively promote democratic values.</p><p>This divergence in philosophy became even clearer in later years. Neoconservatives, incensed by d&#233;tente and the perceived weakening of American power, increasingly advocated for interventions. Vietnam&#8217;s fall in 1975 and the ensuing d&#233;tente sparked a call among neoconservatives to assert U.S. dominance worldwide. Figures like Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle argued that the war could have been won if the U.S. had committed fully without political restraints, a sentiment that foreshadowed later neoconservative support for interventions like the Iraq War.</p><h3>Neoconservatism vs. Kissinger&#8217;s Realpolitik</h3><p>It&#8217;s worth noting that, particularly in media portrayals, Kissinger&#8217;s anti-Soviet support for Islamist fighters is often conflated with Bush-era neoconservative actions like the Iraq invasion. However, neoconservatives sought to remove Saddam Hussein and establish democracy in the Middle East&#8212;goals quite distinct from Kissinger&#8217;s Realpolitik, which advocated for military intervention as a last resort driven by strategic interests, not ideological commitments.</p><p>Kissinger&#8217;s Middle East policy aimed at stability and balance, with American interests as the guiding force. His diplomatic achievements, like the Camp David Accords, exemplified this approach, fostering peace between Egypt and Israel to stabilize the region. By contrast, neoconservatives viewed U.S. power as a tool to export democratic values and counter authoritarianism, even if it meant deploying the full force of American military might.</p><p>In summary, neoconservatism calls for the United States to extend its influence and defend democratic values worldwide, often through military intervention. Now, where does Trump stand within this spectrum?</p><h3>Where Trump Fits In: Breaking Down His &#8220;America First&#8221; Approach</h3><p>When Trump launched his campaign in 2015, he positioned himself as a stark alternative to traditional politics, declaring &#8220;no more endless wars.&#8221; He promised to run American foreign policy like a business, emphasizing deals and putting America&#8217;s interests first. But did his actions align with his words? To answer this, let&#8217;s examine a few examples.</p><p><strong>Korea and Nuclear Discontents</strong></p><p>The US and North Korea escalated in 2017 after Pyongyang test-fired two intercontinental ballistic missiles in July. Trump said that if North Korea continued to threaten the US, &#8220;the world will respond with fire and fury like the world has never seen before&#8221;. He drew attention by calling Kim Jong-un &#8220;Little Rocket Man&#8221;. Then he crossed the DMZ (Demilitarized Zone of Korea) (the first US president to do so) and exchanged letters with Kim Jong-un, diplomatic overtures that he described as &#8220;beautiful letters&#8221;. It was not the traditional diplomatic way, but something like &#8220;The Art of the Deal&#8221; meets international relations. The result? Some dramatic photos, but North Korea did not give up its nuclear weapons. <br><br><strong>Trump's Approach to China and the Middle East</strong></p><p>Trump approached the U.S.-China relationship much like a hard-nosed business negotiation, imposing tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods, effectively pressuring Beijing while making Americans pay more for Chinese products. It was akin to telling a partner, &#8220;Change your terms, or your products will become too expensive to sell here.&#8221; China retaliated with its own tariffs, leading to an economic standoff that impacted global markets.</p><p>In the Middle East, Trump&#8217;s actions sent mixed signals. While he vowed to end &#8220;endless wars,&#8221; he also ordered the killing of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani, moved the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem, and cut humanitarian aid to Palestine. He brokered the &#8220;Abraham Accords&#8221; between Israel and several Arab states, even as he attempted to pull troops from Syria and Afghanistan. However, he faced backlash, particularly when T&#252;rkiye moved into Syria following his withdrawal order, prompting him to write the now-infamous letter to President Erdo&#287;an.</p><p><strong>NATO and the &#8220;America First&#8221; Doctrine</strong></p><p>Trump viewed NATO as a security enterprise where America was the main provider, expecting allies to pay their fair share. He shocked allies by treating the alliance like a club membership, demanding that member countries increase their defense spending to at least 2% of their GDP or face U.S. withdrawal from NATO.</p><p>In simple terms, the Trump Doctrine didn&#8217;t align with traditional alliances or follow the neoconservative playbook of spreading democracy through military intervention. Trump did not fully disengage America from global affairs, but he approached international relations as if managing a real estate empire: every deal had to yield immediate profits, and each relationship was transactional.</p><p><strong>Trump&#8217;s Appointments: A New Neoconservative Tone?</strong></p><p>Turning to Trump&#8217;s foreign policy appointments, he selected figures like Michael Waltz, Marco Rubio, and Pete Hegseth, who once held strong neoconservative beliefs. However, these figures have taken on a more pragmatic tone under Trump&#8217;s influence, revealing a shift from their prior positions.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Michael Waltz</strong>, a former Green Beret and advisor under President George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, initially supported expanding U.S. military presence but has recently adopted a more cautious stance. Although he supported initial aid to Ukraine, he voted against the latest aid package, advocating a more targeted approach in foreign policy instead of continuous, costly military operations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Pete Hegseth</strong>, a Fox News host and Iraq and Afghanistan war veteran, initially embraced neoconservatism but has since aligned more closely with Trump&#8217;s foreign policy. Hegseth now questions whether America&#8217;s prolonged wars genuinely enhance U.S. security, reflecting Trump&#8217;s skepticism toward endless foreign interventions. While he still acknowledges the need for military strength, he&#8217;s critical of committing extensive resources to foreign engagements.</p></li><li><p><strong>Marco Rubio</strong> was once a staunch advocate for a strong stance against authoritarian regimes like Russia and Iran, criticizing Obama&#8217;s &#8220;weak&#8221; policy toward Russia and calling for a more assertive approach. Known for championing neocon ideals, Rubio has recently adopted a &#8220;America First&#8221; rhetoric, focusing on safeguarding U.S. economic interests and domestic manufacturing.</p></li></ul><p><strong>A Tactical Shift?</strong></p><p>For Hegseth, it seems this shift is genuine, but for figures like Rubio and Waltz, the recent change may be more strategic. Their alignment with Trump&#8217;s nationalist rhetoric could be an effort to appeal to his voter base. It remains to be seen whether this shift represents a deep ideological transformation or a calculated adaptation. Time will tell how these dynamics unfold in U.S. foreign policy and whether this dual structure yields consistent results moving forward.</p><p><strong>T&#252;rkiye?</strong></p><p>In U.S.-T&#252;rkiye relations, a key question is whether Trump or the officials he appoints will dictate the administration&#8217;s foreign policy approach. This distinction matters greatly for T&#252;rkiye, as past decisions demonstrate. When Trump initially ordered a withdrawal from Syria, a move intended to reduce U.S. involvement in the region, it was met with strong resistance from members of Congress, including those in his own party. The backlash was so significant that Trump backtracked on the decision, which led to him sending his infamous letter to T&#252;rkiye&#8212;a move that sparked a major diplomatic crisis.</p><p>Today, Trump&#8217;s appointments signal a continuation of this hawkish stance towards T&#252;rkiye. Several potential appointees, particularly within national security and intelligence roles, have been vocal critics of T&#252;rkiye. Let&#8217;s take a closer look at these individuals:</p><p><strong>Potential Secretary of State Marco Rubio</strong> has long opposed Trump&#8217;s initial plan to withdraw from Syria, openly criticizing the decision and strongly supporting the Kurdish YPG forces in the region. Rubio has also publicly condemned T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s human rights record, going so far as to send letters to Congress urging a tough stance on T&#252;rkiye.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lkPv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cc0df76-e1c7-4e90-8d31-93c7110ee2e7_695x727.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lkPv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cc0df76-e1c7-4e90-8d31-93c7110ee2e7_695x727.jpeg 424w, 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x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg" width="795" height="387" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:387,&quot;width&quot;:795,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X4Ol!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fd46c2-77ce-4355-960e-3f3648a6c537_795x387.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>Tulsi Gabbard</strong>, whom Trump has appointed as Director of National Intelligence, has even more outspoken views on T&#252;rkiye. Gabbard&#8217;s rhetoric towards T&#252;rkiye has been described as harsh, to the point where it wouldn&#8217;t be an exaggeration to say she harbors deep-seated animosity toward the country. A particularly telling example is her comment on social media, which went viral:</p><blockquote><p><a href="https://x.com/ragipsoylu/status/1856799448069734686">&#8220;Erdogan is a radical Islamist megalomaniac who wants to establish a caliphate with himself as the Caliph &#8212; the supreme ruler.&#8221;</a></p></blockquote><p>This statement alone illustrates Gabbard&#8217;s unwaveringly critical stance on T&#252;rkiye and its leadership. But there are others, for instance:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg" width="900" height="383" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:383,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4PDu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea160648-be72-4541-8e7e-e5bf15114e81_900x383.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>National Security Adviser Mike Waltz</strong> is another appointment raising eyebrows in Ankara. A dedicated advocate for Kurdish interests, Waltz is an active member of a congressional subcommittee focused on U.S.-Kurdish relations and is a known supporter of the YPG. In 2023, he openly threatened T&#252;rkiye over its connections with Hamas, emphasizing a stark departure from diplomatic subtleties in U.S.-T&#252;rkiye relations.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg" width="790" height="751" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VBhu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e658949-d8fa-4180-8521-9f368ad000c0_790x751.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg" width="900" height="736" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jwIi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80cda237-22d4-45f2-a0fe-94fa86bbe970_900x736.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" 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x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png" width="736" height="691" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:691,&quot;width&quot;:736,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9-Op!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4242b265-b5cc-43d2-b8f8-2317e2928226_736x691.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Each of these appointees, with their vocal stances and history of support for groups that T&#252;rkiye sees as adversarial, represents a significant potential shift in U.S. policy. While Trump&#8217;s own foreign policy has shown pragmatism at times, the combination of his appointees&#8217; hardened views and Congress&#8217;s influence could spell a more turbulent period ahead for U.S.-T&#252;rkiye relations.</p><p><strong>Final Thoughts</strong></p><p>As we've explored, the Trump era marked a distinct shift in US foreign policy. The "America First" doctrine, with its emphasis on transactional relationships and immediate gains, challenged traditional alliances and the neoconservative agenda of promoting democracy through military intervention. While Trump's personal approach sometimes displayed pragmatism, his cabinet appointments, especially those focused on national security and intelligence, suggest a harder line towards T&#252;rkiye.</p><p>This potential for a hawkish turn is particularly concerning given the expressed views of several appointees. Figures like Marco Rubio, Tulsi Gabbard, and Mike Waltz have been outspoken critics of T&#252;rkiye and have voiced support for groups like the YPG, which T&#252;rkiye considers hostile. Their influence, combined with the ever-present weight of Congressional opinion (as evidenced by the pushback against Trump's attempted Syria withdrawal), could usher in a period of increased friction between the US and T&#252;rkiye.</p><p>The relationship between neoconservatism and Trump's appointees adds another layer of complexity. While some, like Michael Waltz, Pete Hegseth, and Marco Rubio, once held strong neoconservative beliefs, they seem to have adopted a more pragmatic stance under Trump. Whether this shift is genuine or simply a tactical maneuver to align with Trump's "America First" rhetoric and appeal to his base remains unclear.</p><p>Ultimately, the future of US-T&#252;rkiye relations hinges on the interplay of these various forces. Will Trump's personal pragmatism prevail, or will the hawkish leanings of his appointees, amplified by Congressional pressure, dictate the course of US foreign policy? The answer to this question will have profound implications for the relationship between these two nations.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Why Doesn’t Inflation Drop? Rethinking Price Stickiness with State-Dependent Pricing, Profit Asymmetry, and Inflation Expectations]]></title><description><![CDATA[Introduction: The Puzzle of Persistent Inflation in a Volatile World]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/why-doesnt-inflation-drop-rethinking</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/why-doesnt-inflation-drop-rethinking</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2024 10:23:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Introduction: The Puzzle of Persistent Inflation in a Volatile World</strong></p><p>It may seem like inflation will never stop if you're paying attention to the headlines. It persists, resisting the typical tools used by central banks to pull it down. Although the price of goods varies more fast, inflation persists in many industries with unexpected perseverance. And as much as economists try to explain it away as a natural outcome of different sector behaviors, there&#8217;s more going on than meets the eye.</p><p>The truth is, our old models of inflation don&#8217;t fully capture what&#8217;s happening in today&#8217;s high-inflation environment. To really understand why inflation can be so &#8220;sticky&#8221;&#8212;why it remains high despite economic shifts&#8212;we need to rethink how we see prices, profit motives, and the psychology of expectations. In this article, we&#8217;ll dive deep into advanced economic models, like&nbsp;<strong>state-dependent pricing, asymmetric profit functions, and inflation expectations pass-through</strong>, which offer a new lens for understanding this phenomenon.</p><p>These models show that price stickiness is not a passive feature of specific industries; rather, it is an active, strategic response by firms balancing profit protection, adjustment costs, and future expectations. In a world where inflation seems unpredictable, this insight could be the game changer we need.</p><p><strong>Section 1: The State-Dependent Pricing Model &#8211; How Firms Decide When to Act</strong></p><p>Let's start with the state-dependent pricing model, which introduces a revolutionary shift in how we understand price adjustments. In traditional models, like Calvo or Taylor pricing, firms adjust prices over time, but the specific timing and magnitude of adjustments differ between the models. For instance, Calvo pricing models assume that firms adjust prices at random intervals, while Taylor pricing models involve gradual adjustments towards optimal levels. However, these models often rely on fixed schedules or rules of thumb, which may not be optimal in an environment with fluctuating economic conditions. Why would a rational firm wait until a predetermined adjustment period when inflation is unpredictable?</p><p>State-dependent pricing suggests something different:&nbsp;<strong>firms adjust prices when economic conditions hit specific &#8220;states&#8221; that demand action</strong>. This could be a sharp rise in input costs, a spike in inflation expectations, or a sudden squeeze on margins. Instead of operating on a fixed schedule, firms ask, &#8220;Is it worth adjusting prices now, based on today&#8217;s economic reality?&#8221;</p><p><strong>Example: The Grocery Store Conundrum</strong></p><p>Imagine a grocery store in a high-inflation environment. Normally, they adjust prices once a month, but suddenly inflation spikes by 10% due to a supply shock. In a traditional model, they&#8217;d wait for the next scheduled adjustment. In a state-dependent model, though, that store adjusts prices now, because the cost of delaying is simply too high. As inflation hits critical levels, this kind of responsive adjustment happens across firms and industries, creating a&nbsp;<strong>cumulative inflation effect</strong>&nbsp;that drives prices up persistently.</p><p>This&nbsp;<strong>state-dependent pricing </strong>approach suggests that firms react less to sector norms and more to specific economic &#8220;triggers.&#8221; It&#8217;s not about waiting for a timer to go off&#8212;it&#8217;s about reacting in real-time to protect profits, and this adaptability is key to understanding why inflation doesn&#8217;t drop even as some economic conditions stabilize.</p><p><strong>A Deeper Look at Inflation Persistence in State-Dependent Pricing Models</strong></p><p>The concept of inflation persistence refers to the tendency of inflation to adjust gradually rather than abruptly, even when some economic conditions suggest a more immediate shift. State-dependent pricing (SDP) models offer a compelling explanation for this phenomenon by highlighting the dynamic interplay between firm behavior, the distribution of price vintages, and macroeconomic factors.</p><p><strong>1. The Foundation: Random Price Adjustment Costs and Endogenous Adjustment Probabilities</strong></p><p>At the heart of SDP models lies the assumption that firms face randomly distributed price adjustment costs. These costs, often represented as labor units vary across firms and time periods. This variability means that a firm's decision to adjust its price is not governed by a fixed schedule but rather by a real-time assessment of potential profit gains versus the realized adjustment cost.</p><p>Consequently, price adjustment probabilities become endogenous and time-varying. This means that the likelihood of a firm adjusting its price is not constant but rather responds to shifts in macroeconomic conditions. As the potential benefits of a price change increase, so too does the probability of adjustment.</p><p><strong>2. The Consequence: A Shifting Distribution of Price Vintages</strong></p><p>Price vintages refer to the idea that different firms last updated their prices at different times. Because firms face different adjustment costs and make independent pricing decisions, the economy develops a distribution of price vintages. In other words, this staggered timing means that prices in the economy aren&#8217;t all updated simultaneously. Instead, some firms may be charging prices that were set recently, while others are still using older prices. This distribution reflects the proportion of firms charging prices set in different periods.</p><p>The dynamic nature of adjustment probabilities means that this distribution is constantly evolving. Some firms adjust their prices quickly, while others hold back, creating a mix of price vintages that shifts over time.</p><p><strong>3. The Outcome: Intrinsic Persistence and the State-Dependent Phillips Curve (SDPC)</strong></p><p>The evolving distribution of price vintages has a profound impact on inflation dynamics. Past inflation begins to influence current inflation, giving rise to intrinsic persistence. This inherent link between past and present inflation is a key feature of SDP models. The SDPC, derived from SDP models, explicitly captures this intrinsic persistence by including lagged inflation terms.</p><p>Imagine an economy with two types of businesses: Type A, which adjusts prices frequently&#8212;say, every month&#8212;and Type B, which adjusts prices much less often, perhaps once a year. When a sudden economic shock occurs, such as a surge in demand or an increase in raw material costs, Type A businesses quickly adjust their prices to reflect these changes. In contrast, Type B businesses remain with their old prices for a while, unable to react as swiftly. This difference in adjustment speed creates a time lag in how the overall price level responds to the shock; even though some firms adjust immediately, those with &#8220;older&#8221; prices (like Type B) spread out the full impact of the shock on inflation over time.</p><p>In a real economy, businesses adjust prices at a wide range of intervals&#8212;some weekly, some quarterly, others annually&#8212;forming a distribution of price vintages that reflects the time elapsed since each firm last updated its prices. This distribution constantly evolves, as firms with older prices are increasingly likely to adjust over time, particularly in an inflationary environment where their relative prices are diminishing. This dynamic contributes a sort of inertia to the inflation process.</p><p>The State-Dependent Phillips Curve (SDPC), derived from state-dependent pricing (SDP) models, captures this intrinsic persistence by incorporating lagged inflation terms. These terms account for the fact that today&#8217;s inflation is influenced not only by current economic conditions but also by the history of price changes recorded in the distribution of price vintages. For example, a higher concentration of firms with older prices can amplify inflation persistence, as their eventual price adjustments have a stronger effect on the overall price level.</p><p><strong>Section 2: The Role of Profit Function Asymmetry &#8211; Why Firms Are Quick to Raise Prices but Slow to Cut Them</strong></p><p>A cornerstone of understanding persistent inflation lies in the&nbsp;<strong>asymmetric profit function</strong>. Picture a profit function with a steep drop on one side (when costs go up and prices stay low) and a gentler decline on the other (when prices rise slightly above optimal). This asymmetry creates a strategic bias in how firms respond to inflationary versus deflationary shocks.</p><p>In simple terms, firms are faster to&nbsp;<strong>raise prices when costs increase</strong>&nbsp;than to&nbsp;<strong>reduce prices when costs fall</strong>. Why? Because they&#8217;re far more sensitive to losses than to gains.</p><blockquote><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Steep Losses When Underpriced</strong>: If firms don&#8217;t adjust prices upward when costs rise, profits drop off a cliff. This sharp slope creates urgency to avoid losses, leading to quicker price hikes when inflationary pressures mount.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Gentler Losses When Overpriced</strong>: Conversely, if prices are set a bit high, profits decline at a slower rate. Firms can afford to tolerate minor overpricing, so they delay price cuts, even if input costs drop. This dynamic fuels inflation persistence, as prices rise readily but fall slowly, creating a &#8220;ratchet effect&#8221; where inflation climbs without dropping in tandem.</p></blockquote><p>This&nbsp;<strong>asymmetrical response</strong>&nbsp;forms a hidden inflationary bias. Firms, responding more quickly to loss risks than to the potential gains from price cuts, drive up overall inflation even when some cost pressures ease.</p><p><strong>Critiques of the Asymmetric Profit Function</strong></p><p>While the asymmetric profit function is compelling, it&#8217;s not a one-size-fits-all explanation. In highly competitive markets, firms might absorb cost increases instead of raising prices, aiming to maintain market share. But in high-inflation environments, the model&#8217;s strength lies in its realism: firms prioritize profit protection in a volatile market, and this bias toward price hikes over cuts is a key reason inflation remains high even as other economic indicators begin to settle.</p><p><strong>Section 3: Inflation Expectations Pass-Through &#8211; Why Expectations Shape Reality in Pricing</strong></p><p>Inflation expectations pass-through (IEPT) is a critical factor influencing inflation persistence. It represents the degree to which firms factor their anticipated inflatin theion into their pricing and wage decisions. The strength of this pass-through is not uniform and depends on several factors. One crucial factor is the time horizon of firms' inflation expectations. Firms operating with fixed price adjustment intervals, such as those adjusting prices annually, tend to <strong>exhibit heightened sensitivity to short-term inflation expectations</strong>. This is because their focus is primarily on the expected inflation withir specific adjustment period, as they have the opportunity to re-evaluate and adjust prices in subsequent periods. Conversely, firms employing more flexible price adjustment mechanisms may respond differently to various inflation expectation horizons.</p><p><strong>Critique of Inflation Pass-Through Models</strong></p><p>Some argue that inflation pass-through doesn&#8217;t account for firm-specific strategies in highly competitive markets where maintaining customer loyalty is critical. However, in high-inflation settings, the pass-through model effectively captures the&nbsp;<strong>proactive approach firms take to avoid cost squeezes</strong>, as well as the lagging inflation persistence in contract-based sectors. Together, these dynamics illustrate why inflation might drop in some areas but stay high in others, reflecting the timing and type of inflation expectations each sector adopts.</p><p><strong>Section 4: Contrasting Traditional vs. Modern Inflation Models &#8211; Breaking Down the New Insights</strong></p><p>To fully understand the uniqueness of these modern models, let&#8217;s contrast them with traditional time-dependent pricing theories like&nbsp;<strong>Calvo</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>Taylor models</strong>. In time-dependent models, firms adjust prices based on a fixed probability or a scheduled interval. These models work well in stable environments but lack the flexibility to explain real-time responses to unexpected inflation.</p><blockquote><p>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Calvo Pricing &#8211; Price Adjustments by Probability</strong>: In the Calvo model, firms adjust prices based on a fixed probability, meaning that a price change could happen at any given time. While simple, this model doesn&#8217;t account for firm strategy or economic triggers, making it unrealistic in volatile settings.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Taylor Pricing &#8211; Fixed Interval Adjustments</strong>: In Taylor pricing, firms adjust prices on a regular schedule, like quarterly or annually. This time-dependent structure captures typical business cycles but fails to explain why firms might adjust prices urgently during inflation spikes or &#8220;wait out&#8221; minor cost increases.</p><p>In contrast,&nbsp;<strong>state-dependent pricing, profit asymmetry, and inflation expectations pass-through</strong>&nbsp;offer models that dynamically respond to economic shifts. By linking price adjustments to actual economic conditions rather than rigid schedules, they offer a realistic framework for understanding why inflation doesn&#8217;t fall as expected, challenging traditional sector-based explanations.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Section 5: Practical Policy Implications &#8211; A New Blueprint for Inflation Management</strong></p><p>These advanced models don&#8217;t just clarify firm behavior&#8212;they also guide more nuanced policy approaches for central banks and policymakers dealing with persistent inflation:</p><blockquote><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Customize Inflation Expectations Guidance for Different Sectors</strong>: Since&nbsp;<strong>short-term inflation expectations have a high pass-through</strong>&nbsp;in competitive, flexible sectors, central banks can use transparent, short-term inflation targeting to stabilize prices in these areas. In contrast, sectors with&nbsp;<strong>long-term contracts</strong>&nbsp;respond better to policies that anchor expectations over longer horizons. For instance, clear guidance on inflation targets over a multi-year period can help dampen persistent inflation in service sectors that rely on long-term pricing adjustments.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Mitigate Upward Bias Through Input Stability</strong>: The&nbsp;<strong>asymmetric profit function</strong>&nbsp;suggests that inflation persistence is partly due to firms&#8217; tendency to raise prices more readily than to lower them. By creating input cost stability, such as offering subsidies or supply chain support for essential goods, policymakers can reduce firms&#8217; incentive to adjust prices upward in response to cost volatility. This, in turn, helps balance the inflationary bias that asymmetrical pricing creates.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Target Economic Thresholds Over Sectors</strong>: By identifying specific inflation triggers, such as cost increases that push firms to raise prices, central banks can act preemptively to avoid crossing these critical thresholds. For example, if inflation&nbsp;approaches a level where firms are likely to raise prices sharply, central banks could implement targeted measures to anchor inflation expectations before those thresholds are crossed. This proactive approach could prevent the cascading price hikes that follow when firms reach critical cost thresholds.</p></blockquote><p><strong>A Deeper Look at Targeting Economic Thresholds Over Sectors</strong></p><p>A crucial strategy for central banks to proactively mitigate inflationary risks is the establishment of sector-specific inflation triggers. By meticulously monitoring the sectors most susceptible to inflation, central banks can implement preemptive measures to anchor expectations and curb price pressures before they escalate beyond control.</p><p>The initial step involves identifying the sectors that are pivotal to the economy and particularly vulnerable to inflation. Factors such as sector magnitude should be considered, as larger sectors exert a significant influence on overall inflation, alongside price sensitivity, since certain sectors are inherently more responsive to cost fluctuations and inflation expectations. Additionally, sectors heavily reliant on volatile inputs, such as energy or raw materials, may warrant heightened scrutiny.</p><p>Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of price-setting mechanisms within each selected sector is imperative. This might encompass gathering data from firm surveys to track the frequency and timing of price adjustments, coupled with econometric analysis to estimate the degree of price stickiness and the responsiveness of prices to fluctuations in costs and demand.</p><p>To comprehend the extent of inflation expectation pass-through, it is essential to determine how inflation expectations impact actual prices within each sector. Randomized controlled trials can prove beneficial in assessing the influence of shifts in inflation expectations on firm pricing decisions. Regression analysis can also aid in modeling the relationship between inflation expectations and price changes.</p><p>Estimating cost thresholds for each sector is crucial to identify the level of cost increases that firms can absorb without raising prices. This might involve cost-push analysis, which examines the connection between input costs and output prices, taking into account productivity and profit margins. Analyzing firm surveys can provide insights into the perceived importance of various cost factors and the levels at which these costs prompt price adjustments.</p><p>Based on the analysis of price-setting mechanisms, inflation expectation pass-through, and cost thresholds, sector-specific inflation triggers should be established. These thresholds would signify the levels of inflation or cost increases that indicate a higher risk of sharp price hikes.</p><p>Implementing a monitoring framework is imperative to track key indicators within each sector. Monitoring short-term inflation expectations based on firm surveys, tracking input costs for essential, volatile items, and assessing demand and supply dynamics will aid in maintaining a comprehensive understanding of each sector.</p><p>If monitoring reveals that a sector is approaching its inflation trigger, central banks can implement preemptive measures to manage expectations and curb inflationary pressures. This could encompass clear communication of the central bank's commitment to price stability and its assessment of the situation, as well as implementing targeted policies to address underlying cost drivers or support firms under acute pressure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: A New Framework for Persistent Inflation in a High-Inflation World</strong></p><p>The persistence of inflation, especially in volatile environments, can no longer be explained by traditional, one-size-fits-all models. By combining&nbsp;<strong>state-dependent pricing, asymmetric profit functions, and inflation expectations pass-through</strong>, we gain a clearer, more dynamic understanding of why some prices stay high despite economic changes. Firms adapt their pricing based on nuanced economic triggers, and the persistence of inflation is a byproduct of these adaptive strategies rather than a passive characteristic of any one sector.</p><p>For policymakers, this paradigm shift emphasizes the need for&nbsp;<strong>tailored inflation strategies</strong>&nbsp;that address specific economic thresholds, sector needs, and firm behaviors. By aligning policy interventions with the realities of adaptive pricing, we can pave the way for a more responsive and resilient approach to managing inflation in today&#8217;s unpredictable world.</p><p>As we move forward, these insights offer a blueprint for understanding and managing inflation beyond traditional models, offering a fresh perspective that sees inflation persistence not as an inevitability, but as a solvable challenge when tackled with the right tools and understanding.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[China’s Controlled Demolition: The Deliberate Unwinding of a Real Estate Empire to Build a High-Tech Future]]></title><description><![CDATA[Recent actions by the People's Bank of China (PBOC), involving a rate cut and a liquidity injection, appear to be Beijing's last-ditch effort to stabilize growth around the target.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/chinas-controlled-demolition-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/chinas-controlled-demolition-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 29 Sep 2024 17:59:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Recent actions by the People's Bank of China (PBOC), involving a rate cut and a liquidity injection, appear to be Beijing's last-ditch effort to stabilize growth around the target. At first glance, this seems like another typical response from a central bank under pressure&#8212;classic monetary easing. But what if this is not merely an internal maneuver? What if these actions are not about saving China&#8217;s economy but reshaping the international order in a way that goes beyond traditional crisis management?</p><p>The world&#8217;s second-largest economy is playing a game that goes far deeper than managing deflation, a property market downturn, or sluggish domestic demand. If we step back, China's economic reorientation&#8212;away from high-speed growth and towards a more nuanced, strategically confident model that tolerates lower growth&#8212;could be the opening gambit of a global restructuring that the rest of the world hasn&#8217;t yet grasped.</p><p><strong>China&#8217;s Silent Economic Revolution</strong></p><p>For two decades, China&#8217;s real estate sector fueled urbanization and economic expansion. The sector was the linchpin of local government financing, household wealth, and investment flows. However, this heavy reliance on real estate eventually created vulnerabilities. Over-leveraged developers, speculative bubbles, and the risk of financial instability all stemmed from an overextended sector. Beijing could have intervened to prop up failing developers, but it chose not to. </p><p>The Chinese government appears to be orchestrating a slow, managed contraction of its property sector rather than an abrupt collapse. This managed implosion is rare in centrally planned economies, but it's intentional. The absence of aggressive bailouts, usually expected in crisis management, points to an important realization: the cost of sustaining real estate as the primary growth driver has become too high. The property market, instead of being a booster, has morphed into a drag on long-term sustainability, perpetuating financial risks and over-investment in non-productive assets. By allowing the sector to gradually unwind, China is addressing the root of these vulnerabilities.</p><p>But this strategy goes deeper than just deleveraging. It reflects a broader recalibration of China&#8217;s growth model. Real estate can no longer carry the weight of future growth, so China is seeking to direct capital away from property speculation and toward sectors that will underpin the next phase of economic expansion&#8212;namely, high-tech industries. This shift isn't just about economic restructuring; it is about reducing financial fragilities linked to housing-based economies. It signals the recognition that high housing prices are no longer compatible with sustainable growth.</p><p>Beijing&#8217;s focus on other sectors, such as technology and green energy, reinforces this new direction. The one-off subsidies to consumers, its intervention in the stock market, and its encouragement of EV production and renewable energy are all steps in a carefully controlled transition. China's leadership understands that relying on high housing prices to support wealth accumulation and consumer confidence is unsustainable. Instead, it is trying to engineer a model where growth comes from industries of the future, such as electric vehicles, solar panels, and high-tech manufacturing.</p><p>The property sector&#8217;s role is being deliberately diminished, but this isn&#8217;t being done through a sudden market collapse, which would erode confidence and destabilize the broader economy. Instead, China is engineering a gradual decline in house prices, with the aim of reducing housing&#8217;s role in wealth generation and redirecting capital into more productive sectors. The intervention in the stock market, though not the central part of this shift, shows that Beijing is willing to intervene to prevent broader market disruptions&#8212;but not to rescue real estate. The Chinese government is comfortable with share prices fluctuating because only a small portion of household wealth is tied up in the stock market.</p><p>This strategy reflects a fundamental rethinking of China&#8217;s growth narrative. Rather than preserving the old growth model based on urbanization and property speculation, China seems to be liquidating its real estate sector to "clear the decks" for a new phase of development. The reluctance to rescue developers isn&#8217;t about mismanagement&#8212;it&#8217;s a calculated move to realign the economy toward industries that will secure global market dominance in the future.</p><p>So, rather than propping up the old growth model of urbanization and property speculation, China could be opting to liquidate its real estate sector to clear the decks. The Chinese government&#8217;s reluctance to bail out developers could be a cold-blooded decision to let a historically over-leveraged sector die. This isn&#8217;t about mismanagement or delayed intervention&#8212;it&#8217;s a fundamental reordering of China&#8217;s growth narrative. The vacuum left by the property sector may be filled by high-value sectors, precisely the industries China wants to dominate in the coming decades.  China's &#8220;consumption shift&#8221; might be less about Chinese consumers and more about locking in global consumers for the next generation of economic products&#8212;EVs, solar panels, and batteries. It&#8217;s a delayed play for future global consumption, dressed up as a domestic priority.</p><p><strong>Capital Flows: The Deflationary Export Machine</strong></p><p>China's export of deflation is a topic frequently discussed, particularly in the context of products such as electric vehicles and batteries. However, there is a possibility that China is deliberately pushing the economy to a slower growth rate in order to create deflation and thereby undermine the West's re-industrialization efforts. Furthermore, recent Chinese policies may not be designed to accelerate the economy but rather to prevent a crisis while pursuing that goal.</p><p>Beijing's shift from high growth at all costs to economic stabilization signals something much larger. It&#8217;s the geopolitical realization that national security, technological autonomy, and domestic stability are now the primary objectives. No longer is China focused on maintaining its status as the world&#8217;s factory through rapid growth; now it&#8217;s about managing the fallout from its real estate bubble, technological competition with the U.S., and securing its position in the global supply chain.</p><p>Consider this: by flooding global markets with lower-cost goods, China could be setting the stage for a sustained period of price suppression across key industries. In doing so, it could disrupt Western attempts at re-industrialization. Europe, the U.S., and other advanced economies, in their rush to build domestic green energy and tech capabilities, might find themselves constantly outcompeted on price and scale by Chinese firms. Over time, this deflationary pressure could lead to chronic underinvestment in Western industries, precisely at the moment when investment is most needed to maintain strategic autonomy.</p><p>This shift is monumental. China's fiscal moves are no longer just about domestic consumption; they are about competing in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The new focus on semiconductors, electric vehicles, and clean energy technologies tells us that Beijing is aligning itself not just for short-term recovery, but for long-term geopolitical and technological dominance.</p><p>In sum, China&#8217;s recent moves should not be viewed as crisis management in the traditional sense. Rather, these actions could be the first steps in a grand strategy to alter the very foundations of global trade, finance, and industrial power. The real estate crisis, deflationary pressures, and liquidity injections are not just responses to internal problems&#8212;they are part of a deliberate, multi-dimensional play that aims to reposition China at the heart of the 21st-century global economy.</p><p>The West, preoccupied with its own inflation battles and supply chain issues, may not fully appreciate the strategic coherence of what China is doing. But as we start to see the long-term effects ripple across global markets&#8212;lower prices, shifting trade dependencies, and a new monetary framework&#8212;we may come to realize that China&#8217;s economic maneuvers in 2024 were about much more than hitting a 5% growth target. They were about rewriting the rules of the game.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Decoding the Digits: A Critical Analysis of Labor Market Realities]]></title><description><![CDATA[It is commonly believed that the payroll data overstates the labour market in the United States. However, I believe this is not the case. To demonstrate this, I will examine the BLS model.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/decoding-the-digits-a-critical-analysis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/decoding-the-digits-a-critical-analysis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2024 15:11:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases its monthly Employment Situation report, all eyes are laser-focused on the headline payroll jobs number. Did the labor market gain or lose jobs last month? By how much? The fluctuations in this single statistic have a significant impact on the broader economic outlook and the direction of financial markets.</p><p>But behind that one number lies a tangled web of surveys, imputations, models, adjustments and benchmarking procedures. Even more complexity arises from the perpetual churn of businesses opening and closing each month across the country - a phenomenon that the BLS has to meticulously account for.</p><p>Why is this so critical? Failing to properly capture the employment from new business births each month would mean systematically underestimating payroll job growth. And potentially misjudging just how vibrant or sluggish the labor market truly is. This has major ramifications for policy decisions by the Federal Reserve and leaders in government.</p><p><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-06/us-payroll-gains-not-as-robust-as-reported-new-data-suggest">Recent data </a>suggests the net birth/death model used by the BLS may have overestimated payroll growth in 2023 by around 60,000 per month on average versus more complete benchmarks from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). This QCEW data is drawn from unemployment insurance tax records covering over 95% of US jobs and is viewed as the most comprehensive employment count.</p><p>The published payroll figures are benchmarked annually each February to bring them in line with the QCEW numbers. And in August, the BLS provides an initial estimate for how much of a revision will be needed for the prior year's data.</p><p>So, let's dive deeper into the mechanics of how the BLS constructs these all-important monthly jobs number. It's an intricate, model-driven process with some inherent challenges - but one that aims to deliver the best possible real-time read on employment.</p><p>The CES survey's primary challenge lies in the lag between the occurrence of business births and deaths and their reflection in the sampling frame. This lag introduces non-sampling errors, which can significantly affect the accuracy of employment estimates. Historically, a bias adjustment factor model was used to account for these errors in the quota-based sample. However, with the shift to a probability-based sample, a more sophisticated approach&#8212;the net birth/death model&#8212;became necessary to better capture the dynamic nature of business openings and closures.</p><p><strong>Bias Adjustment Factor Model</strong></p><p>The bias adjustment factor model, used since the early 1960s to <a href="https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm">early 2003,</a> was designed to mitigate underestimation of employment levels due to unaccounted business births and other non-sampling errors.  However, this sample is not a true statistical random sample, but rather a "quota" sample. It aims to have enough employers represented across different industries and geographies, but the sample itself is not drawn through probability sampling techniques. This makes it more prone to certain biases and non-sampling errors.</p><p>The biggest issue is that employers who have recently gone out of business tend to just stop responding to the survey, rather than reporting zero employment. And new businesses that just opened up are not initially captured at all in the survey sample. This non-sampling error means employment growth from new firms is systematically undercounted.</p><p>To adjust for this bias, the BLS <a href="https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2002/pdf/st020090.pdf">utilizes </a>a "regression-adjusted mean-error model" to calculate a "bias adjustment factor" each quarter. This factor looks at the average historical difference between the CES survey estimates and more complete benchmark employment levels over the past three years. It also incorporates inputs on the recent quarterly employment change momentum and the average year-over-year growth during economic expansions and contractions.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png" width="1052" height="752" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:752,&quot;width&quot;:1052,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:157846,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XMD7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abc87f1-bb91-4317-93cd-0bc43e9f34d2_1052x752.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>The "Net Birth/Death" Adjustment Model for the Probability Sample</strong></p><p><br>In the late 1990s, the BLS began redesigning the CES program to transition to a more statistically robust probability sampling approach across all industries and geographies. With a true random sample drawn from detailed employment records, many of the non-sampling biases in the old quota approach could be minimized.</p><p>The BLS identifies a subset of establishments from the CES sample that have reported non-zero employment for the benchmark month (typically, the month when the sample was last updated). For establishments that report zero employment in a given month, the BLS assumes they have gone out of business. Their employment for that month is estimated (imputed) based on the employment changes observed in other similar establishments within the same industry and geographic area.   The BLS groups establishments into cells based on their industry and geographic location. For example, all manufacturing establishments in a particular county might be in one cell.</p><p>Within each cell, the BLS tracks the month-to-month employment changes of all the establishments that reported non-zero employment in both the previous and current months.</p><p>It calculates the employment change ratio for that cell by taking the sum of employment across all establishments in the current month and dividing it by the sum from the previous month.</p><p>For any establishment in that cell that reported zero employment in the current month (indicating they likely went out of business), the BLS estimates (imputes) their employment for that month based on their last reported non-zero employment multiplied by the cell's employment change ratio.</p><p>The employment of the continuous establishments (those that reported non-zero employment) and the imputed employment values for the out-of-business establishments are summed up for each cell. This gives an estimate of what total employment would be if the sample represented the entire universe of establishments. The BLS then compares this estimated employment to the actual employment figures from the Longitudinal Database (LDB), which contains employment data from unemployment insurance records and is considered more complete.</p><p>The difference between the estimated employment and the actual employment from the LDB is called the "imputation error." This error represents the net effect of business births and deaths that were not captured in the sample. The BLS creates a time series of these imputation errors spanning 25 months, split into post-benchmark and production periods. Finally, the forecasted birth/death adjustment is applied to the CES employment estimates to account for the employment changes due to business births and deaths that were missed by the sample survey.</p><p>The net birth/death model's forecasts serve as error adjustments to the imputed employment for business births included in the initial estimates. These adjustments are not independent time series but should be viewed in conjunction with final estimates. While the model reduces the risk of bias found in the quota sample, it relies on historical patterns and relationships, which may pose challenges during economic turning points or sudden changes in trends.</p><p><strong>First Technical Divergence: Do the Net Birth/Death Adjustment figures overstate the payroll figures?</strong></p><p>It can be demonstrated that, with the exception of periods of recession, the BLS net birth-death adjustment data understate employment. This is evidenced by the observation that even during the recession, the observed changes do not appear to exceed 30,000 to 40,000 persons on a monthly basis. Therefore, it can be concluded that this item can explain the difference between the QCEW and Payroll data, and that the Payroll data is overstated.  This analysis is largely conclusive, given that the benchmark revisions are based on real data.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://mishtalk.com/economics/what-are-the-margins-of-error-in-the-bls-monthly-jobs-reports/#google_vignette" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png" width="1024" height="679" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:679,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https://mishtalk.com/economics/what-are-the-margins-of-error-in-the-bls-monthly-jobs-reports/#google_vignette&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m0eN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd78af6ac-11ca-426b-86f1-53b1dd13775f_1024x679.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>On the other hand, The QCEW data, derived from UI filings, naturally lags in capturing newly established businesses, as these must first register for UI. This lag can cause the QCEW to temporarily underreport employment compared to the CES survey, which estimates these births more promptly, albeit sometimes inaccurately. Let&#8217;s further examine QCEW.</p><p><strong>Second Technical Divergence: Undocumented Employment</strong></p><p>One other important technical factor that could cause the monthly payroll figures to run higher than the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) benchmarks relates to how each dataset captures undocumented immigrant workers. </p><p>The QCEW draws its comprehensive employment counts from state unemployment insurance (UI) tax records that virtually every establishment is required to maintain and submit for their workforce. However, there is a significant subset of undocumented immigrants working "off-the-books" in cash-based informal jobs where their employers do not report that employment for UI tax purposes.</p><p>In many cases, these undocumented workers may use fake or borrowed Social Security numbers and documentation, enabling them to still show up on formal payrolls. But their UI taxes often go unpaid, excluding them from the QCEW data that the Bureau of Labor Statistics uses to benchmark total employment levels annually.</p><p>This disconnect creates a systemic undercount of undocumented workers in the QCEW dataset relative to the monthly payroll figures which are based on establishment surveys that are more likely to capture that informal cash employment, regardless of legal status.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png" width="1054" height="270" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:270,&quot;width&quot;:1054,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j5Y1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8d6088e-6197-40b6-9e49-985f6f179219_1054x270.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Congressional Budget Office <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/new-immigration-estimates-help-make-sense-of-the-pace-of-employment/#:~:text=New%20numbers%20from%20the%20Congressional,projected%20prior%20to%20the%20pandemic.">suggest </a>that 3.3 million net immigrants arrived in 2023 compared to the 1.0 million projected prior to the pandemic. About 64% of immigrants in 2023 are <a href="https://marquee.gs.com/content/research/en/reports/2024/04/17/8cde0d41-01d5-4585-a11d-15e19a7882e9.html">unauthorized</a>. Many of these recent arrivals have undoubtedly sought out off-the-books cash-based employment opportunities in industries like construction, manufacturing, hospitality, agriculture and services that are harder to verify documentation for. Their payroll jobs would show up in the monthly establishment survey, but not make it into the UI-based QCEW records that are considered "truth" for benchmarking employment levels.</p><p>In conclusion, it can be argued that the QCEW data is understated rather than the payroll data being overstated. This is based on the observation that the net birth-death adjustment, as often assumed, has no significant effect on the payroll data after the revision. Conversely, it can be proposed that the payroll data reflects the record high number of immigrants, especially illegal immigrants.</p><p><strong>Appendix: Survey Methodology and Coverage</strong></p><p>Sample Size and Voluntariness: The CES survey relies on a sample that, while extensive, is still just a subset of the entire workforce. The voluntary nature of the survey can introduce non-response bias. In contrast, the QCEW's reliance on mandatory UI filings ensures near-complete coverage, reducing the risk of such biases.</p><p>Timing and Frequency: The CES provides monthly updates, offering a more current snapshot of employment trends, while the QCEW, being quarterly, reflects more stable and historically comprehensive data. This difference in reporting frequency can lead to temporary discrepancies in employment figures.</p><p><strong>Treatment of New and Closing Businesses</strong></p><p>Business Births and Deaths: The CES survey uses a model to estimate the net effect of new business formations (births) and closures (deaths). This model, known as the birth-death model, adjusts the employment figures to account for these dynamics. However, this model can introduce estimation errors, especially during periods of economic volatility when the actual rates of business births and deaths deviate from historical patterns.</p><p>Lag in Capturing New Businesses: The QCEW data, derived from UI filings, naturally lags in capturing newly established businesses, as these must first register for UI. This lag can cause the QCEW to temporarily underreport employment compared to the CES survey, which estimates these births more promptly, albeit sometimes inaccurately.</p><p><strong>Inclusion of Undocumented Immigrant Workers</strong></p><p>QCEW Limitations: QCEW data may miss employment generated by undocumented immigrants. Since these workers are typically not registered through formal UI systems, their employment is excluded from the QCEW's comprehensive tax record-based dataset.</p><p>CES Coverage: The monthly payroll survey can capture employment among undocumented immigrants more effectively. Businesses may report total employment numbers, including undocumented workers, without differentiating their legal status. This inclusivity in reporting can inflate the CES figures relative to the QCEW data.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Ever-Twisting Kaleidoscope of Neutral Rate Dynamics ]]></title><description><![CDATA[In the seemingly perpetual global "low-for-long" interest rate environment pre-pandemic, economists grappled to discern the driving forces.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-ever-twisting-kaleidoscope-of</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-ever-twisting-kaleidoscope-of</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 18:50:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the seemingly perpetual global "low-for-long" interest rate environment pre-pandemic, economists grappled to discern the driving forces. Was the secular decline in real rates an inevitability forged by the tectonic pressures of demographics and technological stagnation? Or did central banks' very efforts to rekindle economic vigor become a self-perpetuating tar pit of lowered expectations? Unraveling this Gordian knot is pivotal for navigating the road ahead.</p><p><strong>The Structural Story</strong></p><p>The predominant structural narrative points to an ex-ante overabundance of global desired saving against lackluster investment appetites. A persistent upshift in emerging market current account surpluses collided with heightened risk aversion and rising longevity to elevate precautionary hoarding worldwide. Simultaneously, anemic productivity growth chilled the marginal return on capital expenditure.</p><p>This "savings glut" converged with torpid investment demand to chronically depress real neutral interest rates - that theoretical rate harmonizing desired savings and investment at full employment and stable inflation. Little wonder, then, that real sovereign yields languished at generational lows pre-COVID.</p><p>Supporters see the natural rate as changing gradually due to ongoing social changes, with occasional cyclical fluctuations when major economic disruptions happen. For instance, the worldwide supply of capital was interrupted by world wars in 20th century, causing a brief rise in neutral rates. Once reconstructed, postwar neutral rates kept falling over the long run due to aging populations and dimming technological progress.</p><p><strong>An Epochal Pivot Looms?</strong></p><p>Yet just as history's arc seemed preordained toward perpetually lower r-stars, a succession of structural wildfires ignited with the capacity to profoundly reshape the investment/savings kaleidoscope - potentially marking another epochal pivot.</p><p>The climate crisis alone portends staggering investment requirements akin to postwar European reconstruction. Beyond the immense outlays for energy transition, extreme weather events compel vast resilience and remediation spending. Corporations&#8217; reshoring production networks erode prevailing supply chain efficiencies, unleashing another capex supercycle. And at the vanguard, the AI/digitalization megatrend stands to rewrite business and consumption models on a scale rivaling the Industrial Revolution - seeding unprecedented appetites for cutting-edge capital and skills renewal.</p><p>Overlaying these cyclonic gales are shifting geopolitical winds abating the free flow of surplus global capital. Rising power tensions and security politics may increasingly balkanize capital accounts from formerly symbiotic channels. With the domestic savings basin shallowing and investment preparedness expanding, real rates would be relentlessly buffeted higher - not lower - over the coming decades.</p><p><strong>The Caligulan Corpus of Central Banking</strong></p><p>An alternative perspective challenges the structural view on low rates. Their hypothesis? Central bank policies and communication overamplify signals that distort the public's long-term outlooks. Ironically, the very extreme easing meant to rejuvenate inflationary psychology instead instilled a self-defeating fatalism around permanently depressed real rate path. The more banks eased, the more the public internalized that prolonged low rates were inevitable destiny rather than policy choice.</p><p>This dynamic mimic the mirror maze metaphor of <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2022010pap.pdf">"Bernanke's Hall"</a> - where central banks and the private sector become trapped in a mutually reinforcing feedback cycle of corrosive pessimism. Easy money begets dimmer long-run economic prognoses in the eyes of households and firms, depressing spending and validating the central bank's initial gloom. Banks then double down with even more accommodation, in turn hardening private sector capitulation around the dire baseline.</p><p>Through this self-fulfilling funhouse of recursive despair, policymakers become captive to the very forces they sought to counteract. A disinflationary psychological riptide steadily drags neutral rates lower despite no ostensible change in structural moorings.</p><p>This signaling phenomenon appears substantiated by recent striking <a href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/altri-atti-seminari/2023/Hillenbrand_paper.pdf">empirical findings</a>. Studies reveal that narrow time windows around major Federal Reserve policy meetings essentially dictate the pricing of long-dated real interest rate levels and trajectories. Remarkably, changes in longer-term Treasury yields within these brief FOMC windows cumulatively account for the entire secular decline over recent decades. Yield fluctuations outside of meeting environs prove transitory and offsetting.</p><p>Alternatively, markets may be extracting valuable information from the Fed about the near-term economic outlook and appropriate policy response. However, standard economic news likely has a modest impact on long-run rate expectations unless investors meaningfully extrapolate short-rate dynamics.</p><p>Perhaps the most compelling hypothesis is that financial markets are actively learning about the secular downshift in nominal and real interest rates from the Fed itself in an phenomenon of "Long-Run Fed Guidance." Even if the neutral real rate ultimately lies outside the Fed's control, its role as monetary authority analyzing policy transmission may grant superior insight into the "r-star" level consistent with neutral policy stance. By continuously assessing the impacts of rate adjustments on the real economy, the Fed obtains higher-frequency estimation of where the natural rate resides. Markets may therefore rationally defer to and extract signals about the long-run rate trajectory from Fed communications and actions, endowing a seemingly outsized signaling relevance to policy meetings and Fedspeak.</p><p>This dynamic could further be amplified if informed investors engage in speculative front-running ahead of the coordinating role played by FOMC meetings. The data pattern of longer-dated yields beginning to drift ahead of meetings, then exhibiting sharp directional moves on meeting days, upholds this interpretation of investors strategically trading on perceived Fed guidance about the long-run rate path.</p><p>In essence, the Fed's pronouncements may have become a first-order driver and focal point for the private sector's expectations about future real rate regimes - ironically overwhelming fundamental forces supposedly dictating the neutral rate. This raises profound questions about policy efficacy and unintended impacts of central bank signaling power in an era of heightened market hypersensitivity to Fedspeak.</p><p><br>These results challenge traditional economic theories positing real rates should revert to an underlying natural "r-star" level determined by secular forces like investment demand, productivity, and demographic trends - forces supposedly beyond the central bank&#8217;s control. Instead, the data suggests financial markets hyper-sensitively impute signals about the long-run neutral rate trajectory directly from central bank actions and communication events themselves.</p><p><strong>The Endless Stygian Confluence</strong></p><p>So which school reigns supreme - the structural gravitons or central banking's phantom menace? In reality, these two progenitors may be more intertwined than diametrically opposed.</p><p>For while central bank pronouncements may exert outsize signaling force, the thought paradigms informing such rhetoric remain grounded in forces tangible. Even central bankers mentally model interest rates through structural lenses encompassing savings, investment, productivity, and other conventional determinants.</p><p>As such, the current milieu may represent a darkly harmonic convergence of both narratives - a shadowy synthesis where increasingly dour central bank signaling coincides with, and becomes endogenously reinforced by, the colossal structural dislocations now coming to a head.</p><p><strong>Hall of Mirrors</strong></p><p>Central bankers have been promoting the narrative of secular stagnation and low neutral rates for so long that acknowledging a renaissance in the economy clashes with their mindset. Policymakers must undertake a formidable act of personal reappraisal and communication choreography.</p><p>To completely change the current neutral rate trend, it is necessary to communicate in a precise and gradual manner. This involves gradually adjusting the rate projections upwards to avoid sudden changes while maintaining a credible policy signal. Policymakers must carefully adjust the settings to reflect the emerging structural reality.</p><p>However, this process is inherently risky as it may lead to misinterpretation and paradoxical outcomes. Central banks are becoming more hawkish to validate higher neutral rates. However, this recalibration could ironically lead to a self-cumulatively contractionary cycle if private sector participants mistakenly interpret the guidance drift as overly restrictive policy instead of justified realignment to the shifting r-star state.</p><p>Policymakers may then face escalating pressure to "re-dove" and revalidate the ingrained low r-star dogma - perpetuating the psychological hall of mirrors and forestalling recognition of new structural truths. The paradox chrysalis requires perfect coordination across central bank signaling and action, and near-perfect coalescence of private sector comprehension. Stray too far afield from expected reaction functions, and the entire transition Regresses into disarray and conflicting narratives.</p><p>For better or worse, after years of uncertainty, the global economy is embarking on a journey into uncharted territory of real interest rate exploration. Central banks are facing a trial by fire as they navigate the epic changes of this era. They must strike a balance between validating outdated beliefs and avoiding destabilizing hawkish policies. This represents a challenge for generations to come.</p><p><strong>The Specter of Postbellum Inflations</strong></p><p>For even as we gaze toward potential structural uplifts in neutral rates over the long arc, the global economy remains gripped by the specters of past monetary policy excess. The extraordinary pandemic crisis response via quantitative easing outflows, direct fiscal transfers and supply chain disruptions converged to awaken inflationary gales not witnessed since the 1970s.</p><p>In turn, major central banks find themselves in the unenviable process of an inflation re-anchoring campaign via aggressive contractionary policies. Calibrating the precise degree of rate hiking and balance sheet downsizing to douse resurgent price pressures, while averting an outright recession or rattling broader market functions, represents a perilous high-wire act.</p><p>This liquidity tightening cycle itself carries profound implications for transmission of both structural rate forces and psychological signaling dynamics. The process of policy normalization may become a leading indicator superseding all else.</p><p><strong>The Paradox of Tight Policy Signaling</strong></p><p>Traditional monetary theory posits that as central banks raise policy rates towards and ultimately through the neutral rate level, inflation should gradually converge to target. Yet this conventional wisdom may prove increasingly dubious in a world where structural forces are rapidly reshaping the r-star landscape and monetary signaling effects loom larger than ever.</p><p>Moreover, the unique nature of this inflation spike rooted in pandemic-induced supply shocks presents another paradox. Overly aggressive demand-side tightening could exacerbate supply frictions while failing to address the root structural deficits. The specter of stagflation would then loom - with ever-higher policy rates punishing growth but leaving inflation stubbornly elevated.</p><p><strong>The Art of Central Bank Storytelling</strong></p><p>At its core, successful navigation demands an embrace of policy storytelling as an indispensable monetary tool - perhaps the most powerful in a world where the psychology pendulum swings further than fundamentals. By controlling the narrative flow, central banks can steadily reacquaint market participants and businesses with the prospect of moderately higher stable rates over time.</p><p>Central bank guidance must actively dispel these embedded glooms - underscoring the new era of capital reinvestment, technological ascendance, and productivity rejuvenation ahead. The message must reinforce that while higher rates inevitably accompany this prosperity, such adjustments are a positive sign of economic resilience, not secular malaise.</p><p>By elevating the public conversation to "this is why real rates are justifiably rising, not falling" central banks alter the narrative anchoring for how markets digest policy adjustments. Incrementally tighter settings become seen not as austerity, but the natural stabilization required to sustain the cyclical expansion heating up around them.</p><p><br></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Are US Government Data Releases Losing Credibility?]]></title><description><![CDATA[In recent times, voices ranging from the "Bond King" Jeffrey Gundlach to J.P.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/are-us-government-data-releases-losing</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/are-us-government-data-releases-losing</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 10:33:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In recent times, voices ranging from the "Bond King"  <a href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/billionaire-bond-king-questions-unemployment-data-hard-believe">Jeffrey Gundlach</a> to J.P. Morgan CEO <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-11/dimon-says-us-economy-booming-but-recession-not-off-the-table">Jamie Dimon</a> have cast doubts on the reliability of American economic data releases. This situation significantly complicates trading activities and reinforces the thesis: "Forgo Deep Analysis, Focus on Fading Extreme Positions."</p><p>Let's examine a recent scandal that illustrates the gravity of the issue.</p><p>Last month, the U.S. CPI data came in higher than expected, primarily driven by the housing component known as OER (Owners' Equivalent Rent). Despite a decline in actual rents, this metric inexplicably reached a one-year high, catching economists and analysts off guard.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png" width="916" height="171" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:171,&quot;width&quot;:916,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:33716,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1lA9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb51a5757-94db-4739-9761-703f382704a5_916x171.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg" width="516" height="293" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:293,&quot;width&quot;:516,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:32905,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VA3A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd48b871-7780-4a86-a7d9-0057232b14f7_516x293.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The OER is crucial because it carries a substantial 26.77% weight in the CPI calculation and an even greater influence on core inflation.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg" width="1096" height="797" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:797,&quot;width&quot;:1096,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:244275,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jr3Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9514c8e-ac8d-40ad-884d-2f1cf17a8c47_1096x797.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Subsequently, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), responsible for calculating U.S. data, inadvertently sent an email intended for internal staff to external analysts. Although the email was promptly recalled, its contents were not unread.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png" width="646" height="307" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:307,&quot;width&quot;:646,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:141781,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Ggn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70f54fb6-87bb-420d-9075-6902b66c4228_646x307.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>According to the email, the BLS had increased the weight of single-family houses, a housing type with limited supply, relative to apartment units. This adjustment caused the reported inflation to be much higher than expected, despite no actual price increase. This explanation failed to satisfy analysts working on the CPI data calculations and did not adequately account for such a significant inflation surge.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png" width="682" height="753" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:753,&quot;width&quot;:682,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:71535,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KcJ0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38729399-11ad-46f2-8eab-e819aa56a126_682x753.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The issues did not stop there. Even without arbitrary methodology changes, the BLS's survey response rates are at historic lows. For instance, the response rate for the JOLTS data, closely watched by the Federal Reserve, has plummeted from 64% in 2014 to 33% currently, with a notable acceleration during the pandemic.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg" width="1456" height="808" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:808,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:133289,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jAiO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90c674b-1539-43b8-a76f-bbde39932448_1554x862.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This pattern is not isolated; the response rate for the CES data, used to calculate payroll and average hourly earnings, exhibits a similar decline.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png" width="1335" height="836" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:836,&quot;width&quot;:1335,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:117802,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xKh9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffc6fd95-fbaa-44ea-a4e8-ecf3c3d8c1ef_1335x836.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Wage growth is an another important data point that the FED focuses on, obtained from various sources. The ECI (Employment Cost Index) is particularly preferred by <a href="https://www.marketplace.org/2022/01/26/the-statistic-fed-chair-powell-uses-to-keep-an-eye-out-for-wage-inflation/">Powell. </a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png" width="1456" height="695" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:695,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:108374,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3PSD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77629a47-64f5-4e95-a847-6d0f3e09913c_1478x705.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>As concerns mount over the reliability of government data releases, market participants face heightened challenges in interpreting economic signals accurately. In this environment of uncertainty, a prudent approach may be to exercise caution in over-analyzing data and instead focus on fading extreme market positions. </p><p>While the Federal Reserve's dot plot outlines expectations for three interest rate cuts, market participants may remain vigilant to potential mispricing in either direction. When the implied pricing of fed funds futures or other instruments strays significantly from the central bank's forecasted path, it may present opportunities akin to being long or short an out-of-the-money option on monetary policy. Given that the data is highly volatile and the calculation method as well as its overall accuracy is questionable, it would be more reasonable to position yourself based on the Fed's guidance, which takes into account these data and much more, rather than trying to interpret the data itself.</p><p>Just as option traders look to fade or take advantage of extreme premiums paid for out-of-the-money strikes, prudent investors consider fading excessively hawkish or dovish market pricing that deviates markedly from the Fed's communicated outlook. Conversely, positioning in alignment with such extremes offer attractive risk-reward scenarios, much like the potential payoffs of well-timed out-of-the-money option purchases.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Moving Beyond Simplified Models to Map Out Real-World Reserve Dynamics ]]></title><description><![CDATA[In a banking system where the system is in need of funding, in other words, when the banking sector does not have more liquidity than necessary, how does the change in reserve requirement ratios and the change in interest rates paid to reserve requirements affect the system?]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/moving-beyond-simplified-models-to</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/moving-beyond-simplified-models-to</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 09 Feb 2024 15:37:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giU8!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8fade9c-8580-4a09-b168-173a79136ce7_144x144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In a banking system where the system is in need of funding, in other words, when the banking sector does not have more liquidity than necessary, how does the change in reserve requirement ratios and the change in interest rates paid to reserve requirements affect the system?</p><p>First of all, it should be noted that this post is written for banking systems where reserve requirements are applied, and the system needs funding. In a banking system without reserve requirements, reserve money is also important for banks to manage deposit transfers between banks, for interbank payments, for payments to the Treasury when the Treasury issues bonds, and for regulations such as Basel III that impose strict limits on banks' liquidity metrics, but the monetary transmission mechanism is different, which is a topic for another article.</p><p>The effect of reserve requirement ratios on interest rates depends on many seemingly unrelated and at first glance inconceivable factors such as the bank's appetite for asset growth, interest rates on loans and securities, the budget deficit and foreign funding.</p><p>While banks increase their assets by increase their loan books, they also create deposits in their liabilities through these loans. Although these deposits may move from one bank to another, as long as they do not go "under the pillow" or outside the banking system, they cause an increase in both assets and liabilities in the banking system. The increase in deposits in liabilities increases the amount of required reserves that banks are required to hold. Banks generally borrow the required reserves, i.e. the reserves they are required to keep at the Central Bank, by pledging treasury bonds and bills as collateral to the Central Bank and then return these reserves to the Central Bank. Thus, the growth of credit, and hence the growth of deposits, requires banks to have treasury bonds in their hands, free and available for use.  However, banks (let us limit ourselves to primary dealers) generally buy these bonds from the Treasury. When banks buy bonds from the Treasury, the reserve in the banking system decreases, but when the Treasury makes public expenditures and does so in a way that creates a budget deficit, the reserves that the banking system spends to buy bonds are returned to the banking system, and since banks generally provide these bonds to the Central Bank as collateral and in return already provide funding, the net funding need of the system decreases and the amount of reserve money in the system increases.</p><p>In the event of an increase in reserve requirement ratios, banks will pledge their treasury bonds as collateral to the Central Bank, borrow reserve money from the Central Bank, and then place this reserve money with the Central Bank. This will lead to a decrease in the liquid assets held by the bank, because some of the reserves established for reserve requirements will be blocked, and there will also be a decrease in treasury bonds, which are considered as liquid as reserve money.  In the case of a decrease in reserve requirements, the treasury bonds that banks pledge as collateral to the Central Bank will become available for use again, and the reserve money blocked at the Central Bank will decrease, and the funding need of the system will decrease.</p><p>So, when reserve requirement ratios are increased, cannot banks meet their reserve requirement with deposits from other banks and reserves from other banks? For this to be the case, a budget deficit or a foreign funding is required. If the banking system does not have excess reserves and does not want to reduce credit growth, how can banks find reserves when reserve requirement ratios are increased? Either the government transfers more money into the system than it withdraws from the system (budget deficit) or there is an inflow of foreign funding, and then the amount of reserve money in the system increases through direct or indirect local currency liquidity provided by the Central Bank against foreign currency. In such situations, it would be unrealistic to assume that reserve money is evenly distributed to all banks, in which case the deposit bid competition begins:</p><p>If the reserve requirement ratio is increased, the bank may try to attract deposits from another bank to meet its reserve requirement. The reason for this is that only a small part of the deposit amount attracted by the bank from another bank will create an additional reserve requirement, and the remaining part will meet the bank's current reserve requirement. In other words, a deposit of X from another bank creates a reserve requirement of less than X. Banks' attempts to attract each other's deposits to meet their required reserve requirements increase the deposit rates in the system and push up deposit rates. When deposit costs reach a certain level and the difference between banks' loan interest rates and deposit costs decreases, banks may slow down loan growth, thus reducing the amount of deposits in the system and the reserve requirement. In this case, deposit interest rates in the system decrease again. We will discuss this in more detail.</p><p>The above situation suggests that an increase in reserve requirements may lower deposit rates as well as raise them. What happens to deposit rates depends not only on banks' liquidity preference between deposits and central bank funding, i.e. the elasticity between deposits and central bank funding, but also on the carrying cost of the securities needed as collateral for central bank funding, i.e. the difference between the interest yield on the securities and the interest rate on central bank funding.</p><p>The way the bank is affected by the required reserve increase is also related to its credit policy. If we remember, credit creates deposits, some of this deposit can go to other banks, but the remaining part of the bank itself creates reserve requirement costs, and when considered not specifically for banks but for the banking system in general, credit growth increases the reserve requirement and funding need, as it means net deposit growth. If the banking system curtails net credit growth, the reserve requirement funding requirement will decrease, and although the impact of central bank funding and deposit elasticity will still be present, the impact of banks' funding bids and therefore deposit rates and money market rates will be less. </p><p>The effect of the budget deficit is obvious, it reduces the effect of increasing reserve requirements because it provides reserve money and deposits to the banking system and a deposit of X from budget deficit creates a reserve requirement of less than X. </p><p>So far, we have talked about changing reserve requirement ratios and their effects. To complete the topic and then compare the two situations, let's examine the changing of the interest paid on reserve requirement ratios. Here, I would like to point out that the situation I am talking about is the payment of interest on required reserves, not on excess reserves. I have briefly explained the difference between the two below.</p><p>When interest is paid on reserve requirements or the interest rate on reserve requirements is increased, the amount of unblocked reserve money of banks increases. This reduces banks' funding needs, as banks can maintain the required reserves for the same amount of deposits with the interest paid on their previous required reserves in reserve money. In this case, banks may have slightly more available treasury bonds, i.e. they will have less need to borrow from the central bank by pledging these assets as collateral. At the same time, since the cost of required reserves paid by banks for deposits decreases, banks' demand for deposits may increase and the deposit rate in the system may rise. This is again related to the elasticity between deposits and central bank money, but it is also related to banks' need for funding from credit growth and whether this funding is provided from outside the banking system.</p><p>The payment of interest on Excess Reserves is different. Instead of holding reserve money in the form of required reserves, banks receive interest income on the free deposits they keep at the Central Bank on top of their required reserves. This interest indicates that banks can use their excess reserve money to meet the reserve requirement of credit growth, or alternatively, they can place this money with the Central Bank. This puts pressure on loan rates. It has no direct effect on deposit rates.</p><p>In conclusion, changing reserve requirement ratios and interest rates on required reserves can significantly impact the liquidity and funding needs of the banking system. Higher reserve requirements restrict the amount of liquid assets banks have available, while higher interest on reserves reduces banks' funding costs. This can ultimately influence deposit and lending rates as banks adjust their funding strategies in response. However, the exact effects depend on numerous factors like credit growth, budget deficits, and capital inflows. A comprehensive understanding of how these various elements interact is crucial for policymakers seeking to effectively manage systemic liquidity through monetary policy tools like reserve requirements and interest on reserves. </p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Dueling Drivers: Fed Policy Meets Treasury Maneuvers in a Crucial Market Moment ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Tomorrow is a very important day for markets.]]></description><link>https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-implications-of-the-feds-monetary</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://monetaryreflections.substack.com/p/the-implications-of-the-feds-monetary</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmet Baran Çekim]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2024 16:16:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tomorrow is a very important day for markets. There will be both the Federal Reserve's monetary policy meeting and an announcement from the US Treasury regarding its debt issuance plans.</p><p>The US economy's final quarter of 2023 saw a slight cooldown, clocking in at 3.3% growth compared to the previous quarter's 4.9% sprint. While it marked a slight deceleration, it capped off a stellar year with GDP expanding by a robust 5.7% - the fastest since 1984. It's worth noting that this performance outpaced significantly the estimated trend GDP growth of US, which is 1.8%</p><p>Inflation also presented a calmer picture. The Fed's preferred gauge, the PCE price index, remained steady at 2.6% year-over-year in December, staying slightly above their 2% target and cooler than the headline CPI. Core PCE, excluding jumpy items, even dipped to 2.9%, its lowest since early 2021, suggesting inflationary pressures might be easing.</p><p>Of course, uncertainties remain, and external factors could always change the trajectory. However, the current data paints a picture of a resilient economy experiencing a measured slowdown towards a more sustainable pace, which aligns with the soft landing scenario.</p><p>The Federal Reserve is planned to make 6 interest rate cuts by the end of the year. According to the dot plot published by Fed members, 6 members of the open market committee expect 3 interest rate cuts, while 5 members expect 2 interest rate cuts. Out of 19 members, only five expected more than three interest rate cuts.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png" width="904" height="812" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:812,&quot;width&quot;:904,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:44653,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tFW2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bdc6303-586b-4359-a34a-d86e77e344df_904x812.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png" width="1202" height="802" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sRwW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ebb98a9-6611-46b3-a291-0ba9c5f36382_1202x802.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>In contrast, I don&#8217;t think the Fed will break market expectations in a very clear and direct way at this meeting.  The Fed will try to balance its communication by pointing out that market expectations about the economy are different, and therefore its interest rate cut pricing is different, but it won&#8217;t make a harsh statement beyond that to shatter expectations. The Fed will acknowledge the uncertainty and divergence of views among the FOMC members and the market participants, but it will also emphasize its data dependence and flexibility to adjust its policy stance as needed. My opinion is supported by the fact that Governor Waller, one of the three most influential members of the Open Market Committee, believes that the financial situation is already sufficiently tight. Governor Waller, who is seen as a hawkish member of the FOMC, has recently expressed his confidence that policy is in the right place to bring down inflation and that he could see a point where the Fed might start lowering rates if inflation continues to ease over the next three to five months.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png" width="1190" height="490" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hs-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcef5d43c-79b0-4aa3-9856-fe05ae8cb3c0_1190x490.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>That said, there is another important issue to consider:</p><p>It is important for central banks to remain independent and for monetary policy decisions to be made solely based on economic factors. However, recently the US Treasury Department's public debt issuance strategies have significantly impacted the Federal Reserve's efforts to tighten monetary policy. How so?</p><p>Quantitative Easing and Quantitative tightening performed by the Fed alter the amount of interest rate risk in the financial system. QT puts downward pressure on prices of equities and bonds as investors need to be compensated for absorbing greater duration risk. However, for over a year now, the Treasury has expanded its bill issuance beyond normal levels, which offset the Fed's quantitative tightening, reducing overall duration risk countering the Fed's actions.</p><p>A substantial increase in T-bill issuance grew the supply of safe, short-term assets available to MMFs during periods of monetary tightening and an inverted yield curve environment. With ON RRP rates lower than T-bill yields, RRP is 5.30% and T-bill rates are usually above 5.30%, more funds flowed into the higher-yielding Treasury holdings. As a result, quantitative tightening had a lessened impact on draining bank reserves and pushing up rates.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png" width="205" height="132" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:132,&quot;width&quot;:205,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6455,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!78lL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d17ab16-3117-417f-adeb-6a197380b0b6_205x132.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Essentially, fiscal policy in the form of Treasury actions is dictating monetary policy, as the Treasury has the ability to impact the effectiveness of quantitative tightening. This obscures the traditional separation of powers between fiscal and monetary authorities and poses major risks to economic stability. The lack of a clear separation also serves to make economic conditions more difficult to forecast, since outcomes may hinge largely on policy decisions influenced heavily by political interests and election-cycle considerations rather than solely economic factors. </p><p>For instance, some commentators have noted that the negative term premium provides an incentive for the U.S. Treasury to issue more long-term bonds with coupons rather than short-term bills. However, the Treasury's refunding announcement in November itself impacted the term premium. By issuing short-term paper now, the Treasury can borrow long-term money even more cheaply in the future for two reasons.</p><p>First, by issuing short-term paper rather than coupons, it reduces the supply of longer-term securities (marketable coupons) in the market. With lower supply and high demand for long-term bonds, their prices rise, pushing their yields down. Conversely, short-term paper, now in greater supply, sees its yields rise (relative to the scarce long-term bonds). This creates an inverted yield curve, where shorter-term rates are higher than longer-term rates.</p><p>Secondly, the term premium is highly volatile and has room to become more negative over the year. A temporary shift to issuing slightly shorter-term paper and withdrawing long-term bonds from the market for now will help ensure rates remain low when the Treasury re-enters the long-term market later. This strategic approach can help the Treasury capitalize on current market conditions shaped by the negative term premium environment.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg" width="1456" height="599" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:599,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:115602,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ilje!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81d75fa2-130c-4a78-b74a-765d4199c0d0_1916x788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>The graph below provides useful insights into changes in the U.S. Treasury's debt composition and issuance strategies over the past decade. Specifically, it shows the net issuance of Bills, Notes, and Bonds - which is defined as the difference between newly issued securities and those maturing.</p><p>Focusing on net issuance rather than gross figures best reflects the Treasury's actual debt management approach, as the total debt balance continually rises through deficit spending. Looking solely at how much new debt is sold each period would obscure the steady refinancing of maturing obligations.</p><p>The net issuance data indicates some noteworthy shifts have occurred. For example, Treasury Bills issuance has increased substantially over last years, meaning many more short-term instruments are now being pumped into markets on balance after accounting for redemptions. Meanwhile, notes and bonds have seen more muted net growth rates.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png" width="673" height="397" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:397,&quot;width&quot;:673,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:14988,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TwBu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd13056de-0d96-47b3-a1f3-c82921c672b6_673x397.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Even before November refunding announcement, as of the end of September, Treasury bills made up 20.4% of marketable debt, exceeding the range recommended by the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee (TBAC) of 15-20%. TBAC provides guidance to the Treasury on debt management.</p><p>Projections show bills remaining above 20% of marketable debt until the second quarter of 2025 under reasonable assumptions. However, TBAC has indicated it is comfortable with bills temporarily rising above the typical 15-20% range for a period of time.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png" width="966" height="162" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/da133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:162,&quot;width&quot;:966,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:50752,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uFN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda133a1f-5257-4916-a37f-7e096428fd5b_966x162.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In light of these circumstances and uncertainties, I do not anticipate the Treasury will greatly increase coupon issuance. However, maintaining bills at current levels continuously would go against historical norms, which calls for a 20% composition. Furthermore, they were unable to add more bills to the mix because, as Waller says, the Fed would ensure that 10-year yields stayed close to the reasonable 4% level that they are now at. In contrast to the November Refunding, the Federal Reserve would tighten financial conditions to offset any additional increases in Treasury's bill composition and subsequent decline in 10-year yields. In conclusion, rather than making a significant strategy shift, the Treasury will probably slightly raise coupons. </p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>